2011 aicp review course - new jersey chapter | american planning
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MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
February 2011 Kelly O’Brien, AICP, PP, LEED AP Professional Development Officer of Exam Prep American Planning Association – New Jersey Chapter
2011 AICP Review Course H I S T O R Y A N D T H E O R Y
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
History and Theory (and Law) 15% • History of planning
• Planning law
• Theory of planning
• Patterns of human settlement
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Primary functions of planning • improve efficiency of outcomes
• counterbalance market failures -‐ balance public and private interests
• widen the range of choice -‐ enhance consciousness of decision making
• civic engagement -‐ expand opportunity and understanding in community
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Professionalization of Planning 1901 NYC: “New Law” regulates tenement housing 1907 Hartford: first official & permanent local planning board 1909
– Washington DC: first planning association – National Conference on City Planning – Wisconsin: first state enabling legislation permitting cities to plan – Chicago Plan: Burnham creates first regional plan – Los Angeles: first land use zoning ordinance – Harvard School of Landscape Architecture: first course in city
planning
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Pre-modern to New Urban Form 1682 Philadelphia plan Grid system &
neighborhood parks William Penn Thomas Holme
1695 Annapolis plan Radiocentric Francis Nicholson
1733 Savannah Ward park system Oglethorpe
1790 Washington Grand, whole city plan Pierre L’Enfant
1852-‐1870 Paris Model for “City Beautiful” Napoleon III; Haussmann
1856 Central Park First major purchase of parkland
F L Olmsted Sr
1869 Riverside, IL Model curved street “suburb”
FL Olmsted Sr Calvert Vaux
1880 Pullman, IL Model industrial town George Pullman
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Agrarian Philosophy 1800’S
– Belief that a life rooted in agriculture is the most humanly valuable. – Reflected the largely rural settlement pattern in the country at that
time. – Two major spokesmen:
• Thomas Jefferson deCrevecoeur – Characteristics
• Simplicity • Uniformity • Non-‐restrictive and minimal government • Religious fundamentalism • Morality of Agricultural Property reward
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Laissez Faire Philosophy
– Adam Smith – Developed through the theories of Capitalism – Out of totally unrestricted competition, all society would ultimately
benefit, and the individual hardship resulting from such unrestricted competition was essential to the ultimate economic good of the state
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Public Health Movement Late 1800s to 1920
– To guarantee government involvement in public health and safety of the worker
– Sanitary Conditions of mid-‐19th Century cities • Air and Water Pollution • Cemeteries • Tenement Living
1867 San Francisco First modern land-‐use zoning in US (forbad slaughterhouses in geographic districts)
1867/1879 New York City First major tenement house controls
1879 Memphis 60% of city flees from yellow fever; of those who remain, 80% get sick; 25% die
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Parks Movement
– Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux – Design of Central Park – Horace W. S. Cleveland, Minneapolis – park system proposal 1883; – Charles Eliot & Sylvester Baxter, Boston – extensive regional park system
(1891-‐1893 and beyond)
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements City Beautiful Movement 1893
• Key Actors: Burnham, Olmsted Sr., McKim, St. Gaudens, Gottlieb
• Contributions of Movement: 1) Revival of city planning and its establishment
as permanent part of local government 2) The quasi-‐independent planning commissions
composed of citizens 1893 Columbian Exposition The “White City” Burnham,
Olmsted Sr,
1902 McMillan Plan for Washington DC
Update of L’Enfant’s Plan Burnham, Olmsted Jr
1906 San Francisco Plan First major application of City Beautiful in US
Burnham, Bennett
1909 Chicago Plan First metro regional plan Burnham
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Garden City Movement
• An anti-‐urban agrarian/romantic approach to the city predicated on: 1) The sacredness of nature 2) The inherent immorality of the city 3) A return to the pre-‐industrial village
• Key Actors: Ebenezer Howard, John Ruskin
1898 “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform”
Merge urban & agrarian
Ebenezer Howard
1903-‐1920 1919-‐1934
Letchworth Welwyn
Two garden city projects
Welwyn introduces superblock
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Radiant City
– 1920s – LeCorbusier – Robert Moses replaces Burnham
as leading American planner: “If the ends don’t justify the
means, then what the hell does?”
– Grew out of conception of capitalist authority and a pseudo-‐appreciation for workers’ individual freedoms
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Concentric Ring Theory
– 1925 – Ernest Burgess – Distribution of social groups
within urban areas – Depicts urban land use in
concentric rings • The center was the CBD • The transition zone of mixed
residential and commercial uses • Low-‐class residential homes (inner
suburbs), in later decades called inner city
• Better quality middle-‐class homes (Outer Suburbs)
• Commuters zone
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements City Efficient Movement
– Standardization (SSZEA, SCPEA)
1913 Massachusetts: planning mandatory for local gov’ts; planning boards required
1916
New York: first comprehensive zoning ordinance
1917
American City Planning Institute established in Kansas City
1922
Standard State Enabling Act issued by US Dept of Commerce Los Angeles County establishes planning board
1925
Cincinnati: first comprehensive plan based on welfare of city as a whole
1926
Euclid vs. Ambler Realty Co: Supreme Court upholds comprehensive zoning
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements 1928
Standard City Planning Enabling Act – issued by US Dept of Commerce
1929
– Radburn,NJ completed -‐ innovative neighborhood design based on Howard’s theory
– Harvard: Creates first school of city planning – Regional Plan of New York completed – “Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs” published
1930’s
City Humane Movement
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Broad Acre City
– Frank Lloyd Wright presented the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932.
