4 wakeman's wanderings. camorra and mafia. …both camorra and mafia. inseptember, 1871, the first...

Bleat Hills of the West Riding ofYorkshire.

Descriptive of the Old Home of theBrontes, the Ancient Town and

Cluirch of Haworth, and of tlio

"Wild and Desolate Surrounding of

Yorkshire Moors.

WAKEMAN'S WANDERINGS. CLEVER WOMEN OF AMERICA.

TITE SUNDAY TTNTQy, SACBAMEKTO, CAX., APRIL 5, 1891.-EIGHT PAGES.

CAMORRA AND MAFIA. assessments. Tho secret society had es-caped lrom prison, and was beginning toprey on the community. From street tostreet it spread, assassinations markingevery step of its progress. Tho man whorelused to contribute was doomed, andthe knife of the midnight murderer car-ried out tho sentence of the unknowntribunal. Intwo years, or by the springof IS)D, every shopkeeper in "Naples waspaying a monthly tax levied by the Ca-morra.

remunerative profession of legitimatejournalism !or the better paying businessof advertising.

Among some of tho more prominentmembers ofthe dab are: Mrs..!. C. Croly("Jenny .June" 1, editor of the ffome-;er; Mrs. Sarah Lippincott (**OraceGreenwood"), Emma Moffit Tyng, EUxaPutnam Heaton, Mattie Sheridan, HelenWatteraon, Mary F. Seymour, editor ofthe Busine&a woman* Journal; Mrs.Prank Leslie. Mrs. Kobert P. Porter andMrs. Florence (.'. lyes.

But withail this array of penius Iamnot a believer in women's clubs In thisparticular Imentally shako hands with"Bab,MItis all very well for women to hfivoBOCial clubs if they want them, butit is

absurd for thorn to form themselves Intoa professional club. Here is the NewYork Press Club. What's the matter withour joiningit? lam sure the memberswould receive us witli "open arms."Newspapermen are the most chivalrousand gallant of men; if they were not theywould never have encouraged so manywomen to enter the profession. The menami women inone business should belongto the same club. 1 am £oiii£ in for''mixed clubs"— -men and women.

Kmma Thai'pku. •

A GOLDEN WEDDING.

O. Nuptial mornIon which we.honored, wait!Thai comes bat un.v in halfa hundred year*!

The morn we celebrateNot Joy alone but sorrow mo: nee?Trusting .is they who trust, and not in vain,

'!he ways of Providence,

AndOh! in.joy beyond love's lirst doUght,In nuptials new, that Know no touch of

Time.v. ii non your wondering si>.'ht

Afar the itolden I;a:e< shall rise sublime,Whi re mortal loves no more the eoul cut ier;

Stillmay your feet togi ther tireless climbThe HJUs ofParadise.—

Benjamin Hathaway, in Prairie Fanner.

Ilenco the Maria thrived; life became ascheap inSicily as intho slums of Maples.Inthe year IS."*! an English gentlemanvisiting Massina conceived the idea thatraising sheep on the neighboring hillswould prove a profitable "industry. Hebought a tract of land, stocked it withanexcellent breed of sheep and began ope-rations. He shortly had trouble with aneighbor about boundaries, and the Eng-lish side of the question was warmlyespoused by the Englishman's shepherd,a Sicilian. The troublesome neighborwas one day found dead witha couple ofdozen bnckshot in his head, and at theend of the same month, when the shep-herd came to render his account, amongthe items was one of $50 which the Eng-lishman did not understand. Askingfor an explanation, he was horrified tolearn it was for shooting "that PietroSassi," who had made himself so trouble-some, and, furthermore, that the Mafiaman who had done the deed was waitingoutside the door forhis money. The Eng-lishman paid the bill and left tho coun-try.

