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4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | USA, China, Germany, India, Singapore, Turkey, UAE, United Kingdom, South Africa
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Company IntroductionNovum Structures - Design & Build Specialty Contractor for Architectural Steel, Cable, Glass & Membrane Structures
Seattle Airport, USA
Dali Museum St. Petersburg, USA Tours Shopping Mall, FranceWrigley’s R&D Center Chicago, USA
Yueda 889 Shopping Mall Shanghai, China Old Castle Dresden, Germany
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Company Introduction
Novum Structures is a Design & Build Specialty Contractor for Architectural Steel, Cable, Glass & Membrane Structures
Holding Company:
Menomonee Falls, WI
San Francisco, CA
Sarasota, FL
Chicago, IL
Diss, UK
Wurzburg, Germany
Sangerhausen, Germany
Beijing, China
Istanbul, Turkey
Farnham, UK
Dallas, TX
Bangalore, India
Dubai UAE
Singapore
BB-System BK-System FF-SystemKK-System SSM-SystemAFP-SystemCCG-System ECG-System
Selection of Novum Component Systems for Building Structures & Envelopes
Novum Structures International Network
4/26/2018
2
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Content
1. Contemporary Architectural Styles
2. Typology of Freeform Surfaces
3. Grid Geometry
4. Grid Shell Node Types
5. Novum FF-System
6. Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
7. Other Freeform Projects
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Contemporary Architectural Styles
High-Tech Architecture
Nicholas Grimshaw: Eden Project, , UK
DP Architects: Esplanade Theaters on the Bay, Singapore Kessler & Partner : K21 Duesseldorf, DEFoster & Partner: Swiss Re, London, UK
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Foster & Partners: City Hall, London, UK
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Contemporary Architectural Styles
Blobitecture / Blob Architecture
Foster & Partner: The Sage, Gateshead, UK
The Jerde Partnership: Zlote Tarazy, Warsaw, Poland Foster & Partners: British Museum, London, UK
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
HOK: Salvador Dali Museum, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
Studio Fuksas: New Fair, Milan, Italy
The US architect and philosopher Greg Lynn is credited with coining this phrase, claiming that the name comes from a software feature that creates Binary Large Objects
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Contemporary Architectural Styles
Deconstructivism
Frank O. Gehry : Walt Disney Concert Hall, LA, US
Coop Himmelb(l)au: BMW World, München, DEFrank O. Gehry : Gehry Tower, Hannover, DE
Frank O. Gehry :Dancing Houses, Prague, CZ
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Content
1. Contemporary Architectural Styles
2. Typology of Freeform Surfaces
3. Grid Geometry
4. Grid Shell Node Types
5. Novum FF-System
6. Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
7. Other Freeform Projects
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typology of Freeform Surfaces
Surface Classification Chart Freeform Surfaces
StructurallyOptimized
StructurallyNon-Optimized
MinimalSurface
HangingForm
ScaleTranslation
Surface
ScaleRevolution
Surface
RuledSurface
NURBSSurface
NURBS = Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typology of Freeform Surfaces
Minimal Surface
• Doubly-curved anticlastic surfaces produced by experimental or numerical form-finding process
• Application mainly for cable nets and tension or membrane structures
Fentress & Bradburn: SeaTac Airport Seattle, USExecution: Novum
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typology of Freeform Surfaces
Hanging Form
• Doubly curved surfaces produced by experimental or numerical form-finding process
• Application mainly for predominantly gravity loaded shell structures
Frei Otto: MultihalleMannheim, DE
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typology of Freeform Surfaces
Scale Translation Surface
Gerkan Marg & Partner:Main Railway Station Berlin, DEEngineer: Schlaich BergermanExecution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
• Facetted surface produced by a parallel translation and simultaneous scaling (dilation) of a generating polygon (generatrix) along a polygonal guideline (directrix)
• Application mainly for glass structures with planar quadrilateral facets
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Centric StretchedCurve Profile Curve Profile
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typology of Freeform Surfaces
Scale Revolution Surface
• Facetted surface produced by a rotation and simultaneous scaling (dilatation) of a generating polygon (generatrix) about an axis of rotation
• Cylinder, sphere, cone and torus surfaces are widely used basic revolution surfaces with an analytically determined generatrix
• Application mainly for glass structures with planar quadrilateral facets
Hadi Simaan & Partner:Aspire Tower Doha, QatarEngineer: Arup
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typology of Freeform Surfaces
Ruled Surface
Vladimir Shuchov: Lipezk Tower 1896, RU
Restaurant auf der Zugspitze, DE
Erick van Egeraat: Alphen City Hall, NL Execution: Oktatube International BV
• Practically important ruled surfaces: > Hyperbolic Paraboloid / Hypar surfaces > Hyperboloid surfaces
• Hyperbolic Paraboloid surfaces are produced by translating a generating line (generatrix) along two skewed guide lines and parallel to a directing plane
• Hyperboloid surfaces are produced by rotating a generating line skewed to the axis of rotation (each hyperboloid can be generated with two different generating lines)
Coop Himmelb(l)au: BMW World München, DEExecution: Josef Gartner GmbH
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typology of Freeform Surfaces
NURBS Surface
• NURBS surfaces (Non-Uniform-Rational-B-Spline) are analytically defined, double-curved surface areas controlled through the vertices of control polyhedrons
• By manipulating the control polyhedrons, the surface curvature at any location can be diversely influenced (rubber band effect)
• By combining multiple NURBS surface areas (patches) while maintaining the surface continuity along all area interfaces, it is possible to model any arbitrary technically or naturally occurring surface!
