3.2 results of stress photos

The Results of Stress...

1 Mr. Silva

Thursday, December 4, 2014

The Results of Stress• High pressure and temperatures caused by

stress in the crust generally deform rocks.

• When stress is applied slowly, the deformed rock will return to its original shape.

• In extreme stress, rock becomes so deformed it may bend, tilt or break.

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Folding• When rocks respond to stress by becoming

permanently deformed without breaking it is called folding. –Folds vary in size–There are 3 general types of folds.

Thursday, December 4, 2014

3 General Types of Folds• Anticline: Upfolding or arching in which

the oldest layer is in the center of the of the fold

Oldest layer of rock

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Anticline

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Thursday, December 4, 2014

3 General Types of Folds• Syncline: is a linear downfold in which the youngest layer

is in the center

Youngest layer of rock

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Syncline

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Thursday, December 4, 2014

3 General Types of Folds• Monocline: is a step-like fold in which both limbs remain

horizontal or vertical.

Different layers remaining vertical

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Monocline

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Thursday, December 4, 2014

Faulting • When rocks break due to stress instead of

fold.– Joint: no movement in the rocks along either

side of a break. – Fault: when rocks do move– Fault plane: surface of a fault where any motion

occurs– Hanging wall: rock above the fault plane of a

nonvertical fault– Footwall: rock below the fault plane of a

nonvertical fault

Thursday, December 4, 2014

3 Types of faults• Normal fault: hanging wall moves down

relative to the footwall along divergent boundary

• Reverse fault: compression causes the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall

• Thrust fault: fault plane is a low angle or nearly horizontal & hanging wall is pushed up over rock

• Strike-slip fault: rock on either side of the fault plane slides horizontally at transform boundaries

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Mountain Formation• Mountain Range: a group of adjacent

mountains with the same general shape and structure.

Mount Everest

Himalaya Mountains

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Mountain Formation• Mountain System: a group of adjacent

mountain ranges.Great Smoky Mountains

Green Mountains

Appalachian Mountains

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Mountain Formation• Mountain Belts: the largest mountain

system are part of two still larger systems.

Eurasian- Melanesian

mountain belt

Circum-Pacific mountain belt

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Plate Tectonics and Mountains

• Both circum-Pacific mountain belt and the Eurasian- Melanesian mountain belt are located along convergent plate boundaries.

• Evidence that most mountains are formed from plate collisions.

• Ding Ding: Convergent Plate Boundaries build mountains!!!

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Collision between Continental and Oceanic Crust

• What do we know happens when continental and oceanic crust collide?

• What do we know happens when crust overlap each other? What can happen?

• This will cause large scale deformation.

Continental Volcanic Arcs!!!

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Collision between Continental and Oceanic Crust

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Collision between Oceanic and Oceanic Crust

• One plate usually submerges below the other and will cause a volcanic island arc.

Mariana Island in the North Pacific Ocean

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Collision between Oceanic and Oceanic Crust

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Collisions Between Continents

• Mountains can also form when two continents collide.

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Collisions Between Continents

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What is folding? What type of deformation?

• Name three folds...

• What is faulting? What type of deformation?

• Name four faults...

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Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What is folding? What type of deformation?

• Name three folds...

• What is faulting? What type of deformation?

• Name four faults...

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Rock deformed without breaking...Ductile

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What is folding? What type of deformation?

• Name three folds...

• What is faulting? What type of deformation?

• Name four faults...

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Rock deformed without breaking...Ductile

Anticline, Syncline, Monocline

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What is folding? What type of deformation?

• Name three folds...

• What is faulting? What type of deformation?

• Name four faults...

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Rock deformed without breaking...Ductile

Anticline, Syncline, Monocline

Rock deformed by breaking...Brittle

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What is folding? What type of deformation?

• Name three folds...

• What is faulting? What type of deformation?

• Name four faults...

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Rock deformed without breaking...Ductile

Anticline, Syncline, Monocline

Rock deformed by breaking...Brittle

Normal, Reverse, thrust, and Strike-Slip

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What boundary are most mountains formed?

• What boundary do strike-slip faults occur?

• What convergent plate boundary are the tallest mountains formed?

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Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What boundary are most mountains formed?

• What boundary do strike-slip faults occur?

• What convergent plate boundary are the tallest mountains formed?

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Convergent Plate Boundaries

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What boundary are most mountains formed?

• What boundary do strike-slip faults occur?

• What convergent plate boundary are the tallest mountains formed?

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Convergent Plate Boundaries

Transform Fault Boundaries

Thursday, December 4, 2014

Review

• What boundary are most mountains formed?

• What boundary do strike-slip faults occur?

• What convergent plate boundary are the tallest mountains formed?

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Convergent Plate Boundaries

Transform Fault Boundaries

Continental-Continental Convergent Plate Boundaries

Thursday, December 4, 2014