461status of women and man in govt. job of bangladesh
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Title : Status of women and man in govt. job of Bangladesh.
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Preface
Womens development in general and their participation in income generating
activities in particular deserve a special consideration in national development
planning. Experience in developed countries and many developing countries like
Bangladesh has documented varying degrees of inverse relation ship between female
and male employees. In the govt. Job it is also seen the difference of status in
different section. In this term paper I put my best effort to find out the fact/ reality of
status between men and women in govt. job. I believe that I have tried my level best
to gather necessary information and document in very limited scope and time. In thisterm paper it is mentioned that the present job status, discrimination, probable
changes with this century. Term paper preparation is the requirement of the
foundation training course for the BCS cadre officers. As a foundation trainee I also
had to fulfill this requirement and helped me a lot to develop my analytical ability.
Finally, I hope my small effort will be able to meet the curiosity of the interested
researchers students and persons involved in this area,
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Acknowledgement
The greatest thanks to Almighty Allah who helps us every moment. There are a
great number of people to whom I owe thanks for helping with the research and
writing of this term paper Status of women and man in govt. job of Bangladesh.
First of all I express my gratitude to NAEM for including term paper in the syllabus
of FTC. I am indebted to the DG of NAEM who providing required facilities to run the
experimental works. I must express my heartiest thanks and gratitude to my
respectable guide Md. Nurul Huda, Training Specialist of NAEM, for his guidance,
valuable suggestions and sympathetic co-operation. I also great full to the course
director Dr. M.A. Maleque and course co-coordinators. Next I must thanks to all
NAEM faculty members, library authority and computer lab authority for their
earnest co-operation.
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Objectives
To find out the present status of men and women in govt. job of Bangladesh.
To explain issue on employment and the labour force.
To describe gender disparity in labour force of the govt. of Bangladesh.
To meet the need of the interested researchers.
To analyze some educational Institution (General and Technical) for their
work force (Men and Women).
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Statement of problem
Bangladesh has become independent in 1971. But the present job status of
men and women in Bangladesh is not yet reached in perfect condition. The
balance of status in govt. job is fragile. Several times it has taken initiatives
and institutional step for flourishment of labour force of govt. Weak exercise
of law is the only reason for imbalance of rate of employment of men and
women. Discrimination is a very familiar and common concept in the history
of man kind. Through the ages concept of discrimination remained effective
in relation to races, rich and poor, men and women. In recent time United
Nations Organization has taken a bold realistic step towards the elimination
of various discrimination through the proclamation of the charter of equal
rights. Though the rules are available there are many discrepancies between
the status of women and men in govt. job. Some reasons are-
Lack of democratic leadership.
Negative social structure for women and their involvement in the job.
Undemocratic activities of political parties.
Limitation of resources and unequal distribution of wealth.
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Definition
Status:Status means the position of a person by holding power or authority
for a specific time period or for a fixed matter. Word status also implies that
the professional designation of a men or a women in his or her job. Status
helps the men or women to earn and enjoy the authority and financial
benefits. In this writing I assess status of women in Bangladesh in the light of
theoretical understanding and practical understanding. Given complexities in
assessing status in a traditional society, I will still look for some indicators to
measure their status at the household level.
Trained women: Trained women mean the women have been trained
under any specific work or program. They are directly exposed to the
program. They were also in their reproductive years 15-49.
Decision making: Decision making is measured by ascertaining the
information whether or not the women are consulted with the men for
taking any sort of decision for their job or any other problems regarding
office work.
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Scope of the term paper
In the name of caption Status of women and man in govt. job of
Bangladesh, included the present status of women and men in govt. job,
their ratio of participation, comparative study, women status in the family
and house hold. And other things included in this term paper are as follows-
Definition of status, Trained women, Decision making.
Aim and objectives of govt. job.
Educational Institution analysis.
Job research analysis.
Research findings.
Suggestion.
Conclusion.
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Bibliography.
Main body of the term paper
P e r f o r m a n c e o f M e n a n d W o m en i n B a ng l a de s h o n
Selected Gender-Related indicators
As in most countries of the world, women in Bangladesh have
always been in a disadvantaged position in comparison with men.
