4g americas rysavy lte and 5g innovation ppt
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8/18/2019 4G Americas Rysavy LTE and 5G Innovation PPT
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LTE and 5G Innovation: IgnitingMobile Broadband
August 2 15
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Development Summary LTE Becomes theGlobal CellularStandard
A previously fragmented wireless industry has consolidated globally on LTE.
LTE is being deployed faster than any previous generation of wirelesstechnology.
LTE-AdvancedProvides DramaticAdvantages
Carrier Aggregation, a key LTE-Advanced feature that operators are deployingglobally, harnesses available spectrum more effectively, increases networkcapacity, and can increase user throughput rates.
Other features in early stages of deployment or being tested for deploymentinclude: Self-Organizing Network (SON) capabilities in the radio-accessnetwork, Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (eICIC) for small cellsthat use the same radio channels as the macro cell, and Coordinated Multi Point(CoMP) transmission so multiple sites can simultaneously process signals frommobile users, improving cell-edge performance.
5G Research andDevelopment GainsMomentum
5G, in early stages of definition through global efforts and many proposedtechnical approaches, could start to be deployed close to 2020 and continuethrough 2030.
5G will be designed to integrate with LTE networks, and many 5G features maybe implemented as LTE-Advanced extensions prior to full 5G availability.
Internet of ThingsPoised for MassiveAdoption
IoT, also called machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, is seeing rapidadoption and expected in tens of billions of devices over the next ten years.
Drivers include improved LTE support, other supporting wireless technologies,and service-layer standardization such as OneM2M.
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Key Conclusions (1)
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Development Summary Spectrum StillPrecious
Spectrum remains a precious commodity for the industry; its value wasdemonstrated by the recent Advanced Wireless Services (AWS) auction thatachieved record valuations.
Forthcoming spectrum in the United States includes the 600 MHz band plannedfor auction in 2016 and the 3.5 GHz “small - cell” band that the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) is in the process of deploying.
5G spectrum will include bands above 30 GHz, called mmWave, with thepotential of ten times as much spectrum as is currently available for cellular.Radio channels of 1 GHz or more will enable multi-Gbps peak throughput.
Unlicensed SpectrumBecomes More TightlyIntegrated withCellular
The industry has developed increasingly sophisticated means for Wi-Fi andcellular networks to interoperate, making the user experience ever moreseamless.
The industry is also developing versions of LTE that can operate in unlicensedspectrum.
Mobile ComputingOvertakes theDesktop
The number of mobile users globally now exceeds the number of desktop users.
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Key Conclusions (2)
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Development Summary Small Cells Take BabySteps
Operators have begun installing small cells. Eventually, millions of small cellswill lead to massive increases in capacity.
The industry is slowly overcoming challenges that include site acquisition, self-organization, interference management, and backhaul.
Network FunctionVirtualization (NFV)Emerges
New network function virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networking(SDN) tools and architectures are enabling operators to reduce network costs,simplify deployment of new services, and scale their networks.
Some operators are also virtualizing the radio-access network, as well aspursuing a related development called cloud radio-access network (cloud RAN).
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Key Conclusions (3)
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Exploding Demand from CriticalMass of Multiple Factors
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• Ultra-high-definition, such as 4K and 8K, and 3D video.• Augmented and immersive virtual reality.• Realization of the tactile Internet —real-time, immediate sensing and control, enabling
a vast array of new applications.• Automotive, including autonomous vehicles, driver-assistance systems, vehicular
Internet, infotainment, inter-vehicle information exchange, and vehicle pre-crashsensing and mitigation.• Monitoring of critical infrastructure, such as transmission lines, using long-battery-life
and low-latency sensors.• Smart transportation using data from vehicles, road sensors, and cameras to
optimize traffic flow.
• Mobile health and telemedicine systems that rely on ready availability of high-resolution and detailed medical records, imaging, and diagnostic video.• Public safety, including broadband data and mission-critical voice.• Sports and fitness enhancement through biometric sensing, real-time monitoring, and
data analysis.
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5G Data Drivers
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Global Mobile Data Growth
Source: Cisco, “Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update,”February 16, 2013.
Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2014-2019 , February 2015.
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Global Mobile Traffic for Voiceand Data 2014 to 2020
Ericsson, Ericsson Mobility Report on the Pulse of the Networked Society , February 2053.
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• Over 6.2 billion GSM-UMTS subscribers.
