3 d
Post on 16-May-2015
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3D IC technology
Pouya Dormiani
Christopher Lucas
What is a 3D IC?
“Stacked” 2D (Conventional) ICsCould be Heterogeneous…
Motivation
Interconnect structures increasingly consume more of the power and delay budgets in modern design
Plausible solution: increase the number of “nearest neighbors” seen by each transistor by using 3D IC design
Smaller wire cross-sections, smaller wire pitch and longer lines to traverse larger chips increase RC delay. RC delay is increasingly becoming the dominant factor
At 250 nm Cu was introduced alleviate the adverse effect of increasing interconnect delay.
130 nm technology node, substantial interconnect delays will result.
3D Fabrication Technologies Many options available for realization of 3D circuits Choice of Fabrication depends on requirements of
Circuit System
Beam Recrystallization
Processed Wafer Bonding
Silicon Epitaxial Growth
Solid Phase Crystallization
Deposit polysillicon and fabricate TFTs-not practial for 3D circuits due to high temp of melting polysillicon
-Suffers from Low carrier mobility
-However high perfomance TFT’s
have been fabricated using low temp processing which can be used to implement 3D circuits
Bond two fully processed wafers together.-Similar Electrical Properties on all devices
-Independent of temp. since all chips are fabricated then bonded
-Good for applications where chips do independent processing
-However Lack of Precision(alignemnt) restricts interchip communication to global metal lines.
Epitaxially grow a single cystal Si
-High temperatures cause siginificant cause significant degradation in quality of devices on lower layers
-Process not yet manufacturable
Low Temp alternative to SE.
-Offers Flexibilty of creating multiple layers
-Compatible with current processing environments
-Useful for Stacked SRAM and EEPROM cells
Performance Characteristics
Timing Energy With shorter interconnects in 3D ICs, both switching
energy and cycle time are expected to be reduced
Timing
In current technologies, timing is interconnect driven.
Reducing interconnect length in designs can dramatically reduce RC delays and increase chip performance
The graph below shows the results of a reduction in wire length due to 3D routing
Discussed more in detail later in the slides
Energy performance
Wire length reduction has an impact on the cycle time and the energy dissipation
Energy dissipation decreases with the number of layers used in the design
Following graphs are based on the 3D tool described later in the presentation
Energy performance graphs
Design tools for 3D-IC design
Demand for EDA toolsAs the technology matures, designers will
want to exploit this design area Current tool-chains
Mostly academic We will discuss a tool from MIT
3D Standard Cell tool Design
3D Cell PlacementPlacement by min-cut partitioning
3D Global Routing Inter-wafer vias
Circuit layout managementMAGIC
3D Standard Cell Placement
Natural to think of a 3D integrated circuit as being partitioned into device layers or planes
Min cut part-itioning along the 3rd dimension is same as minimizing vias
Total wire length vs. Vias
Can trade off increased total wire length for fewer inter-plane vias by varying the point at which the design is partitioned into planes Plane assignment performed prior to detailed placement
Yields smaller number of vias, but greater overall wire length
Total wire length vs. Vias (Cont)
Plane assignment not made until detailed placement stage
Yields smaller total wire length but greater number of vias
Intro to Global Routing
OverviewGlobal Routing involves generating a “loose” route
for each net. Assigns a list of routing regions to a net without actually
specifying the geometrical layout of the wires.Followed by detailed routing
Finds the actual geometrical shape of the net within the assigned routing regions.
Usually either sequential or hierarchical algorithms
Illustration of routing areas
x
z
y
x
z
y
Detailed routing of net when routing areas are known
Hierarchical Global Routing
Tool uses a hierarchical global routing algorithmBased on Integer programming and Steiner
trees Integer programming approach still too slow
for size of problem and complexity (NP-hard)Hierarchical routing methods break down the
integer program into pieces small enough to be solved exactly
2D Global Routing
A 2D Hierarchical global router works by recursively bisecting the routing substrate. Wires within a Region are fully contained or terminate at a
pin on the region boundry. At each partitioning step the pins on the side of the
routing region is allocated to one of the two subregions. Wires Connect cells on both sides of the partition line.