Studio Fuksas : New Fair Milan, IT Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Content
1. Contemporary Architectural Styles
2. Typology of Freeform Surfaces
3. Grid Geometry
4. Grid Shell Node Types
5. Novum FF-System
6. Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
7. Other Freeform Projects
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
• Projection of a regular grid patternfrom a datum plane on to the freeform surface
• Typically requires manual grid correctionof surface areas with increased curvatureor inclination to the datum plane
Grid Geometry
Grid Generation Methods
Grid Generation
Projection Method Parcellation Method
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
• Boundary lines get subdivided into portions of similar length, thus creating “orthogonal” auxiliary grid on surface
• Final grid is tied into this auxiliary grid
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Geometry
Grid Generation Methods
Grid Generation
Projection Method Parcellation Method
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Grid created with planar projection Grid created with surface partitioning
Grid along boundaries is unproblematic Resulting grid can appear slighly more irregular,
although this strongly depends on the perspective of the viewer
Resulting grid is usually evenly spaced and balanced Planar grid projection is not considering boundary
lines, thus frequently creating problematic grid zonesalong boundaries
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Grid Geometry
Elements of Grid Shell Structures
Node Node
Node
Node
Connectivity of Elements of Grid Shell Structures
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Node Vector
Panel Vector
Member Vector
Grid Geometry
Element Orientation
Node Vector
Panel Vector
Member Vector
Element orientation vectors are generated as follows:
1. Determination of all grid panels (panel finding)
2. Determination of normal vectors for all panels (panel vector)
3. Node vectors are determined by averaging the panel vectors of all panels adjacent to a node
4. Member vectors are determined by either: a) averaging the panel vectors of the 2 panels adjacent
to a memberb) averaging the node vectors of the 2 nodes adjacent
to a member, both projected into the member cross section plane (thus minimizing twist at both nodes)
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Geometry
Element Connectivity Angles
Element Connectivity Angles
Node Angles Member Angles
Vertical Angle V Horizontal Angle U Twist Angle W
Panel Folding Angle F
F
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
V is the azimuth angle between the node vector and a member axis in the polar coordinate sytem of a node
U is the polar angle between adjacent member axes in the polar coordinate sytem of a node
W is the angle between a member vector and a node vector projected into the member cross section plane
F is the angle between the 2 panel vectors projected into the member cross section plane
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Geometry
Element Connectivity Angles – Vertical Angle
V
• Vertical angles primarily depend on local curvature parameter 1/R of the surface at this node:
1 – smaller curvature > vertical angle is close to 90° > smaller V1 (difference to 90°)2 – larger curvature > vertical angle significantly deviates from 90° > larger V2 (difference to 90°)
Color plot of the vertical angles for a grid
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Vertical angle at a real node
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
U
• Horizontal angles primarily depend on the grid topology:
1 – quadrilateral grid > four way node > larger horizontal angle U12 – triangular grid > six way node > smaller horizontal angle U2
Geometry of Truss Elements
Element Connectivity Angles – Horizontal Angle
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Horizontal angle at a real node
Color plot of the horizontal angles for a grid
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
W
• Twist angles primarily depend on local curvature parameter 1/R of the surface at this node and on the orientation of the member to the principal curvature directions:
1 – Larger deviation from principal curvature direction G1 > larger twist angle W12 – Smaller deviation from principal curvature direction G2 > smaller twist angle W2
• Twist angle is zero if member axis is parallel to principal curvature direction!