A TRIP WITH THE MAFIA.Like the Camorra, the Mafia was al-

"\vaj-s hand in glove with the brigands,\u25a0who, availing themselves of the informa-tion furnished by their confederates Intown, often became very dariug. In187U,an Englishman named Rose, connectedwith v mercantile house in Sicily, wastaken by a brigand chief named Leonefrom the midst of a large party of appar-ently friendly Sicilians. The capturetook place in broad dalight, on a well-traveled highway, and insight of Lercara,a populous town. The brigands carriedtheir captive to a cave, and thero he re-mained under guard lor seven days; sud-denly the bandits changed their quarters,being apparently apprehensive of pur-suit, and for some time made night jmarches, traveling all night and restingin the houses of the peasantry by day.During this time troops were supposed iobe in pursuit, but negotiations were inprogress for a ransom, as the banditsthreatened to kill their prisoner unlesstho money thoy demanded was p;iid. Itwas paid, the sum being 920,000, but onthe urgent representations of the BritishGovernment the matter was investigated, Iand some of the outlaws were brought tojustice.

On the trial, however, it was clearlyproved that members of the Mafia,per-sonal friendsofMr.Hose, had given the in-formation which led tohis capture by thebrigands, and that the money paid for hisransom had been shared by the Sicilian jdetectives supposed to be on the track ofthe bandits, by the police ofLercara, whowere paid to be absent when Rose wascaptured, by the chief magistrates of sev-eral country towns and villages throughwhich the bandits passed withtheir pris-oner, by the commanding officers andseveral soldiers ot the companies of cav-alry sent to pursue the robbers, by a law-yer of Palermo, who hud given notice of jthe intended visit of Rose to Lercara, by

•a merchant who persuaded Rose to go,and by peasants, male and female, whohad provided shelter for tho band andgiven false information to their pursuers.Kose, however, escaped unscathed, whichwas more than a German named Kutcherdid in the follow ing year, for having noone to ransom him, he was cut inpiecesand dispatched, a littleat a timo, ouo dayan ear, another a linger, and so on, to theresidence of the German Consul, the rob-bers hoping that this barbarity wouldlead to a ransom. None came, and finallythe head of the hapless man was foundone morning at the German Consul'sdoor.

ATTBMPTfI AT SUFPBXBBIOH.Both Camorra and Mafia were tolerated

ifnot encouraged by the Bourbons, therebeing, as already intimated, a belief that

! tho royal family shared in the spoils ofboth. Both were popular institutions.The taxes they exacted were not greaterthan those demanded by the Govern-ment, and the payment being in smallsums, was made with greater conveni-ence, and both, so long as payments werepunctual, protected their proteges fromother robbers. The army and police werenot opposed to the secret organizations,since many of the soldiers were members,and the Government, by availing itself ofthe ready services of hired assassins be-longing to both organizations, often putout of the way obnoxious persons, andthus saved the police and army muchtrouble. The prison-keepers liked thembecause the Camorra and Mafia kept bet-ter order and enforced stricter disciplinein the jails than the guards were able todo.

Inmore than one Neapolitan revolutionthe agents of the Camorra were engagedto restore order and did it effectually,whik; in the conquest of Sicily by Gari-baldi, the Mafia played no unimportantpart. But after the Bourbons had beendriven out, ami Italy united under the Irule of Victor Emanuel, the Government jlooked witha jealous eye on the inilu- Ienco of the two organizations. In bothItaly and Sicily the revenues whichshould have gone to the Governmentwere absorbed by the societies. Astrongeffort was therefore made to put down |both Camorra and Mafia. InSeptember,1871, the first blow was struck in Xaples.Nearly a hundred agents of the Camorrawere seized and imprisoned inthe fort-ress, and the customs revenues, whichthe day before had been loss than fourfrancs, rose on the day following tonearly S,O-mattock and the spade.Borne lustier brother of the trade,

Perhaps ere longMay l:^ you where you've thousands laid>or think it wrong!

and the capital oilpainting of this canuyold character, who reminds one forciblyof the old wretch who stillofficiates at"Scotch marriages," at Gretna Green, wasthe work of this misdirected and self-de-stroying genius.

Grim, gaunt, gray Saworthl Perfectas were the lives thy sunless ways onceknew; matchless as w*re the creationshewn Ottt pf the heart of stone: dreary asthe skies above thy dank old walls is thyh.ud, stern face in all its moods to men.One leaves thee v.ith n sad and heavyheart EboJub l. Wakkkax.