• In the U.S. wireless data represents over 50% of totalrevenue.
• More than 2 billion UMTS-HSPA customers worldwideacross nearly 600 commercial networks.
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Deployments as of 2Q 2015
Source: Ovum June 2015 Estimates
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Global Adoption of 2G-4GTechnologies 2010 to 2020
4G Americas, 2015
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Expanding Use Cases
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1G to 5G
Generation Requirements Comments
1G No official requirements.
Analog technology.
Deployed in the 1980s.
2G No official requirements.
Digital technology.
First digital systems.
Deployed in the 1990s.
New services such as SMS and low-rate data.
Primary technologies include IS-95CDMA (cdmaOne) and GSM.
3G ITU’s IMT -2000 required 144 Kbps mobile, 384Kbps pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors
First deployment in 2000.
Primary technologies includeCDMA2000 1X/EV-DO and UMTS-HSPA.
WiMAX.4G (InitialTechnicalDesignation)
ITU’s IMT -Advanced requirements include abilityto operate in up to 40 MHz radio channels andwith very high spectral efficiency.
First deployment in 2010.
IEEE 802.16m and LTE-Advancedmeet the requirements.
4G (CurrentMarketingDesignation)
Systems that significantly exceed theperformance of initial 3G networks. Noquantitative requirements.
Today’s HSPA+, LTE, and WiMAXnetworks meet this requirement.
5G ITU IMT-2020 requirements are in progress andmay represent initial technical requirements for5G.
Expected in 2020 timeframe.
Term applied to generation oftechnology that follows LTE-Advanced.
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Timeline of Cellular Generations
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Network Transformation
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5G Combining of LTE and NewRadio Technologies
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Evolution to 5G Including LTE Improvements andPotential New 5G Radio Methods
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Key 5G Technology Elements underInvestigation
Key 5G Technology
Element
Description Benefit
Massive MIMO Extension of MIMO concept to hundreds of antennas atthe base station.
Increase of spectral efficiency, at least doubling, with 5Xto 10X gains theorized.
10 GHz or higher bands Most cellular today is below 3 GHz, but new technologyallows operation in 10 GHz to 100 GHz for small cells.
Vast new spectrum amounts available (as much as 10Xor more) as well as wider radio channels (1 or 2 GHz)enabling much higher data rates.
New multi-carrier radiotransmission
LTE uses OFDM, but other potential multi-carrier schemesinclude Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) transmission,Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) transmission, andGeneralized Frequency-Division Multiplexing (GFDM).
Lower latency on uplink transmission due to lowersynchronization requirements.
Potentially better suited for spectrum sharing because
the transmission operates in more confined spectrum.
Non-Orthogonal MultipleTransmission
Orthogonality in OFDM avoids interference and createshigh capacity, but requires extensive signaling andincreases delay.
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and SparseCoded Multiple Access (SCMA) could complementorthogonal access by taking advantage of advancedinterference-cancellation techniques.
Reduced latency for small payloads.
Shared Spectrum Access Current LTE systems assume dedicated spectrum.
Future wireless systems (LTE and 5G) will interface withplanned Spectrum Access Systems that manage spectrumamong primary (incumbent, e.g., government), secondary(licensed, e.g., cellular), and tertiary (unlicensed) users.
More efficient use of spectrum for scenarios in which
incumbents use spectrum lightly.
Advanced Inter-NodeCoordination
LTE already uses techniques such as inter-cellinterference coordination and Coordinated Multi-Point.
In 5G, cloud RANs will enable better coordination acrossbase stations.
Higher network capacity.
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Key 5G Technology Elements underInvestigation
Key 5G Technology
Element
Description Benefit
SimultaneousTransmissionReception
Current cellular systems cannot transmit andreceive simultaneously in the exact samespectrum.
By using advanced interference cancellationmethods, future systems could potentially do so,especially in low-power transmissionenvironments such as small cells.
Doubling of capacity. Potential improvements inradio-access control.
Multi-Radio-Access-Technologies
LTE already integrates with Wi-Fi, and plansinclude operation in unlicensed spectrum.
5G will need to integrate even more tightly withWi-Fi, 4G, and 3G systems. Virtualizationmethods may facilitate such integration byenabling instantiation of network functions ondemand.
Users automatically obtain the most suitablenetwork based on their requirements andnetwork loads.
Device-to-DeviceCommunication
LTE already includes a limited form of device-to-device communication.