These are cut by the partition and for each a pin is inserted into the side of the partition
Once complete, the results can be fed to a detailed router or switch box router (A switchbox is a rectangular area bounded on all sides by blocks)
Illustration of Bisection
Extending to 3D
Routing in 3D consists of routing a set of aligned congruent routing regions on adjacent wafers. Wires can enter from any of the sides of the routing region in
addition to its top and bottom 3D router must consider routing on each of the layers in
addition to the placement of the inter-waver vias Basis idea is: You connect a inter-waver via to the port
you are trying to connect to, and route the wire to that via on the 2D plane. All we need now is enough area in the 2D routing space to route
to the appropriate via
3D Routing ResultsPercentage Of 2D Total wire LengthMinimizing for Wire Length:
2 Layers ~ 28%
5 Layers ~ 51 %
Minimizing for via count:
2 Layers ~ 7%
5 Layers ~ 17%
3D-MAGIC
MAGIC is an open source layout editor developed at UC Berkeley
3D-MAGIC is an extension to MAGIC by providing support for Multi-layer IC design
What’s different New Command :bond Bonds existing 2D ICs and places inter-layer Vias in the design
file Once Two layers are bonded they are treated as one entity
Concerns in 3D circuit
Thermal Issues in 3D-circuits EMI Reliability Issues
Thermal Issues in 3D Circuits
Thermal Effects dramatically impact interconnect and device reliability in 2D circuits
Due to reduction in chip size of a 3D implementation, 3D circuits exhibit a sharp increase in power density
Analysis of Thermal problems in 3D is necessary to evaluate thermal robustness of different 3D technology and design options.
Heat Flow in 2DHeat generated arises due to switchingIn 2D circuits we have only one layer of Si to consider.
Heat Flow in 3DWith multi-layer circuits , the upper layers will also generate a significant fraction of the heat.Heat increases linearly with level increase
Heat Dissipation
All active layers will be insulated from each other by layers of dielectrics With much lower thermal conductivity than Si Therefore heat dissipation in 3D circuits can accelerate many failure
mechanisms.
Heat Dissipation in
Wafer Bonding versus Epitaxial Growth
Wafer Bonding(b) 2X Area for heat dissipation
Epitaxial Growth(a)
Heat Dissipation in Wafer Bonding versus Epitaxial Growth
Design 1 Equal Chip Area
Design 2 Equal metal wire pitch
High epitaxial temperature
Temperatures actually higher for Epitaxial second layers Since the temperature of the second active layer T2 willBe higher than T1 since T1 is closer to the substrate and T2 is stuck between insulators
EMI in 3D ICs Interconnect Coupling Capacitance and cross talk
Coupling between the top layer metal of the first active layer and the device on the second active layer devices is expected
EMI
Interconnect Inductance EffectsShorter wire lengths help reduce the
inductance Presence of second substrate close to global
wires might help lower inductance by providing shorter return paths
Reliability Issues?
Electro thermal and Thermo-mechanical effects between various active layers can influence electro-migration and chip performance
Die yield issues may arise due to mismatches between die yields of different layers, which affect net yield of 3D chips.
Implications on Circuit Design and Architecture
Buffer Insertion Layout of Critical Paths Microprocessor Design Mixed Signal IC’s Physical design and Synthesis
Buffer Insertion Use of buffers in 3D circuits to break up long interconnects At top layers inverter sizes 450 times min inverter size for the relevant
technology These top layer buffers require large routing area and can reach up to
10,000 for high performance designs in 100nm technology With 3D technology repeaters can be placed on the second layer and
reduce area for the first layer.
Buffer Insertion
Layout of Critical Paths and Microprocessor Design
Once again interconnect delay dominates in 2D design.
Logic blocks on the critical path need to communicate with each other but due to placement and desig constraints are placed far away from each other.
With a second layer of Si these devices can be placed on different layes of Si and thus closer to each other using(VILICs)
In Microprocessor design most critical paths involve on chip caches on the critical path.
Computational modules which access the cache are distributed all over the chip while the cache is in the corner.
Cache can be placed on a second layer and connected to these modules using (VILICs)
Mixed Signal ICs and Physical Design Digital signals on chip can couple and interfere with
RF signals With multiple layers RF portions of the system can be
separated from their digital counterparts. Physical Design needs to consider the multiple layers
of Silicon available. Placement and routing algorithms need to be
modified
Conclusion
3D IC design is a relief to interconnect driven IC design.
Still many manufacturing and technological difficulties
Needs strong EDA applications for automated design
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