The Two Societies Which RuledSouth Italy for Fifty Years.

Blackmail and Assassination Reduced

to an Exact Science— The TolerationExtended by tlie Bourbons—Associ-

ation of the Societies With the Bri-gands—Suppression by the Present

Government.

The conditions under which tho popu-lace of South Italyand Sicily have livedfor a hundred years are singularly favor-able to the origination of secret organiza-tions. Tho Government of the Bourbonswas, in itself,a great secret society, work-ing by secret and often exceedingly rep-rehensible methods; spies employed bytho court were everywhere, and the mostinnocent word, the most inoffensive act,was often, by these agents of an unscru-pulous despotism, construed into evi-denco of a plot against the throne. Thepoverty of the population has alwaysbeen deplorable, their ignorance pro-found, and the study of the rulers was to Iprevent any ray of light from enteringthe intellectual or moral horizon of thoseunder their care. So iar from endeavor-ing toimprove the condition of the peo-ple, the Bourbon Kings of Naples andSicily made most strenuous effortsto prevent their advancement. Merci-less taxation took away the ac-cumulated surplus of tho year's toil,while, on tho faintest appearanceof any desire to interfere in matterspolitical, the offender was hurried off toprison, it being a well established Bour-bon maxim that a politician in the oppo-sition is worse than a thief. Theprisonerrarely knew who was his accuser or withwhat he was charged ;his friends seldomlearned his whereabouts; ifhe had a trial,itwas in secret, before a tribunal whichhad itsown rules of procedure, its ownstandards for the consideration of evi-di nee. No witnesses were introduced in

] his behalf, for he was not permitted tosend for them ;no lawyer pleaded hiscause, for eloquence found noplace beforea court established for the purpose of con-victing. Often when the death sentencewas pronounced on the unhappy man, itsexecution was carried out in private, andas no records were kept, all that thefriends of the accused know was that hewas arrested, taken away by the officersof the law and never heard of afterward.

THE I'RISOX SOCIKTIKS.How many of these legalized and secret

murders took place under Bourbon rulewillnever be known. So great was thonumber of arrests, however, for pettypolitical offenses, that alter Italy wasfreed from the rule of the French by thedownfall of Napoleon's empire thoprisons ofNaples, Palermo and Messinawere crowded with unhappy wretches,some accused ofpolitical meddling, otherscharged with minor crimes, whileothersagain knew neither the charge againstthem, nor the length of time they wouldprobably remain incarcerated. Allwereragged, many were half-starved, for thejailers, likeother officials of the Neapol-itan State, were ill-paid, and thus welltrained to make their living by exactionsfrom the wretched persons committed totheir care. No distinction was made ofthe inmates by classes; all were huddledtogether without regard to the character

jof the oti'ense, and the countryman w, lu>Ihad tried, to smuggle :ifew oranges intothe city was placed inihe .same large cell

which contained dozens of the worstcriminals. Whatever his character onentering he came out acriminal, readyfor the commission of any deed whichmight result to his own profit. As nocontrol was exercised over the prisonerssave what was necessary to keep themwithin tho walls of the inelosure, the in-mates were left to themselves, and busybrains and idle hands form a bad combin-ation. As early us the year 1825 it wasdiscovered that the prisoners in the fas-tie of Naples had formed an associationofmutual benefit. Ithad Its officers, itspasswords and other signs of recognition,and its oath-bound members were swornto do the bidding of its chief. The dis-

!eovery of the society was made by a pris-oner who was not a member, but hisstatement of the existence of such an or-ganisation caused no uneasiness and 1

j .scarcely any remark among the prisonofficials, who, itappears, gave the matter

!no attention.ORJKCTB OF THX SOCIETY.