5G could use this form of communication toextend coverage and to transfer the same data tomultiple units more efficiently.
More efficient network use and improved accessto data for users.
WirelessAccess/BackhaulIntegration
Today, wireless backhaul and access are based ondifferent technologies.
5G could be designed to handle both functions,essentially making the wireless link a multi-hopnetwork.
Greater flexibility in deploying dense networks.
Flexible Networks Network function virtualization is becomingcommon in LTE.
5G will be fully virtualized based on NFV andsoftware-defined networking.
Lower deployment and operating costs. Fasterrollout of new services.
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LTE: Platform for the Future
Initial Deployments
5 or 10 MHz RadioChannels
2x2 Multiple InputMultiple Output (MIMO)Antennas
Initial Self-Optimization/Organization for AutoConfiguration
Higher Capacity/Throughputand/or Efficiency
Wider Radio Channels: 20 MHzCarrier Aggregation: up to 100 MHzAdvanced Antenna ConfigurationsMore Advanced MIMO (Higher Order, Multi-User, Higher Mobility)Coordinated Multipoint TransmissionHetnets (Macrocells/Picocells/Femtocells)Hetnet Self Optimization/OrganizationMore Intelligent and Seamless Offload
Greater CapabilitiesVoice Widely Handled in the Packet DomainPolicy-Based Quality of Service
Enables more users, more applications and a better experience
2010 to 2012 2013 to 2016
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Characteristics of 3GPPTechnologies
TechnologyName
Type Characteristics TypicalDownlink
Speed
Typical UplinkSpeed
HSPA WCDMA Data service for UMTS networks. Anenhancement to original UMTS dataservice.
1 Mbps to4 Mbps
500 Kbpsto 2 Mbps
HSPA+ WCDMA Evolution of HSPA in various stagesto increase throughput and capacityand to lower latency.
1.9 Mbps to8.8 Mbpsin 5+5 MHz
3.8 Mbps to 17.6Mbps with dualcarrier in 10+5MHz
1 Mbps to4 Mbpsin 5+5 MHz or in10+5 MHz
LTE OFDMA
New radio interface that can use wideradio channels and deliver extremelyhigh throughput rates. Allcommunications handled in IPdomain.
6.5 to 26.3 Mbpsin10+10 MHz
6.0 to 13.0 Mbpsin10+10 MHz
LTE- Advanced OFDMA Advanced version of LTE designed tomeet IMT-Advanced requirements.
Significant gainsthrough carrieraggregation
l f
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Evolution of CDMAand OFDMA Systems
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• Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS.Enhancements to GSM data (EDGE). Majority of deployments todayare based on Release 99. Provides support forGSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA radio-access networks.
• Release 4 : Completed. Multimedia messaging support. First stepstoward using IP transport in the core network.
• Release 5 : Completed. HSDPA. First phase of IMS. Full ability touse IP-based transport instead of just Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) in the core network.
• Release 6 : Completed. HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia supportthrough Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS).Performance specifications for advanced receivers. WLANintegration option. IMS enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.
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3GPP Releases (1)
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• Release 7 : Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with Evolved EDGE.Specifies HSPA+, which includes higher order modulation and MIMO. Performanceenhancements, improved spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance tointerference. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient “always -on” serviceand enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity, as well as reductions in call set-up delay for Push-to-Talk Over Cellular (PoC). Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in the downlink and 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includesoptimization of MBMS capabilities through the multicast/broadcast, single-frequencynetwork (MBSFN) function.
