2 pmil mycotoxin workshop-pmil overview-rhoads
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Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on
Peanut Productivity and Mycotoxin Control
(Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab)
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
• Global importance (39 million tons, 95% in developing countries)
• Highly nutritious (protein, fiber,unsaturated fats, RUTF/RUSF)
• Valuable as a legume in cereal systems (fixes nitrogen)
• Often a women’s (and cash) crop (food security)
• Drought Tolerant (Climate Smart)
Why peanuts?
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
• Contaminate numerous crops, and livestock products• Reduce quality and marketability• Carcinogenic with serious health effects• Linked with childhood stunting
Why mycotoxins?
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
Peanut value chains in 5 countries
USA
Haiti
Ghana
Zambia
Mozambique
Malawi
Mycotoxin mitigation across crops
PMIL’s Focus
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
PMIL Research Portfolio•Breeding (Deom)•Genomics (Ozias-Akins)•RNAi (Arias)
•Aflagoggles (Yao)•Blood samples (Wang)•Detection (Mallikarjunan)
•Haiti VC (MacDonald)•Ghana VC (Jordan)•Intervention Study (Magnan)•Malawi/Zambia/Mozambique
VC (Brandenburg)•Economic Assessments (Bravo-
Ureto)•Nutrition Study (Manary)
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
Haiti Peanut Production
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
Filbert, Meghan and Brown, Dan, September, 2012. Aflatoxin Contamination in Haitian and Kenyan Peanut Butter and Two Solutions for Reducing Such Contamination. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 7:321-332.
Aflatoxin Contamination in Haitian Peanut Butter
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
Consumption ConsumptionProcessingProcessingMarketMarketProductionProduction
o Small Scaleo Low inputo Low yieldo Rainfedo Manual
o Informalo Local o Individualo Seasonalo Speculative
o Household Scale
o Localo Manual o Limited QC
o Peanut Buttero Roasted Peanutso Local
Haitian Peanut Value Chain Model
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
High Production Costs– Land holding (0.5ha/1.2ac)– Low tech, manual labor (cash & collective)– High cost of inputs (seed & labor)– Limited access to credit for agriculture
Low Yields (~400kg/ha)– Rainfed– Disease– Low soil fertility– Low quality seed (genetically & physically)– Lack of technical expertise– Limited input availability
Consumption ConsumptionProcessingProcessingMarketMarketProduction
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
o Drought Stresso Disease Stresso Spacing/Germinationo Rotationo Soil fertility
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
o Peanut grown on sloping lando Limited potential for improvement
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
o Labor costso Securityo Drying tarp improvement
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
Post-Harvest Handling– Incomplete drying– Insecure, unventilated storage
High Prices (~60-100HTG/kg = $1250-2k/ton) $430/ton in US
– Seasonal Volatility– Fragmented market chain– Exploitative speculation by middlemen
Low Quality– High levels of aflatoxin– Immature peanuts
Consumption ConsumptionProcessingProcessingMarketProductionProduction
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
o Small traders = high transaction costs, negative feedback to producer
o Volumetric trading = no quality valuation
o Transportationo Bag improvement
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
ConsumptionProcessingMarketMarketProductionProduction
Peanut Butter at household/community scaleRoasted peanuts at local marketNo Economies of Scale
95% goes to informal sector Manual processing Limited quality control
No alternative/waste stream uses (oil, feed, fuel, etc.) Sorted peanuts are used in mamba, tablette
Higher Cost/Lower Quality Product for Consumer
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
USAID Peanut CRSP Research (2008-2012)
• Reduce production costs– Livelihood Survey– Mechanization– Seed systems
• Improve yields– Training farmers, students &
agronomists – Creole language production guide– Variety evaluation– Input trials (fungicide, fertility)
• Aflatoxin Control– Detection– Alternative uses
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
Variety/Fungicide TrialsRandomized replicated plots with 3rd year agronomy students in Limbe, Northern Haiti
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
Variety Trials
Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab (pmil.caes.uga.edu)
• Improve plant health (varieties, agronomy)• Improved drying• New storage options• Better processing technologies• Find alternative uses for the waste stream• Educate consumers and policy makers• Research exposure levels to focus resources
Best Bets and Next Steps for Mycotoxin Control in Haiti
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