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Geometry of Truss Elements
Element Connectivity Angles – Twist Angle
Twist angle at a real node
Color plot of the twist angles for a grid
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Geometry
Element Connectivity Angles – Panel Folding Angle
• Panel folding angles primarily depend on local curvature parameter 1/R of the surface at this node:
F (>0) F (<0)
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Color plot of the panel folding angles for a grid
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Content
1. Contemporary Architectural Styles
2. Typology of Freeform Surfaces
3. Grid Geometry
4. Grid Shell Node Types
5. Novum FF-System
6. Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
7. Other Freeform Projects
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Grid Shell Node Design Requirements
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
• The local structural behaviour of arbitrary, single layer freeform structures is widely varying:- flat areas require significant bending capacity of members and node connections - shell-like areas require high axial load capacity of members and node connections
• The local element connectivity angles of arbitrary freeform structures are widely varying as well:- node design must allow for geometric adaptability to varying vertical, horizontal, twist angles
• This combination of structural and geometrical requirements make the grid shell node the key grid shell element for structural integrity, visual appearance, accuracy and cost of a freeform structure
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Splice Plate Nodes Grid Shell Nodes
Single Layer Grid Shell Double Layer Grid Shell
Splice Plate Nodes End Face Nodes
Cross Plate Node
CP
Cross Chord Plate Node
CCP
Star Lug Node
SL
Disc Plate Node
DP
Cylinder Lug Node
CL
Spatial Nodes
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Cross Plate Node CPGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
CP + + O + O
•Suited for optimised grid shell structures with predominantly axial member forces
Gerkan Marg & Partner: Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, Hamburg, DEEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann & Partner
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Alternative Cross Plate Node CP altGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
CP alt + + O ++ +
•Suited for optimised grid shell structures with predominantly axial member forces
Gerkan Marg & Partner: Bahnhof Spandau, Berlin, DEEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, Project Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Cross Chord Plate CCPGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
CCP + ++ O ++ ++
•Suited for special twist-free grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
Gerkan Marg & Partner: Hauptbahnhof Berlin, DEEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, Project Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Stabwerke auf Freiformflächen
Grid Shell Node Types
Star Lug Node SLGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
SL ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
•Suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces, but very expensive
Frank O. Gehry & Associates: DZ-Bank, Berlin, DEEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, Project Execution: Josef Gartner GmbH
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Disc Plate Node DPGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
DP ++ + + ++ ++
•Suited for optimised grid shell structures with predominantly axial member forces
J. Gribl: Flusspferdehaus Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, DEEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, Project Execution: Helmut Fischer GmbH
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Cylinder Lug Node CLGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
CL ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
•Suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
Shigeru Ban:Theater Dome Leideschenrijn, NLProject Execution: Octatube International BV
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
End Face Nodes Grid Shell Nodes
Single Layer Grid Shell Double Layer Grid Shell
Splice Plate Nodes End Face Nodes
Block Node
B
Double Block Node
DB
DishNode
D
Star BlockNode
SB
Cross Chord Node
CC
Star Block PoleNode
SP
Double DishNode
DD
Star ChordNode
SC
Spatial Nodes
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Block Node BGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
B +++ +++ +++ ++ ++
• Very well suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
HOK Chicago: Wrigley Global R&D Center, Chicago, USProject Execution: Novum Structures LLC
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Double Block Node DBGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
DB +++ +++ +++ ++ ++
• Very well suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
HOK Architects: Salvador Dali Museum, St. Petersburg, FL, USAProject Execution: Novum Structures LLC
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Klassifizierung der Stabwerksknoten
Dish Node DGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
D ++ ++ ++ ++ +
• Well suited for optimised grid shell structures with predominantly axial member forces
RTKL Spain: Principe Pio Train Station, Madrid, ESEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, Project Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Double Dish Node DDGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
DD ++ +++ + ++ ++
• Well suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