• Release 8 : Completed. Comprises further HSPA Evolution features such as simultaneoususe of MIMO and 64 QAM. Includes dual-carrier HSDPA (DC-HSDPA) wherein twodownlink carriers can be combined for a doubling of throughput performance. Specifies
OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE. Defines EPC and EPS.• Release 9 : Completed. HSPA and LTE enhancements including HSPA dual-carrier
downlink operation in combination with MIMO, Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services(MBMS), HSDPA dual-band operation, HSPA dual-carrier uplink operation, EPCenhancements, femtocell support, support for regulatory features such as emergency user-equipment positioning and Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS), and evolution of IMS
architecture. 24
3GPP Releases (2)
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• Release 10: Completed. Specifies LTE-Advanced that meets the requirements set byITU’s IMT -Advanced project. Key features include carrier aggregation, multi-antennaenhancements such as enhanced downlink eight-branch MIMO and uplink MIMO, relays,enhanced LTE Self-Organizing Network capability, Evolved Multimedia Broadcast MulticastServices (eMBMS), HetNet enhancements that include eICIC, Local IP Packet Access, andnew frequency bands. For HSPA, includes quad-carrier operation and additional MIMOoptions. Also includes femtocell enhancements, optimizations for M2M communications,
and local IP traffic offload.• Release 11 : Completed. For LTE, emphasis is on Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP), carrier-aggregation enhancements, devices with interference cancellation, development of theEnhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (EPDCCH), and further enhanced eICICincluding devices with CRS (Cell-specific Reference Signal) interference cancellation. Therelease includes further DL and UL MIMO enhancements for LTE. For HSPA, provideseight-carrier on the downlink, uplink enhancements to improve latency, dual-antennabeamforming and MIMO, CELL_Forward Access Channel (FACH) state enhancement forsmartphone-type traffic, four-branch MIMO enhancements and transmissions for HSDPA,64 QAM in the uplink, downlink multipoint transmission, and noncontiguous HSDPA carrieraggregation. Wi-Fi integration is promoted through S2a Mobility over GPRS TunnelingProtocol (SaMOG). An additional architectural element called Machine-TypeCommunications Interworking Function (MTC-IWF) will more flexibly support machine-to-machine communications.
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3GPP Releases (3)
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• Release 12: Completed. Enhancements include improved small cells/HetNetsfor LTE, LTE multi-antenna/site technologies (including Active AntennaSystems), Dual Connectivity, 256 QAM modulation option, further CoMP/MIMOenhancements, enhancements for interworking with Wi-Fi, enhancements forMTC, SON, support for emergency and public safety, Minimization of DriveTests (MDT), advanced receivers, device-to-device communication (alsoreferred to as proximity services), group communication enablers in LTE,
addition of Web Real Time Communication (WebRTC) to IMS, energy efficiency,more flexible carrier aggregation, dynamic adaptation of uplink-downlink ratios inTDD mode, further enhancements for HSPA+, small cells/HetNets, Scalable-UMTS, and FDD-TDD carrier aggregation.
• Release 13 : Some of the items under consideration include radio-accessnetwork sharing, 32-carrier aggregation, License Assisted Access (LAA), LTEWi-Fi Aggregation (LWA), isolated operation for public safety, application-specific congestion management, user-plane congestion management,enhancement to WebRTC interoperability, architecture enhancement fordedicated core networks, enhancement to proximity-based services, mission-critical push-to-talk, group communications, CoMP enhancements, small cellenhancements, machine-type communications enhancements, VoLTEenhancements, SON enhancements, shared network enhancements, andenhanced circuit-switched fallback.
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3GPP Releases (4)
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Types of Cells and Characteristics
Type of Cell Characteristics Macro cell Wide-area coverage. LTE supports cells up to 100 km in range, but typical
distances are .5 to 5 km radius. Always installed outdoors.
Microcell Covers a smaller area, such as a hotel or mall. Range to 2 km, 5-10W, and 256-512 users. Usually installed outdoors.
Picocell Indoor or outdoor. Outdoor cells also called “metrocells .” Typical range 15 to 200meters outdoors and 10 to 25 meters indoors, 1-2W, 64-128 users. Deployed byoperators primarily to expand capacity.
Consumer Femtocell Indoors. Range to 10 meters, less than 50 mW, and 4 to 6 users. Capacity andcoverage benefit. Usually deployed by end users using their own backhaul.
Enterprise Femtocell Indoors. Range to 25 meters, 100-250 mW, 16-32 users. Capacity and coveragebenefit. Deployed by operators.
Distributed antenna system. Expands indoor or outdoor coverage. Same hardware can support multipleoperators (neutral host) since antenna can support broad frequency range andmultiple technologies. Indoor deployments are typically in larger spaces such asairports. Has also been deployed outdoors for coverage and capacity expansion.
Remote radio head (RRH) Uses baseband at existing macro site or centralized baseband equipment. Ifcentralized, the system is called “cloud RAN. ” Requires fiber connection.
Wi-Fi Primarily provides capacity expansion. Neutral-host capability allows multipleoperators to share infrastructure.
“Super Wi- Fi” Name used by some people for white-space technology. Not true Wi-Fi. Bettersuited for fixed wireless than mobile wireless.