– Opposite of transit-‐oriented development. – All important transport is done by automobile and the pedestrian can
exist safely only within the confines of the one acre (4,000 m²) plots where most of the population dwells.
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements Sector Theory 1939
– Homer Hoyt – Modification of the
concentric zone model – Allows for an outward
progression of growth – Does not make allowances
for private cars that enable commuting from cheaper land outside city boundaries
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements 1940’s City Functional Movement
1945 Multiple Nuclei Theory -‐ Harris and Ullman
1960 – “Image of the City” by Kevin Lynch
– basic elements of "imageability"
• paths
• edges • nodes • districts • landmarks
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Philosophies and Movements 1962 The urban growth simulation model emerges in the Penn-‐Jersey
Transportation Study.
1968 Pittsburg Community Redevelopment Model
1976 Growth Machine Theory -‐ Harvey Molotch
1982 New Urbanism -‐ Seaside, Andres Duany
1991 Edge City -‐ Joel Garreau
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Progressive Movement as Reform • Reaction against political and economic
– influence of corporations; monopolies (Rockefeller) – influence of corrupt ward bosses (Tamany Hall) because of dispersed,
decentralized power of elected officials
• Loss of control of central cities by elites as democracy spread – elites moving to streetcar suburbs; dislocation of economic and political
power
• Emergence of corporate models of management – strong executive leadership
• Rationalize and professionalize city governance – rationalize city service provision and infrastructure development – civil service – depoliticize city
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Theories on Planning Evolution from planning as science to planning through
participation
Rational Planning Model • Myerson and Banfield
Incremental Planning • Charles Lindblom
Advocacy Planning • Sherry Arnstein, Ladder of Participation, 1969 article • Paul Davidoff
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Planning Theories • Synoptic Rationality
• Incremental
• Transactive
• Advocacy
• Radical
• Utopianism
• Methodism
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Why do we not have a unifying theory of planning?
• Goals and objectives, as well as means to achieve them, are often uncertain
– “wicked problems” – concerned primarily with public issues
• broadly defined groups/clients • diverse interests
• planners rarely make decisions but rather advise those who do
• results of most planning activity is discernable only 5 to 20 years after the decision
– feedback and corrective actions are difficult
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
People Know the “Fathers”
Father of Regional Planning Patrick Geddes
Father of Zoning Edward Bassett
Father of City Planning Daniel Burnham
Father of Modern Ecology Ian McHarg
Father of Modern Housing Code Lawrence Veiller
Father of Advocacy Planning Paul Davidoff
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
People
• Lawrence Veiller
• Robert Moses
• Clarence Perry
• Lewis Mumford
• Paul Davidoff
• Saul Alinsky
• Sherry Arnstein
• Jacob Riis
• Patrick Geddes
• Jane Jacobs
• Frank Lloyd Wright
• Lawrence Haworth
• T.J. Kent
• Alan Altshuler
Memorize people who made important contributions to planning
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
People • Robert Lang
• Alfred Bettman
• Catherine Bauer
• Rexford Tugwell
• Charles Lindblom
• Walter Christaller
• Ernest Burgess
• Homer Hoyt
• LeCorbusier
• James Rouse • Andres Duany
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Places Memorize facts that have influenced current planning and
development decisions such as:
– First National Park, Yellowstone 1872
– First National Wildlife Refuge, in Florida 1903
– First historic preservation commission, New Orleans 1921
– First off-‐street parking regulations, Columbus, OH 1923
– First limited access highway, Bronx River Parkway, 1926
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Planning Firsts Public Water System ………………………………….Philadelphia
Planning Commission ………………………………..Hartford, Connecticut
Regional Planning Commission ………………….Los Angeles
Zoning Ordinance ………………………………………New York City
National Conference on Planning ………………Washington D.C.
Planned Suburban Community ………………….Riverside, IL
Historic Preservation Ordinance ………………..Charleston, SC
Urban growth boundary ……………………..…….Kentucky
(continued list online)
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Acts Environmental Legislation • 1969 NEPA • 1970 Clean Air Act • 1972 Clean Water Act • 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act • 1973 Endangered Species Act • 1980 Superfund Act
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Other need to know items… • Erie Canal was completed in 1825
• First US city with a subway was Boston in 1897
• Washington D.C. was part of the City Beautiful Movement
• Jean Gottmann termed the word Megalopolis
• Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined at Promontory Point, Utah to form the transcontinental railroad in 1869
• ACIP and ASPO joined in 1978 to form the APA
• Zip Code stands for Zone Improvement Plan Code
• First historic preservation commission was formed in Vieux Carre, New Orleans, LA
• First historic preservation ordinance enacted in Charleston, SC
• First department store was located in Salt Lake City, UT
MAY 2011 AICP EXAM REVIEW HISTORY AND THEORY
Other need to know items… • Largest concrete structure in the US was built in 1941 and is the
Grand Coulee Dam
• First urban growth boundary established in the US in Lexington, KY in 1958
• First state to institute statewide zoning was Hawaii in 1961
• 43,560 square feet in 1 acre
• 5,280 linear feet in 1 mile
• 2.47 acres in 1 hectacre
• 640 acres in 1 square mile
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