Women in Bangladesh today are poorer, less healthy and less well
educated relative to men. Women contribute a great deal to the society
but enjoy fewer benefits than men. However, the status of women in
Bangladesh is improving gradually. The 2005 World Economic Forum
Gender Gap Index indicated that Bangladesh ranked highest in South
Asia (39th out of the 58 countries considered), ahead o f I n d i a ( 5 3 r d )
a n d P a k i s t a n ( 5 6 t h ) . i t i s a l s o h i g h e s t M u s l i m - m a j o r i t y
country, even ahead of Turkey (57th).
In the United Nations Human Development Report 2004, Bangladesh
is ranked 138 out 177 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI), 110
out of 144 on the Gender-related Development index (GDI) at-, 76 Out
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Time spent on non-
market activities
65% 30%
Contribution to family
work
81% 19%
Female participation in
National Parliament
02% 98%
Probability of dying
under age 5 per 1000*
73% 71%
Source: United Nations Development Program 2004, Human Development
Report, UNDP. Note: *World Health Orr; 2004, World Health Report, WHO.
I PPP, Purchasing Power Parity
Situation of Women and Men in Bangladesh
This handout deals specifically with Bangladesh statistics and indicators
Sex-disaggregated data may also be collected later by participants from
other secondary sources or through data gathering and research from a study of
their own village.
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Setting
Bangladesh, a sovereign nation in South Asia, carne into existence in
1971 after freedom fighters fought a civil war for 9 months and country obtained
independence. It consists of 133,910 sq km of land and 10,090 sq km
of water and is bordered by the Bay of Bengal (580 km coast line), India
(4063 km) and Burma (193 km). The country's topography is mostly flat
alluvial plains and hilly in southeast. The country is rich in natural gas,
timber and coal as natural resources. The total land available is 36669000
hectares 62.1 percent of which is arable land. Of this 51.4 percent has
permanent crops, 13.5 percent is under forest cover, 23.68 percent
under housing and other permanent structures and 4 percent is reserved
for other land use. Less than one half of a percent (0.47%) iscurrently fallow or
cultivable waste land. Drought, cyclones and floods are common. disasters.
Much of the country is inundated during the summer-monsoon season.
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy; crops are grown in the rainy
season, and under irrigation during the dry season, about 40,000 sq. km of crop
land is irrigated every year. The main crops of Bangladesh are paddy, jute,
and pulses.
Population
The total population of Bangladesh is 141.3 million (est.), 68.8 millionwomen and 72.5 million men, the age structure is very young, with a
mean age of 21.5 for
women and 25.5for men. (BBS estimate, July 2004).
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Table 2: Population by Sex, Age and Mean Age of
Population, Bangladesh 2004
Population by ageand sex
Population
Number Percent
Women
Number Percent
Men
Number Percent
0-14 years 47372960 (33.5%) 23013811 (16.28%) 24359149 (17.23%)
15-64 years 89183913 (63.1%) 43626950 (30.87%) 45557963 (32.23%)
65+ years 4782603 (03.4%) 2207084 (1.56%) 2575519 (1.82%)
Total 141340476 (100%) 68847845 (48.8%) 72492631 (52.2%)
Mean age 21.5 21.5 25.5
The status of women and men in Bangladesh can be establ ished by
a comparison of indicators on education, health, nutrition and
employment. These show a gap between women and men. AS womens
advancement rights are established in Bangladesh, it will be reflected
th e in cr ea se d similarity of these indicators.
Education
The total primary enrolments for Bangladesh have more than trebled
between 1970 and 2002, from some 5.3 million children in 29,000 institutions in
1970 to a total of 17.6 million children in 78,000 institutions in 2002. The
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proportion, of female enrolments has increased from about 32 percent to
50 percent over the same period, while female teachers increased from just
2 percent in 1970 to 38 percent in 2002. Over the same period there
has been a 4.5 fold increase in the total numbers enrolled in secondary
education, grades 6-12.
Tabel.3 below shows the effect of this remarkable
expansion in:-
Education on national literacy levels - particularly those of women, and
especially of rural women. While even the most recent data still show
the historic pattern of very low female participation in education, it is
evident that this historic Pattern has now changed.