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Small Cell Challenges
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Small Cell Approaches
Small-Cell Approach Characteristics
Macro plus small cells inselect areas.
Significant standards support. Femtocells or picocells can use sameradio carriers as macro (less total spectrum needed) or can usedifferent radio carriers (greater total capacity).
Macro in licensed bandplus LTE operation inunlicensed bands.
Being considered for 3GPP Release 13 and available fordeployment 2017 or 2018. Promising approach for augmenting LTEcapacity in scenarios where operator is deploying LTE small cells.
Macro (or small-cell)cellular in licensed bandplus Wi-Fi.
Extensively used today with increased use anticipated. Particularlyattractive for expanding capacity in coverage areas where Wi-Fiinfrastructure exists but small cells with LTE do not.
LTE Wi-Fi Aggregation (being specified in Release 13) is anotherapproach, as is Multipath TCP.
Wi-Fi only. Low-cost approach for high-capacity mobile broadband coverage,but impossible to provide large-area continuous coverage withoutcellular component.
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Global Small Cell Forecast
Mobile Experts on behalf of the Small Cell Forum, Small Cells Deployment Market Status Report , June 2015.
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Wireless Networks for IoT
Technology Coverage Characteristics Standardization/
S pecifications GSM/GPRS Wide area.
Huge globalcoverage.
Lowest-cost cellular modems, risk ofnetwork sunsets. Low throughput.
3GPP
HSPA Wide area. Hugeglobal coverage.
Low-cost cellular modems. Higher power,high throughput.
3GPP
LTE Wide area.Increasing global
coverage.
Wide area, expanding coverage,cost/power reductions in successive 3GPP
releases. Low to high throughput options.
3GPP
Wi-Fi Local area. High throughput, higher power. IEEE ZigBee Local area. Low throughput, low power. IEEE Bluetooth LowEnergy
Personal area. Low throughput, low power. Bluetooth Special InterestGroup
LoRa Wide area.Emergingdeployments.
Low throughput, low power. Unlicensedbands (sub 1 GHz, such as 900 MHz in theU.S.)
LoRa Alliance
Sigfox Wide area.Emergingdeployments.
Low throughput, low power. Unlicensedbands (sub 1 GHz such as 900 MHz in theU.S.)
Sigfox
OnRampWireless
Wide area.Emergingdeployments.
Low throughput, low power. Using 2.4 GHzISM band.
OnRamp Wireless (foundingmember of IEEE 802.15.4k)
Weightless Wide area.Expecteddeployments.
Low throughput, low power. Unlicensedbands (sub 1 GHz such as TV White Spaceand 900 MHz in the U.S.)
Weightless Special InterestGroup
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Roaming Using Hotspot 2.0
A h f U i
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Approaches for UsingUnlicensed Spectrum
Technology Attributes Wi-Fi Ever-more-sophisticated
means to integrate Wi-Fi insuccessive 3GPP Releases.
Significantly enhances capacity.
Release 10-12 LTE-U Approach for operating LTE in
unlicensed spectrum.
Available in 2016. More
seamless than Wi-Fi. Approachcannot be used in some regions(e.g., Europe, Japan).
Release 13 Licensed-Assisted Access
Standards-based approach foroperating LTE in unlicensedspectrum.
Available in 2018 timeframe.Designed to be good Wi-Fineighbor and to address globalregulatory requirements.
LTE Wi-Fi Aggregation(LWA)
Aggregation of LTE and Wi-Ficonnections
Part of Release 13. Available in2018 timeframe.
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Evolution of RCS Capability
4G Americas
S f 3GPP LTE F t t
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Summary of 3GPP LTE Features toSupport Public Safety
Nokia, LTE networks for public safety services , 2014
Sharing Approaches for P blic
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Sharing Approaches for PublicSafety Networks
RF Capacity Versus
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RF Capacity VersusFiber-Optic Cable Capacity
Achievable Fiber-Optic Cable Capacity Per Cable (Area Denotes Capacity)
Achievable Capacity Across Entire RF Spectrum to 100 GHz
AdditionalFiber Strands
ReadilyAvailable
AdditionalFiber Strands
ReadilyAvailable
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Spectral Efficiency of Technology
Amount of Spectrum
Smallness of Cell (Amount of Frequency Reuse)
39
Dimensions of Capacity
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Benefits of Spectrum and Offload
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Spectrum Acquisition Time
42
United States Current and
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United States Current andFuture Spectrum Allocations
Frequency Band Amount ofSpectrum
Comments
700 MHz 70 MHz Ultra-High Frequency (UHF).
850 MHz 64 MHz Cellular and Specialized Mobile Radio.
1.7/2.1 GHz 90 MHz Advanced Wireless Services (AWS)-1.
