4 formation 2013
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Groups form through personal, situational,
and interpersonal processes. Formation
depends on the members themselves;
some are more likely than others to join
groups. Groups come into existence when
circumstances push people together rather
than keeping them apart. Groups also
spring up when people discover that theylike one another, and this attraction
provides the foundation for the
development of interpersonal bonds.
Who joins groups?
When do people seek
out others?
What processes
generate bonds ofinterpersonal attraction
between members of
groups?
4
Formation
Images Courtesy of the Yorck Project
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Joining Groups
Personality
Men and Women
Social Motivation
Anxiety and Attachment
Attitudes, Experiences,
Expectations
Affiliation
Social Comparison
Stress and Affiliation
Social Comparison and the
Self
Attraction
Principles of Attraction
The Economics of
Membership
Preview
Relationships?
Depends on
attraction between
people, for groups
form when
individuals find they
like one another.Who? Depends on
individuals' personal
qualities (traits, social
motives, sex, etc.)
When? Depends on
the situation (e.g.,ambiguous, tasks)
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Joining Groups
Who Joins Groups and
Who Remains Apart?
Personality
The Five Factor
Model of Personality
Ways in which eachperson is likesomeother people;dimensions of variation
among peopleThe Five Factor Model(FFM) describes the big5 personality traits ordimensions of difference.
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Sex differences in group engagement are
relatively minor
Women tend to be higher than men in relationality.
Women seek membership in smaller, informal,
intimate groups, whereas men seek membership in
larger, more formal, task-focused groups.
These differences are likely due, in part, to sex roles
and sexism.
Men and Women
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Social motives predict peoples
interest in joining groups
need for affiliation (and
rejection sensitivity)
need for intimacy
need for power
These motives are often measured
using indirect, projective tests and
experience sample methods
Social Motivation
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Social Motivation
Schutzs work on his Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO) theory that
explains how people use groups to satisfy their need to receive and express inclusion,
control, and affection.
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Anxiety and Attachment
Individuals
who are
socially
inhibited, shy,
and anxious
are less likely
to joingroups.
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Attitudes, Experiences,Expectations
Peoples attitudes, experiences, and expectations are
all factors that influence their decision to join a group.
Karaus Beliefs about Groups Scale
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Attitudes, Experiences,Expectations
Students who had positive experiences in groups in high school were
more likely to seek out groups to join in college (the direct relationship
between "positive experiences in groups" and "seeking groups").
Source: Brinthaupt, Moreland, & Levine, 1991; Pavelchak,Moreland, & Levine, 1986
Note: Sense of Injustice + Negative Emotions (Anger) = Social Movement Participation
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Joining Groups Affiliation Attraction
Affiliation is the gathering together of
conspecifics in one location.
Affiliation becomes more likely in some
situations and less likely in others.
When individuals face uncertain or
bewildering conditions, when they
experience stressful circumstances, and
when they are fearful (but notembarrassed), by joining a group they can
gain the information and social support they
need to help them cope with difficult
circumstances.
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Sex differences in group engagement are
relatively minor.
Women tend to be higher than men in relationality.
Women seek membership in smaller, informal,
intimate groups, whereas men seek membership in
larger, more formal, task-focused groups. These differences are likely due, in part, to sex roles
and sexism.
Joining Groups
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Ambiguous,
confusing
circumstances
Psychological
reaction
Negative
emotions
Uncertainty
Need for
information
Affiliation
and social
comparison
with others
Cognitive
Clarity
Affiliation and social comparison
Social comparison: gaining information from other peoples
reactions
(Festinger, 1954)
Social Comparison
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Schachters studies of
affiliation
How do people react in
an ambiguous,
frightening situation? Misery loves company:
People affiliate with others
Misery loves miserablecompany: Schachter found
people prefer to wait with
others facing a similar
experience.
Social Comparison
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Other Motives May Reduce Affiliation
Morris and his colleagues studied what people actually do
when they affiliate in 3 types of situations
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Groups facilitate both fight-or-flight
and tend-and-befriendresponses to
stress.
Stress and Affiliation
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Types of Social Support
Belonging
Emotional support
Informational support
Instrumental support
Spiritual support
Stress and Affiliation
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Directional
Comparison
Social Comparison and theSelf
Downward Social
Comparison
Choosingcomparisontargets who are
perform-ing
poorly comparedto oneself
Boosts self-
esteem
Upward Social
Comparison
Choosingcomparisontargets who are
perform-ing
poorly comparedto oneself
Increases
optimism,
elevates goals
Self-evaluation
Maintenance (SEM)
People prefer toassociate withindivi-duals who
do not outper-
form them inareas that are
very relevant totheir self-esteem
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If the studentsthought that the taskwas important, they
judged their
performance to besuperior to that oftheir close friend. Ifthe task was notimportant to thempersonally, they feltthat they had
performed relativelyworse (Tesser,Campbell, & Smith,1984).
Social Comparison and theSelf
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Joining Groups
Personality
Men and Women
Social Motivation
Anxiety and Attachment
Attitudes, Experiences,
Expectations
Affiliation
Social Comparison
Stress and Affiliation
Social Comparison and theSelf
Attraction
Principles of Attraction
The Economics of
Membership
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Proximity
People tend to
like those who
are situated
nearby, in part
because it
increases
familiarity andinteraction
Elaboration
Groups often
emerge when
additional
elements
(people)
become linked
to the originalmembers.
Similarity
People like
others who are
similar to them
in some way.
In
consequence,
most groupstend toward
increasing
levels of
homophily.
Principles of Attraction
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Frequent online interactionsincrease attraction.
A network view of relationalelaboration
Principles of Attraction
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Complementarity
People like
others whose
qualities
complementtheir own
qualities
Reciprocity
Liking tends to
be mutual
Minimax
Individuals are
attracted to
groups that offer
them maximumrewards and
minimal costs.
Principles of Attraction
Schutz identified two key forms of compatibility: interchange
compatibility(based on similarity) and originator compatibility(based on complementarity).
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Satisfaction is determined by comparison level (CL)
The Economics ofMembership
Value of other groups determines comparison level for
alternatives (CLalt
)
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Review
Joining Groups
Personality
Men and Women
Social Motivation
Anxiety and Attachment
Attitudes, Experiences,
Expectations
Affiliation
Social Comparison
Stress and Affiliation
Social Comparison and the
Self
Attraction
Principles of Attraction
The Economics ofMembership
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The work of art depicted in these images and the reproduction thereof are in the
public domain worldwide. The reproduction is part of a collection of reproductions
compiled by The Yorck Project. The compilation copyright is held byZenodot
Verlagsgesellschaft mbH and licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Henri Fantin-Latour (18361904) Around the Table
Claude Monet (18401926), Nymphas
http://www.zeno.org/http://www.zeno.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fantin-Latourhttp://www.zeno.org/http://www.zeno.org/http://www.zeno.org/http://www.zeno.org/http://www.zeno.org/
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