Literacy Rate of Population Aged 5+years by Sex and stat us of
Household, 1961-2000
Year/status National Rural Urban
Women Men Women Men Women Men
1961 10.7 31.4
1974 14.8 32.9 13.2 30.8 33.3 48.6
1981 16.0 31.0 13.7 27.3 30.3
1987 20.3 34.6 16.7 31.0 43.7
1988 20.5 35.5 16.9 31.8 43.7
1991 21.3 36.1 17.6 32.0 44.2
2000 38.0 46.7 34.1 42.7 52.9 62.2
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Sources: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Population Census 1961, 1974, 1981, 1991
and 2001
1365, Systematic Registration System, 1987-; BBS, Househo4 Demographic
Survey. 1995, 1998, 2000,
November 2042
There appears to be little doubt that the female stipend programs have been
a cause of the major increases in female Participation in education that have
occurred in Bangladesh. Yet there are some limitations on the success of the
female stipend programs including the relatively low retention and pass rates of
the participants. The proportions of women going on to tertiary and further
education are much lower and the pattern of female entry at this level is
essentially limited to the socio-economically privileged.
Table 1.4.3.3 shows that in the rural population, there exists severe anaemia and
nutritional deficiency among all pregnant mothers and pre-school children and that
34-36 percent of mothers who are not pregnant are anaemic. School-aged children
(5-11 years) and adolescents (12-19) also suffer from anaemia and nutritional
deficiency.
Table 4: Percentage of Anaemic Children, Adolescents and
Mothers in Rural Bangladesh, 2001
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Chi ldren, Ad ol escent s Mothers Rural Bangladesh
pre-school children (6-59) months 48
School aged children (5-11) years 34
Adolescents (12-19) years 36
Mothers (non-pregnant) 34
Mothers (pregnant) 51
Source: Helen Keller International. Findings of 2001 national Anemla Survey
Employment/ Participation of Women
Women's participation in paid employment is low in urban areas, the
employment scenario is encouraging (52.9% for women versus 62.2% for
men), while in rural areas, women are at a disadvantage when compared with men
(34.1% for women versus 42.7% for men). About two thirds of women are absent
from the employment scenario. The fact that in rural areas, women's level of
education is low and they have fewer skills, culminate in such differences. If
women are to compete in a free market with men, women will need large-scale
capacity-building interventions in order to overcome the economic, socio-cultural
and mobility related constraints they face due to their present differential
capacities.
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Table 5: which details men's and women's employment profile is only concer ned
with the formal sector . Women with l i t t le or no educat ion are
employed chiefly as domestic helper, production and related workers and farmers.
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Table 5:
Extent of Labor Force 10+ Years by Sex, 1961-2000 (in millions)
Source& Period
National Rural Urban
Women Men Women Men Women Men
By usual definition (BBS)
1961 0.9 16.0 0.8 15.2 0.1 .09
1974 0.9 21.0 0.8 19.2 0.1 2.0
1980 1.6 22.8 1.4 22.0 0.2 2.8
1981 1.5 24.4 1.3 21.3 0.2 3.1
1983-84 2.5 26.0 2.1 22.5 0.2 3.4
1984-85 2.7 26.8 2.2 23.2 0.5 3.6
1985-86 3.2 27.7 2.6 23.7 0.6 4.0
1989 3.6 29.7 2.1 25.6 1.5 4.2
1990-91 4.9 31.0 4.0 24.4 0.9 6.6
1995-96 7.6 34.1 5.6 26.8 2.0 7.3
1999 10.0 35.0 7.5 27.3 2.6 7.7
By extended definition
1989 21.0 29.7 19.5 25.5 1.5 4.2
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1990-91 20.1 31.1 18.0 24.5 2.1 6.6
1995-96 21.3 34.7 18.5 27.3 2..8 7.4
1999-00 22.8 37.5 19.4 29.6 3.4 7.8
Source: BBS various. Population Census, 1961, 1974, 1995-96,1999-2000
Generally there is little gender disparity in salaries / wages in public sector or skilled
labour, but there is a, bias towards employing women for low-paid or part-
time service oriented jobs.
Table 6. shows that, gender disparity is clearly evident in wage rates for
semi-skilled and unskilled labor in the agriculture sector.