1695-1710 MHz,1755 to 1780 MHz,2155 to 2180 MHz
65 MHz AWS-3. Uses spectrum sharing.
1.9 GHz 140 MHz Personal Communications Service (PCS).
2000 to 2020,2180 to 2200 MHz
40 MHz AWS-4 (Previously Mobile Satellite Service).
2.3 GHz 20 MHz Wireless Communications Service (WCS).
2.5 GHz 194 MHz Broadband Radio Service. Closer to 160 MHzdeployable.
FUTURE
600 MHz Up to 120 MHz Incentive auctions.
3.55 to 3.70 GHz 150 MHz Small-cell band with spectrum sharing andunlicensed use.
Above 5 GHz Multi GHz Anticipated for 5G systems in 2020 or latertimeframe. Based on wavelengths, 3 GHz to 30 GHzis referred to as the cmWave band and 30 GHz to300 GHz is referred to as the mmWave band.
LTE Spectral Efficiency as
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LTE Spectral Efficiency asFunction of Radio Channel Size
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Pros and Cons of Unlicensed
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Pros and Cons of Unlicensedand Licensed Spectrum
Unlicensed Pros Unlicensed Cons Licensed Pros Licensed Cons
Easy, and quick todeploy
Potential of otherentities using samefrequencies
Huge coverageareas
Expensiveinfrastructure
Low cost hardware Difficult toimpossible toprovide wide-scalecoverage
Able to managequality of service
Each operator onlyhas access to smallamount spectrum
Propagation Losses Cellular
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Propagation Losses Cellularvs. Wi-Fi
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Licensed Shared Access
United States 3 5 GHz System
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United States 3.5 GHz SystemCurrently Being Developed
Latency of Different
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Latency of DifferentTechnologies
Performance Relative to
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-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Required SNR (dB)
A c h
i e v a
b l e E f f i c i e n c y
( b p s
/ H z
)
Shannon bound Shannon bound with 3dB margin
EV-DO IEEE 802.16e-2005
HSDPA
51
Performance Relative toTheoretical Limits
Comparison of Downlink
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Comparison of DownlinkSpectral Efficiency
Comparison of Uplink Spectral
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Comparison of Uplink SpectralEfficiency
Comparison of Voice Spectral
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Comparison of Voice SpectralEfficiency
Data Consumed by Different Streaming
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Data Consumed by Different StreamingApplications
UMTS M l i R di N k
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UMTS Multi-Radio Network
Common core network can support multiple radio access networks
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HSPA M l i U Di i
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HSPA Multi-User Diversity
Efficient scheduler favors transmissions to users with best radio conditions
HSPA Dual-Cell Operation with
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pOne Uplink Carrier
2 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz
2 x 5 MHz1 x 5 MHz
UE1
UE2
Uplink Downlink
HSPA+ Het-net Using Multipoint
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g pTransmission
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HSPA+ P f 5+5 MH
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HSPA+ Performance, 5+5 MHz
D l C i HSPA+ Th gh t
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Dual Carrier HSPA+ Throughputs
Summary of HSPA Functions
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yand Benefits
LTE Capabilities
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LTE Configuration Downlink (Mbps) Peak Data Rate
Uplink (Mbps) Peak Data Rate
Using 2X2 MIMO in the Downlink and 16QAM in the Uplink, 10+10 MHz 70.0 22.0
Using 4X4 MIMO in the Downlink and 64QAM in the Uplink, 20+20 MHz 300.0 71.0
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LTE Capabilities
• Downlink peak data rates up to 300 Mbps with 20+20 MHz bandwidth• Uplink peak data rates up to 71 Mbps with 20+20 MHz bandwidth• Operation in both TDD and FDD modes• Scalable bandwidth up to 20+20 MHz, covering 1.4+1.4, 2.5+2.5, 5+5,
10+10, 15+15, and 20+20 MHz• Reduced latency, to 15 msec round-trip time between user equipment
and the base station, and to less than 100 msec transition time frominactive to active
LTE OFDMA Downlink Resource
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Assignment in Time and Frequency
Time
F r e q u e n c y
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
Minimum resource block consists of14 symbols and 12 subcarriers
Frequency Domain Scheduling in LTE
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Frequency Domain Scheduling in LTE
Frequency
Resource block
Transmit on those resourceblocks that are not faded
Carrier bandwidth
LTE Antenna Schemes
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LTE Antenna Schemes
Source: 3G Americas’ white paper “MIMO and Smart Antennas for 3G and 4G WirelessSystems – Practical Aspects and Deployment Considerations,” May 2010.
