2.2 major changes over time learning objective: to become aware of the long-term impacts of society...
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2.2 Major changes over time
Learning objective: to become aware of the long-term impacts of society on sanitation systems and origins of change
Urbanisation and manufacturing are
independent factors underlying most
changes of our sanitation systems
Source: Rathnabharathie and Kariyawasam, 2007
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Was the strong link between water and sanitation in the 20th century a brief detour
in human history?
agriculture + sanitation
water +sanitation
agriculture + sanitation
Most common
Parenthesis? What will come next ?
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
All rural Essentially urban
Urine-diverting toilet in the 1860s
and sanitation footprints 1910
Stock- holm
60km
urine bowl
faeces
urine collector
urine funnel
vent pipe
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
How pipes gradually took over waste transport Period Solid
street-
wastekitchen- faeces urine
Wastewater
1800
1870
1900
1950
1970
2000
Earth pits for all household waste and content emptied in garden or on nearby farm
Disposed of in streets or in yard
Disposed of in streets or in yard
Urine and greywater to a septic tank/waste pit or straight to water body
Container for solid waste
Black (WC)- and greywater in pipe to water body without any treatment
Solid waste incinerated Some garbage sorted Wastewater treatment plants being built
Some sludge applied on farmlandSorting of garbage and reuse
Scenario 1: grinder for organic kitchen waste, increased mixing of waste and incineration of the sludge
Scenario 2: garbage sorted in more fractions, which are treated separately and used in production of new products
Solid waste Excreta
Latrine buckets of metal
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
The history of management of water and used water over the 20th century and beyond
1970 2000
Supply
Management
Demand
Management
Reuse
Management
Priority 1: provide water no longer the only concern
Priority 1: reduce water volume and emerging interest in wastewater
Pri 1: wastewater quality
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Mexico City now has 20+ million people
MC
Latest opened water source
100 km
1 km
Next?
200 km
2 km
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Courtesy of Ian Adler, International Renewable Resources Institute, Mexico
What we have seen so far …..
• More pipes and more mixing of various flows has been the mantra for a long period
• But of late, there is a slow shift in focus from supply issues to what happens to water and waste materials after they are used
• New focus: to improve the way we deal with excreta, organic solid waste and wastewater in order to treat and use these resources again
• The future sources of water and nutrients will come from reusing water and waste materials
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
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