Massimiliano Fuksas : Nuovo Fiera Milano, IT Project Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Star Block Node SBGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
SB +++ +++ + +++ +++
• Well suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
Foster & Partner: British Museum, Courtyard, London, UK Project Execution: Waagner-Biro Stahlbau AG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Star Block Pole Node SP
Epstein Chicago: Zlote Tarazy Shopping Mall, Warschau, PLProject Execution: Waagner-Biro Stahlbau AG
Geometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
SP +++ +++ ++ +++ +++
• Very well suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Cross Chor Node CCGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
CC + + O +++ +++
• Suited for special twist-free grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces
I. M. Pei: Deutsches Historisches Museum, Schlüterhof, Berlin, DEEngineer: Schlaich Bergermann & Partner, Project Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Star Chord Node SCGeometric Adaptability: Connectivity Angles Loading Capacity
Horizontal U Vertical V Twist W Axial Force Flexure
SC ++ +++ ++ ++ ++
•Well suited for all grid shell structures on arbitrary freeform surfaces, but expensive
Michael Gabellini: Westfield White City Shopping Mall, London, UKProject Execution: Seele GmbH
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Spatial Nodes Grid Shell Nodes
Single Layer Grid Shell Double Layer Grid Shell
Splice Plate Nodes End Face Nodes
Spherical Node
S
Half Sphere Block Node
HS
Goblet Node
G
Spatial Nodes
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Spherical Node S
BDP Building Design Partnership: Glasgow Science Center, 3D Cinema, Glasgow, UKProject Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Half Sphere Node HS
Friedmutter Group: Harrah’s Casino Atlantic City, USProject Execution: Novum Structures LLC
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Node Types
Goblet Node G
DP Architects: Esplanade Theaters on the Bay, SingaporeProject Execution: Mero GmbH & Co.KG
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Content
1. Contemporary Architectural Styles
2. Typology of Freeform Surfaces
3. Grid Geometry
4. Grid Shell Node Types
5. Novum FF-System
6. Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
7. Other Freeform Projects
4/26/2018
17
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum FF-System
System Description
• The Novum FF-system is a proprietary end face node connection consisting of: - 2 forged steel discs of S355 or C45 material, with individually machined faces as required by the grid geometry- each machined face has a threaded hole for a grade 10.9 bolt M24 or M27- precision cast steel adapters of steel GS-20Mn5V, with top & bottom faces
which can have an offset to each other, with corresponding bolt holes,welded to ends of straight cut RHS members, typically ASTM A500 grade C 6”x3”, 8”x3” or 10”x3” or EN 10219 grade S355 150x80, 200x80 or 250x80
- concealed & pretensioned socket head bolts M24 or M27, fixing the adapters to the 2 node discs
• The structural behaviour of these bolted node connections is semi-rigid andhas to be adequately considered in the structural model - typically as a rotational spring stiffness at the end of each grid shell member
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
In order to establish the bending stiffness and verify the connection capacity of various combinations of FF-system components, series of methodical 4-point bending tests have been realized
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Displacement( mm)
Load(
kN)
Displacement1
Displacement2
Displacement3
Test
#
Failure
Mode
Ram Load,
at Failure
Bending Moment,
at Failure
1 Bolt 127 kN 76.8 kNm
2 Bolt 128 kN 77.4 kNm
3 Bolt 129 kN 78.0 kNm
(M24 bolts)
Novum FF-System
Bending Capacity & Stiffness Tests of Node Connection
RHS 250x80 S355 with adapter FFA1036-0-26 and M24-10.9 bolts
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
• In order to verify those 4-point bending tests of FF-system components, series of finite element analysis of the test specimen have been performed
• Semi-rigid connection behaviour is a combined effect of the bolted connection stiffness and reduced bending stiffness in the mounting hole zone
• The observed mid span deflections of the FE models were only 80% of the average measured values, apparently due to small initial settlements of the real test specimen under loads
• This ratio is being used to calibrate FE models of FF-system node connections in any structural analysis
Novum FF-System
Finite Element Analysis of Node Connection
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
• The varying bending moment capacity of the bolted node connection in dependency of the axial connection force is typically determined using an iterative numerical calculation method assuming planarity of member end section[Space Structures 5, Telford Publ. 2002, p. 759-773]
• Calculation results shown below performed for 3 limit states – elastic, plastic and failure limit – of RHS 250x80 S355 with adapter FFA1036-0-26 and M24-10.9 bolts
• Results from methodical 4-point bending tests are conservatively close to the failure limit bending moment
Initial parameters: orig
it
orig
it
orig
itMzmz,Mymy,Nn,0it
Strain parameters:AE
no,
JyE
my,
JzE
mzit
itit
ity
itit
z
itit1ititit1ititit1itMzmzmz,Mymymy,Nnn
> Compression stress in the connection profile / Element force & moments
> Tensile stress in the bolts / Bolt force & moments
> Internal connection force & moments : N<it>, My<it>, Mz<it>
> Deviations from given force & moments: N<it>, My<it>, Mz<it>
All deviations 0 ?it = it + 1Stress distribution
determined !