The rate of female laborers is 25 percent less than the male wages rates. This may
be due partly to women's low level of education, their multiple roles and their
dual burden of household work but also to the perception that, as
women, they can't work as hard,and thus deserve less.
Most women in Bangladesh ignore many difficult situations and social
constraints, trying to educate themselves and become self-sufficient through
employment. The life expectancy at birth of women is now equal to that of
men (61.7 years).
The situation of women and men in employment and agriculture is dealt with indetail in this schedule.
Table 6. Trends in Average Wages Rate (Without Food) of
Agricultural Labourers, 1974-2000
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Year Average Wages in Taka per Day
Women Men Womens wages as % of
men
1973-74 3.23 6.89 48
1980-81 6.75 13.79 48
1984-85 11.85 24.54 48
1989 21.40 25.80 83
1999 49.0 61.63 80
2000 46.0 61.00 75
Source: BBS. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh-2000
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Situation of Women and Men in the World
The following facts and figures are provided about the situation of men and
Women in the world. When comparing selected countries of the world, it becomes
clear that development impacts differently on women and girls than on men and
boys. This is reflected in social, economic and health indicators. The world
population in 2004 was estimated to be over 6 billion 440 million the majority of
whom (4.9billion - 76.9%) live in less developed countries, 1.19 billion (19.8%) in
more developed regions and 644700 (1.1%) live in the least developed countries
(see Table 7) (UNDP, 2004).
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World Population, Fertility Rates and Births with skilled
Attendants by Regions and SAARC Countries, 2004
Total
Population,
2004
Average Pop.
Growth Rate,
1995-2000
Total
Fertility
Rate,
1995-
Births with
Skilled
Attendants
World Total 6,440 1.3 6
More developed 1,188 0.3 1.57 99
Less developed 4,867 1.6 3 53
Least dev. countries 644.7 2.4 5.05 42
Europe 728.9 0 1.42 99
Africa 784.4 2.4 5. 01113 42
Asia 3,682.6 1.4 2.6 54
Japan 126.7 0.2 1.4 100United Kingdom 58.8 0.2 1.72 98
Sweden 8.9 0.3 1.57 100
Canada 31.1 1 1.55 100
U S A 278.4 0.8 1.99 99
Bangladesh 129.2 1.7 3.11 13
Bhutan 2.1 2.8 5.5 12
1,013.7 1.6 3.13 35
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Table 7. Economic Indicators and Population Density of Selected
countries, 2004
Countries GNP per capita
P P P $US 1 99 8
Population per
hectare arable
Japan 23,592 -
United Kingdom 20,314 -
Sweden 19,848 -
Canada 22,814 -
USA 29,240 -
Bangladesh 1,407 8.7
Bhutan 1,438 11.4
-India 2,060 3.2
Iran 5,:121 1
Nepal 1,181
Pakistan 1,652 3.5
Sri Lanka. 2,945 4.6
Source: UNFPA Data Sheet.2004
PPP = Purchase Power Parity
The overall situation shows the highest child mortality rates for
both boys and girls are prevailing in Africa and Asia - Nepal,
Pakistan and Bangladesh (see Table 7). The male: female ratio is
13:10 deaths per 1,000 children in the developed countries and
160:151 for least developed Countries, Specifically, the male:
female ratio 106: 116 in Bangladesh, significantly higher for girls
than boys, reverses the trend in most other countries. This
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may be attributed to disparity in the provision of health care for
women and girls.
Of the 876 million adults in the world who cannot read, two thirdsare
Women. Of the worlds 1 billionpoorest peoplethree-fifth are women
and girls.
Women employed in industries and services typically earn 78percent of what men earn in the same sector. Although women
provide about 70 percent of the unpaid time spent caring for family
members their contribution to the global economy remains
undervalued.
Women's plight is made- even worse by the fact that between10 and 50 percent of adult women have experienced violence at
the hands of their partners (UNDP, 2004). Furthermore, women bear
the brunt of physical and psychological suffering during and after
armed conflict and other forms of crises: an estimated 80
percent of the. world's 35 million refugees and displaced
people are women arid children, particularly vulnerable to sexual
violence.
Capacity Building for Gender Mainstreaming Project
Implemented by Ministry of Women and Children Affairs.
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Figure 1: No. of male and female
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3540
45
Male
Female
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