The society Which thus had Its origin in, the principal prison ofNaples was organ*Ii/.ed for the purpose of exacting money| from prisoners who were not included!among its members. By threats of ill-

usage small sums were in many caseseasily obtained; but as most of the pris-

Ioners were what may be called perma-i nent boarders, this source of supply wassoon exhausted. But as arrivals

*

werefrequent, the prison society took time byths forelock by approaching them as soonas they entered, and, onvarious pretenses,demanding fees. The new-comer mustpay down in cash a fee to keep the lampburning before the Madonna's picture; hemust pay a fee to gointo the chapel, a feeto aid inproviding a Sunday dinner fortho poorer prisoners, a feo for the com-mon stock of tobacco and so on, none ofthe money, of course, ever by any acci-dent being expended for the purposestated. After the new arrival had beenrobbed of most ofhis portables, for ifhehad no money any description of personalproperty was accepted, he became a"reg-ular," and for the lirst six months of hisstay made only a monthly payment.

During the next half year las pay-ments were bi-monthly, and at the endof that time he could, ifliechose, becomea member and was allowed toshare intheplunder obtained by plucking the new-comers. Anorganization for the purposeofrobbery and blackmail could Be ke;>tup only by asystem of terrifying its vic-tims, and accordingly terror was thomeans employed. Newly-imprisonedpersons who refused to make the requiredpayments were threatened; if they stillrefused, they were assaulted, often se-verely beaten, and in several cases pris-oners who continued stubborn were mur-d'red. Abody in tho prison court withtwo or three stiletto wounds was occasion-ally found by the Jailors, but no oneknew orcared whokilled the man. In-quiry proved fruitless, the body wasburied and the keepers forgot the occur-rence, but among the prisoners the "busywhisper circling round" conveyed thfitidings that the man had refused to payfne prison society the dues claimed fromhim. and that their agents had tuken hislife.

THE CAMOURA.One day in the summer of 1828 the

j keepers of the little shops in a side streetlin one of the most crowded quarters of

Naples received a visit from a man whorepresented to them that he was theag* ntof the L'amorra, a secret society, to whosecoffers they wore invited to contribute,regularly and promptly, a small monthlysum. The man's reception was far fromcordial. Nobody gave him anything,and some went so far as toorder bun outof their house. He said nothing, wentaw ay, and the next morning one of thepetty merchants who had been most en-

!ergotio inrefusing the demands of thoblackmailer was found dead in his bedwith a dozen stiletto wounds in va-rious parts of his body. The restofthe store-keepers received each a mis-sive calling their attention to tho murderand staling that their fate would be simi-lar if they did not comply with the de-mands of the Camorra.

Afow days later they were all visitedby another man who whispered in theirears a request for money "for the Ca-morra." Some, frightened by the mur-

| der ofthoirfellow-morchant, paid; othersagain refused, and onthe followingmorn-ing another l>ody was found, that of aman who objected to blackmail. Twoother equally mysterious assassinationsfollowed inthe same street, and the rest

iOfthe store-keepers, appalled by the pos-si I1''-1 •'\u25a0\u25a0 i '.:\u25a0\u25a0\u25a0 *i '.;'" . • . .-•,;. j< iU\ • • .•>\u25a0 \u25a0

Hope is a Sower, the bloom of anhour,W hose petals expand lik*1 a wuve on the sand,Then wither and die in the gloom ofa Sigh,To rearon its tomb a more beautiful bloom,

Whose fragrance willbrighten the years.This ephemeral life, with its battle ami strifo,

,Wouk« be solemn and drear, with nothing tocheer

The moments that livoin every thought thatwe give.

To our wants all untold as we thirst for thegoldThat .shades every hue of the flower.

This benoficent flower, in its golden hucdbower,

Ismortality'! goal, as it sweeps through thosow],

To drivedull despair to his Cimniorian lair,Amimake eaeii to-day tisilver tipped spray,

Tnat willkiss the redblush of the morrow.Its tendrils entwine, where tho bright flowers

shine,With a iu.>ter that grows, while Ufa gently

iiow.-;O'er the J e.i ra that are dead, o'er the mem-

ories Bed,But the wreck of the past is the harbor at.last,

That hivkons lor something beyond.The ilower willlive, its fragnmco willgiveA lasting perfume thai nolimecan consume,As itthrive* in the soul i'or humanity's goal,Where its beauty willcling, the same" beauti-

ful thing,To bloom iv(Jod's garden above.—

New Orleans IHcayune.