N
O
YE
S
(M24 bolts)
Novum FF-System
Calculation of Node Connection Capacity
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum FF-System
Structure Design – Global Buckling Analysis• In addition to local member buckling and capacity checks,
a global buckling analysis is conducted to ensure structural integrity of the grid shell frame.
• To account for imperfections due to fabrication and installation tolerances, an “imperfect geometry” model is generated and analyzed according to all appropriate load cases and combinations.
• The imperfect geometry is generated by deforming the structure to the node locations of critical buckling modes.
• The magnitude of the maximum nodal shift is scaled to an imperfection tolerance, which is generally derived from DIN 18800-2.
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum FF-System
Structure Design – Global Buckling Example
Halstenbek Sports Hall, “Knikei”
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
• Freeform grid shell structures in general (except for small projects) cannot be modelled, drawn and fabricated using conventional methods due to time, cost, manpower, reliability, accuracy and quality constraints
• Instead, the design process must be automated by using interconnected parametric component models for all nodes, members & glazing units. Novum is using proprietary software (GSD) for this purpose, which is linking standard Finite Element Analysis software with AutoCAD, Excel and CAM software for CNC machining. The initial parameters for these models have to be established after the grid geometry has been generated and the structural analysis has been done.
• Then, as a substitute of conventional drawing sets, only relevant data and very few parametric drawings are needed to design and fabricate all grid shell components. This process will be illustrated more detailled in a process case study later on.
Novum FF-System
Design and Fabrication Data
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Typical fabrication procedure:
• CAD model data transfer into CNC software & check
• CNC machining and marking• Quality control• Electroplating & painting• Crating and shipment
Novum FF-System
Node Fabrication
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
• Parametric drawing datatransfer & check
• Length and hole cutting • Adapter welding• Painting • Crating and shipment
Novum FF-System
Member Fabrication
Typical fabrication procedure:
• CAD model data transfer into parametric drawings & check
• Automated profile length and mounting hole cutting
• Quality control• Hot dip galvanizing & painting• Wrapping, crating and shipment
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum FF-System
Installation
Typical installation procedure:
• Calibration of proprietary bolt pretensioning devices using Skidmore-Wilhelm units
• Preassembly of “node fans”, single nodes with several members attached, on multiple ground stations
• Lifting & mounting of “node fans” as extensions of already installed grid shell structure
• Final bolt pretensioning • Glazing installation & caulking
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum FF-System
Installation
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Content
1. Contemporary Architectural Styles
2. Typology of Freeform Surfaces
3. Grid Geometry
4. Grid Shell Node Types
5. Novum FF-System
6. Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
7. Other Freeform Projects
4/26/2018
21
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Architectural Concept
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Salvador Dali Museum St. Petersburg, FL, USA:Architectural design by Yann Weymouth from Hellmuth Obata & Kassabaum, Inc. (HOK)
Artwork protection concept against hurricane floods w/o evacuation
“Igloo”
“Enigma”
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Surface parcellationgenerates a dimensionally controlled reference pattern on the surface for various grids while maintaining control of surface edges (thus avoiding sliver facets)
Manual definition of intersecting planes for surface parcellation Initial NURBS freeform surface
(Enigma)
Generated grid on freeform surface
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Grid Generation
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Grid Visualization
Final grid of Enigma and Igloo
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Structural Design & Glazing System Impact Testing
• Design component & cladding wind pressure per wind tunnel test results: ±100 psf (± 4.79 kN/m2)
• Florida Building Code requires rigorous testing of glazing systems:- water penetration tests as per ASTM E 331 & AAMA 501.1- structural tests as per ASTM E 330 for 200% design wind load- small / large missile impact tests & subsequent pressure cycling
as per ASTM E 1886 and E 1996 (above / below 30 ft or 9.1 m)
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Building Interface Coordination
Geometric & structural coordination of support nodes including tolerance prediction
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Parametric Component Modelling – System Line Wireframe
The final structural model contains all information about member profile & bolt dimensions. Information about node types & dimensions needs to be added. Novum’s grid shell design software GSD is importing this information & connecting it with the grid shell system database.