Evolution of RCS API Profiles
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Evolution of RCS API Profiles
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Comparison of AMR, AMR-WB and EVS
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Codecs
Features AMR AMR-WB EVS
Input and outputsampling frequencies
supported
8KHz 16KHz 8KHz, 16KHz, 32KHz, 48KHz
Audio bandwidth Narrowband Wideband Narrowband, Wideband,Super-wideband, Fullband
Coding capabilities Optimized forcoding humanvoice signals
Optimized forcoding humanvoice signals
Optimized for codinghuman voice and general-
purpose audio (music,ringtones, mixed content)
signals
Bit rates supported (inkb/s)
4.75, 5.15, 5.90,6.70, 7.4, 7.95,
10.20, 12.20
6.6, 8.85, 12.65,14.25, 15.85,18.25, 19.85,
23.05, 23.85
5.9, 7.2, 8, 9.6 (NB andWB only), 13.2 (NB, WB
and SWB), 16.4, 24.4, 32,
48, 64, 96, 128 (WB andSWB only)
Number of audiochannels
Mono Mono Mono and Stereo
Frame size 20 ms 20 ms 20 msAlgorithmic Delay 20-25 ms 25 ms Up to 32 ms
Combined Mean Opinion Score Values
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Combined Mean Opinion Score Values
Nokia , The 3GPP Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) codec , 2015.
EVS Compared to AMR and AMR WB
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EVS Compared to AMR and AMR-WB
Nokia , The 3GPP Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) codec , 2015.
EVS Voice Capacity Compared to
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AMR and AMR-WB
Nokia , The 3GPP Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) codec , 2015.
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LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
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LTE Advanced Carrier Aggregation
Rel’
8
100 MHz bandwidth
Rel’
8 Rel’
8 Rel’
8 Rel’
8
Release 10 LTE-Advanced UE resource pool
Release 8 UE uses asingle 20 MHz block
20 MHz
Source: "LTE for UMTS, OFDMA and SC- FDMA Based Radio Access,”Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Wiley, 2009.
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation
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at Protocol Layers
Source: “The Evolution of LTE towards IMT - Advanced”,Stefan Parkvall and David Astely, Ericsson Research
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Single-User and Multi-User MIMO
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Single User and Multi User MIMO
CoMP Levels
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CoMP Levels
Median Throughput of Feedback Mode
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3-2 and New Codebook
Cell-Edge Throughput of Feedback
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Mode 3-2 and New Codebook
LTE-Advanced Relay
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LTE Advanced Relay
Relay Link AccessLink
Direct Link
LTE UE Categories
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LTE UE Categories
UE Category Max DLThroughput
Maximum DLMIMO Layers
Maximum ULThroughput
1 10.3 Mbps 1 5.2 Mbps 2 51.0 Mbps 2 25.5 Mbps 3 102.0 Mbps 2 51.0 Mbps
4 150.8 Mbps 2 51.0 Mbps 5 299.6 Mbps 4 75.4 Mbps 6 301.5 Mbps 2 or 4 51.0 Mbps 7 301.5 Mbps 2 or 4 102.0 Mbps 8 2998.6 Mbps 8 1497.8 Mbps
9 452.3 Mbps 2 or 4 51.0 Mbps 10 452.3 Mbps 2 or 4 102.0 Mbps 11 603.0 Mbps 2 or 4 51.0 Mbps 12 603.0 Mbps 2 or 4 102.0 Mbps
Summary of IoT Features in LTED i
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Devices
Device Category Category 3 Category 1 Category 0 Category M 3GPP Release 10 11 12 13 Max. Data RateDownlink
100 10 1 0.2
Max. Data RateUplink
50 5 1 0.2
Max. Bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 1.4 MHz Duplex Full Full Optional half-duplex Optional half-duplex Max. ReceiveAntennas
Two Two One One
Power Power Save Mode Power Save Mode Sleep Longer sleep cycles
using IdleDiscontinuousReception (DRX)
Coverage Extended throughredundanttransmissions andSingle FrequencyMulticast
LTE FDD User Throughputsd Si l i A l i
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Based on Simulation Analysis
LTE FDD User Throughputs Based onSi l i A l i K A i
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• Traffic is FTP-like at a 50% load with a 75/25 mix of indoor/outdoor users.• Throughput is at the medium-access control (MAC) protocol layer.• The configuration in the first row corresponds to low-frequency band operation,
representative of 700 MHz or cellular, while the remaining configurations assumehigh-frequency band operation, representative of PCS, AWS, or WCS. (Higherfrequencies facilitate higher-order MIMO configurations and have wider radiochannels available.)