A gamo called "progressive potatopicking" is all the rage in North £latte,Neo., >.o"i.il ci•• *!v»«tf«|nß, |-,-:f ipil .~i.im rv nU.>.

The Mississipiand Amazon.Tiie Valley of the Mississippi, includ-

Ing, of course, in the term the territorydrained by thu Ohio and Missouri, lias asuperficial area of about 1,200,000 squaremiles. Tiie Valley of the Amazon ismuch

r, having, by a moderate cacula-ti"D.2,300,000 square miles, or over two-. . . IV> iW'lln \u2666 S'sii r-o.

[Special Correspondence of the SxtndayUniox. Copyright, 1891.1

Hawortu, England, March 20, 1891.In the entiro history of the relation of

"woman to English literature there cannotbo found anything like the same winsome,Ifsomewhat melancholy, interest th;it willalways cling to the irreproachable nann,the obscure surroundings and the extra-ordinary personality of the author of*'Jane Eyre."

Because of this Haworth, though inter-esting for little else than once havingbeen the home of the Bronte family, isworth going a long way to see. And it isa long and a dreary way one has to come.Perched up here among the bleak hills oftho Wast Riding of Yorkshire alongsidethe moors and fells of Lancashire, theplace is almost as unknown and inacces-sible Mthe grave of Byron at UucknallTorkard, InNottinghamshire,If your impulse is to visit Haworth,

come in the summer only. Then there is;itleast sunshine. Then the fleecy cloudsstraggle over and between the hills as ifshadowy hosts were marshalling behindthe horizon. Here and there splotches ofcolor lie against old walls and house-fronts. The heather blushes from theundulant green of the moors. Andonecan tben easily.imagine bitsbxApulianpastoral scenery lure in the shepherdsand their Hock-!, like cameo reliefs onbeds ofdazzling emerald, with a perspect-ive of billowy lines ami misty clouds, andhere and there a savage kite or moor-buzzard circling above the scene, tierceand endless in its hunger for unwaryheath-poults or grouse.

But at any other time your impress-ions, all the way from Keighlev up thelittle valley of the Worth River, thestream being nowhere more than a tiny"beck*1 or moorland rill,willbe dismalones indeed. Tin's entire Yorkshire dis-trict, of which Bradford is the tr.uie me-tropolis, is given over to the manufactureofworsteds. To the right and left of thelittle branch of the .Midland Railway,which followsthe stream up the valleyI>;tst Haworth to Oxenhope, aredastersofdeserted olden hand-loom mills, rottenvv( irs. grimy steam-power mills with theirhuge, nalf-smoke-hidden chimneys, de-caying arches, rows or factory-band cot-tages with slatternly women "at the door;gnarled, stunted trees springing meagerlyfrom impoverished soil inshadowy gorgeand glen; and, infarthest reaches of pros-pect beneath a leaden-colored sky, thegrim outlines of barren hiiis, the hollowsBetween showing farther, dimmer ut-lines of bleak, bare moors, suggesting thewastes ofamountainous-waved, measure--1 - sea.

The tiny Haworth Railway stationstands in the center of the horse-shoe-shaped valley head to which you havecome from the north. There could be nomore cheerless sight than that presentingitscii

1

m every direction as you alightfrom yourrailway carriage. 'Ihe stationto ister, the single human in sight, in asparsely-cut, threadbare uniform, trotsaround shiveringly for a moment as if

le, starved and cold,and then snapshimself up inhis littleden witha sharpdick,as If in iiightfrom the surroundingdreariness. Across the truck where therehas some lime been a littlepatch of flow-. lonely, almost featherlcss, altogeth-er bedraggled hen pecks at the dead stalksfeebly,querulously. This is all oflite thereis near the station. Over to the left, alongdistance away on the level bed of thovalley, ar< several huge mills, Thevareprisons inevery sense. The black smokerolls sullenly from their Macks. But nohuman being is visible. Then there are ahalf score io\» iof workman's bouses, iit-tle, mean, hard and cramped, huddled Ingrimy, denuded spaces, or set on the1 rae-side in all manner of angles, asthough they had set out i runaway fromthe place, and. too feeble to escape, hadstuck fasi where they now stand. Highabove tiiis modern Haworth, Browmoreh;i. tches away in interminable Bwells ofsavage, treeless hills.These circle aroundto the south and west, and your eve fol-lows them until it catches "a steel-grayline of what at first seems ragged, jaggedcubes of rock, cutting in diagonal trans-verse bomthe bottom to nearly the topof the bare escarpment of another bolderhill-i,!*-, terminating in the loftier, drear-ier Bawortfa moor. This half-defined,

line uf gray is the ancient villageof Haworth.