Structural model of the Igloo in RStab System line wireframe model of the Igloo in AutoCAD generated by GSD
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Parametric Component Modelling with GSD – Element Orientation Vectors
GSD is now performing an automated panel search for all selected members of the generated wireframe in Autocad. Then GSD is establishing the element orientation vectors for panels, nodes and members as presented earlier.
Panels on the system line wireframe model in AutoCAD generated by GSD Close-up of panels with panel , node and member vectors
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Novum FF-System
Parametric Component Modelling with GSD – Glazing Joint Wireframe
With all element orientation vectors determined, GSD is generating a glazing joint wireframe model on a predefined stand-off distance to the system line wireframe. The intersection points of glazing joints are always located on the node vectors.
Glazing joint wireframe model in AutoCAD generated by GSD Close-up of glazing joint wireframe model (yellow color)
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Parametric Component Modelling with GSD – 3D CAD Model of Nodes & Members
Using all initially established component parameters on basis of the grid shell system database, GSD is then generating a full 3D CAD model ofall grid shell nodes and members. Simultaneously the corresponding node and member fabrication data is being determined.
3D CAD model of nodes and members in AutoCAD generated by GSD Close-up of 3D CAD model of nodes and members
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Parametric Component Modelling with GSD – 3D CAD Model of Glazing Units
With the earlier established glazing joint wireframe, GSD is now generating a full 3D CAD model of all glazing units. Simultaneously the corresponding glazing fabrication data is being determined.
3D CAD model of glazing units in AutoCAD generated by GSD Close-up of 3D CAD model of glazing units
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Parametric Component Modelling with GSD – 3D Assembly Plan
In order to enable the correct installation of the grid shell structure, GSD is finally establishing a 3D assembly plan with orientation marks for all grid shell nodes, members and glazing units.
3D assembly plan in AutoCAD generated by GSD Close-up of 3D assembly plan with element orientation marks
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Fabrication Data Output – Nodes and Glazing Units
Fabrication data for nodes and glazing units is being generated in comprehensive Excel spreadsheets.
Node fabrication list generated by GSD Glazing unit frabrication list generated by GSD
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Fabrication Data Output – Members
Fabrication data for members is being generated in comprehensive Excel spreadsheets.
Member fabrication list generated by GSD
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Detail Coordination & Approval Drawings
The comprehensive 3D CAD model generated by GSD is naturally the basis for all detail coordination & approval drawings as well as for all manually made fabrication drawings of components having an interface to the building or to other functional elementslike doors, smoke vents, signage etc.
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Installation
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Completed Project
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Completed Project
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Completed Project
4/26/2018
27
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
Completed Project
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Content
1. Contemporary Architectural Styles
2. Typology of Freeform Surfaces
3. Grid Geometry
4. Grid Shell Node Types
5. Novum FF-System
6. Process Case Study – Salvador Dali Museum
7. Other Freeform Projects
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Ottawa Convention Center
OCC Ottawa Convention Center, Ontario, Canada
Architect: Brisbin Brook Beynon Architects (BBB)
Grid generation & visualization
4/26/2018
28
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Ottawa Congress Center
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Ottawa Congress Center
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Ottawa Congress Center
4/26/2018
29
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
UAE Pavilion at the Shanghai EXPO 2010Pavilion shape is resembling sand dunes, natural formations typical for UAE deserts like Rub Al Khali
Pavilion has almost circular footprint with a diameter of about 65 m, height of the southern dune - 20 m, height of northern dunes - 18 m
Pavilion was disassembled after the EXPO 2010 and moved to Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Picture: Foster + Partner
UAE EXPO Pavilion, Shanghai, China
Architect:Foster + Partner Grid generation
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
UAE Pavilion at the Shanghai EXPO 2010
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
UAE Pavilion at the Shanghai EXPO 2010
4/26/2018
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Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Lord & Taylor Yonkers
Lord & Taylor Yonkers, NY, USA
Architect: Giorgio Borusso Design
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Lord & Taylor Yonkers
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Lord & Taylor Yonkers
4/26/2018
31
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Yueda 889 Square Shanghai
Yueda 889 Square, Shanghai, China
Architect: Callison Architecture
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Yueda 889 Square Shanghai
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Yueda 889 Square Shanghai
4/26/2018
32
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Grid Shell Structures on Freeform Surfaces
Other Freeform Projects
Yueda 889 Square Shanghai
Novum Structures | www.novumstructures.com
Thank you! ryan.markgraf@novumstructures.com
Novum Structures | USA, China, Germany, India, Singapore, Turkey, UAE, United Kingdom
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