1.solar system differentiation 2.planetary differentiation 3.radiometric dating 4.solar system...

1. Solar System Differentiation2. Planetary Differentiation3. Radiometric Dating4. Solar System Motions

Solar System Differentiation

Solar System Differentiation

All of the heavy elements are born in a supernova.

Solar System Differentiation

Solar System Differentiation

Inner Solar System is HOT• Light elements (H, He) and “ices” vaporized• Blown out of the inner Solar System by solar wind• Only heavy elements (Fe, Ni) are left

Outer Solar System is COLD• Too cold to evaporate ices to space• Rock and ice “seeds” grew large enough to attract

gasses (H, He)

Planetary Differentiation

Planetary Differentiation

Planetary Differentiation

As the planets cooled the layers settled out according to density.

Planetary Differentiation

Chondrites, a type of meteorite, do not show this differentiation.

• Meteoriteshttp://www.markelowitz.com/meteorites.html

Planetary Differentiation

The gravitational force of the inner planets is too weak to hold on the lighter elements like H and He. (THINK about a Helium balloon.)

Radiometric Dating

Abbreviations:P = Protons N = Neutrons e- = Electrons

Radiometric Dating

Absolute Age – the numeric age of an object or event

Radiometric Dating – a method of determining the absolute age of an object by comparing the relative percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope

Radiometric Dating

Inside the nucleus of an atom are P and N

The # of P in the nucleus determines what the element is (for example Carbon always has 6 P)

Label the atom

Radiometric Dating

The # of N can vary.

Atoms of the same element that have different # of N are called isotopes.

Radiometric Dating

P = Protons N = Neutrons e- = Electrons

If you change the # of P you change the atom itself.

If you change the # of N you create an isotope.

If you change the # of e- you create an ion (charged atom).

Radiometric Dating

All elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioisotopes meaning that these elements have unstable nuclei and are radioactive.

Radiometric Dating

Radioactive Decay The unstable (radioactive) isotopes decays to form a new (daughter) isotope.

Decays at a constantrate.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKJMk2Oiod0

Radiometric Dating

Types of Radioactive Decay

Alpha DecayBeta DecayGamma Rays

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5oUagoF_viQ

Radiometric Dating

Half Life

The time required for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a daughter Isotope.

Compare relative percentages of the parent and daughter isotopes to get the age.

Radiometric Dating

Radioactive Isotopes

Used to determine the age of the earth

• Uranium-238, or 238U • Daughter, lead-206 • Half-life 4.5 billion years

• Potassium-40, or 40K, • Argon-40 • Half-life of 1.25 billion years

Radiometric Dating

Zircons

Zircons are volcanic crystals that contain the radioactive element uranium, which are called “ geologic clocks” because uranium converts to the element lead at a specific rate over a long span of time.

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s came up with three laws of planetary motion based on Tycho Brahe’s observations of the night sky.

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s 1st Law - The Law of the Ellipses • The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the sun at one

focus.

A path connecting the two foci to the ellipse always has the same length.

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s 2nd Law - The Law of Equal Areas• The line joining a planet and the sun sweeps equal

areas in equal time.

The planet moves slowly here.

The planet moves quickly here.

Dt

Dt

Planetary Motions

Kepler’s 3rd Law - The Law of Periods• Compares the orbital period and radius of an

orbit of a planet to those of other planets.

http://astro.unl.edu/naap/pos/animations/kepler.swf

Kepler Space Telescope

Confirmed Planets = 136Unconfirmed Planets = 3,548

Planets within the habitable zone = 272

Kepler Space Telescope Reporting:

http://youtu.be/EmsYCbYu-LA

50 years of exploration

Published by National Geographic

Voyager 1Beginning with

http://goldenrecord.org/http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/JPLvoyagerModule/JPLvoyagerModule.html

Back to the Facts

http://youtu.be/uhcKaFQD7l0

Venus spins the wrong way ??????

Uranus rains diamonds ??????

Venus

New theory: suggests that Venus may not have flipped at all… instead its rotation slowed to a standstill and then reversed direction. Taking into account other factors … tidal effects from other planets, etc … Venus's axis could have shifted due to a variety of positions throughout the planet's evolution.

Uranus

Uranus contains methane … which can turn into diamond at high temperatures and pressures.

Allowing diamonds to fall like raindrops or hailstones …

• http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_3/earth_differentiation.htm• http://geology.indiana.edu/h205_2/index.html• http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Sept05/PortalesValley.html• https://www.agi.com/resources/educational-alliance-program/astro-primer/primer1.htm

• Movie:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_3PFfMdZ9c

Want to learn more:http://wisp.physics.wisc.edu/astro104/lecture28/lec28_print.html

Planet Poetry:http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/story-superstar/text-version.html