Slipping and sliding along the sinuous,clayey path, you reach the lower end ofthe long, climbing, winding, village st \u25a0Everything is at stone— too bouses, thegutters, the rain-troughs, the gargoyle-spouts, and the cobbled way,like an opens:.-!.e m *,\u25a0•; cut along the hillside to carryoflthe sleepy ooxings ofthe moor-mossesabove. There is but the single stmMain street it is called. Dank, dark closessometimes e^end for a house-lengtht. the right and left. The yard-widepavements are series of stone stairs andplatforms. Beneath the latter are shail-OWy shops and living rooms. All standopen; but few inhabitants are to be se, a.rlkse of whom glimpses can be caughtare little children, still too young to beground in the mills,and bowed old cronesof women already ground By the millsInto voicelessness and shap< Ip,up, up, for a mile yon plod, and at last

B a tiny open space, ihe houses arepet around itctosely. Quaint shops andancient mas crowd it at all sorts of euri-OUS angles. This is the head of the vill-age, topographically, in habitation* andIn aristocracy. Not for its attractiveness,but because It seems an outlet toewhei \ ipass Into alittleeonrt behindthe Black KirnInn. itU a maze ofaiand wynds. Suddenly another tiny open\u25a0pace confronts you. H,;e are an old, oii-. two-storied stone house, with a fewyards of- grass-plot at its side; a little•touo church, attached to, r.aher LhanMended with, a grim Norman toweigraveyard cluttered with crumblingston- a, the Whole covering barely an acreo!' ground. These wen- Haworth parson*. church and church-yard; the earthly,and final,homeof the Brontes, and theirliving eyes ever rested on Uawortt)

rwhich rises immediately above the3 rilLike a wall ofrounded si me,

Here, within the viily^o n> M of t!ur»o may dttingty Dausaend recall the history of the Brontest \u25a0 • The l:U!ier, the Key. Patrickj •\u25a0me. was ason ofaCounty Down, ire-hind, farmer, whose real uame was Prun-ty. He was born Ptttricknias ..">."• aPDemlng, EHPaaoandSasi 7KM) I'

7:30 1* Knights Landing 7:10 V10:50 A ftMAßgeles i 9:35 A< tgden ;iinl : as. -Second12:05 P Class 2:25 A

Central Atlantic K\ll:oo P for Ogden and East ; s si5:i5A

3:00 V Orovllle 10:30 A3:00 Pjßed i'.iuil via Marysvllle l>i-:;i» A10:40 A| Redding viaWillows.... !:oo p:'.:U'-> a San Prancueo viaßenlcta ll:4o A6:15 ASan Francisco via I8:40 ASan Kranotaco ia Benicia 1••:l P

P San Francisco viaBenlciu 8:40 P•10:00 A;banFranclBco vlasteamer 16K)O A10:50 Asun Fran, via Livermore 2:50 i*10:"'O A San .lose 3:50 1'

4:30 1' Santa Barbara ! •6:15 A Santa Rosa 11:40 A3:05 P Bantaßosa 8:40 >'8:50 A Stockton and Qalt 7:00 i"4:30 P Stockton and (Salt !>::{.-> A

l~:o."> ]> Trockee aiul Reno ii:2.-> A1 11:00 1* Truckee and Reno >s.-ir. a12K>fi P OolfitX ! s:ir, v

A Vallcjo "11: io A3:05 I5Vuilno

*(;:.».• a .;•'.» 1.-om and Plaoerville *2:io l'_*;.::in P|.Folsom and Plaoen :"> .v

•Sunday excepted. tSunday only iMon-day excepted. A.—For morning. I\—For nf-ternoon.

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