• The downlink value for the first row corresponds to Release 8 device receivecapability (Minimum Mean Square Error [MMSE]), while the values in the other rowscorrespond to Release 11 device receive capability (MMSE – Interference RejectionCombining [IRC]).
• The uplink value for the first row corresponds to a Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)receiver at the eNodeB, while the remaining values correspond to an IRC receiver.
• Low-band operation assumes 1732 meter inter-site distance (ISD), while high-bandoperation assumes 500 meter ISD. The remaining simulation assumptions are listedin Table 11.
• Refer to white paper for additional assumptions.
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Simulation Analysis – Key Assumptions
Drive Test of Commercial EuropeanLTE N k 10 10 MH
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LTE Network, 10+10 MHzMbps
LTE Throughputs in Various Modes
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g p
LTE Actual Throughput RatesB d C di i
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Based on Conditions
Source: LTE/SAE Trial Initiative, “Latest Results from the LSTI, Feb2009,”http://www.lstiforum.org.
Load Balancing withH t N t k
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Heterogeneous Networks
Scenarios for Radio Carriers inS ll C ll
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Small Cells
Traffic Distribution Scenarios
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Enhanced IntercellI t f C ll ti
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Interference Cancellation
Median Throughput GainsH t t S i
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Hotspot Scenarios
User Throughput Performance
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g p
With/Without eICIC for Dynamic Traffic Vs. AverageOffered Load per Macro-Cell Area
Throughput Gain of Time-DomainInterference Coordination
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Interference Coordination
Dual Connectivity
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Dual Connectivity User Throughputs
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Hybrid SON Architecture
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Evolved Packet System
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Evolved Packet System Elements
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• Flatter architecture to reduce latency
• Support for legacy GERAN and UTRAN networks connected viaSGSN.
• Support for new radio-access networks such as LTE.
• The Serving Gateway that terminates the interface toward the3GPP radio-access networks.
• The PDN gateway that controls IP data services, does routing,allocates IP addresses, enforces policy, and provides access fornon-3GPP access networks.
• The MME that supports user equipment context and identity aswell as authenticates and authorizes users.
• The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) thatmanages QoS aspects.
103
y
LTE Quality of Service
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QCI ResourceType
Priority DelayBudget
Packet Loss Examples
1 GBR(GuaranteedBit Rate)
2 100 msec. 10-2
Conversationalvoice
2 GBR 4 150 msec. 10-3
Conversationalvideo (livestreaming)
3 GBR 3 50 msec. 10-3
Real-time gaming
4 GBR 5 300 msec. 10-6
Non-conversationalvideo (buffered
streaming)5 Non-GBR 1 100 msec. 10-6
IMS signaling
6 Non-GBR 6 300 msec. 10-6
Video (bufferedstreaming), TCPWeb, e-mail, ftp,…
7 Non-GBR 7 100 msec. 10-3
Voice, video (livestreaming),interactivegaming
8 Non-GBR 8 300 msec. 10-6
Premium bearerfor video(bufferedstreaming), TCPWeb, e-mail, ftp,…
9 Non-GBR 9 300 msec. 10-6
Default bearer forvideo, TCP fornon-privilegedusers
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LTE-U, LTE-LAA, LWA IntegrationApproaches
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Approaches
Approach Radio Co-Existence
Bands Downlink/Uplink
Standards
LTE-U LTE Duty cycle 5 GHz DL NoneLTE-LAA LTE Listen
Before Talk5 GHz, 3.5 GHzunderconsideration
DL 3GPP Release13
LWA Wi-Fi 802.11 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz DL and UL 3GPP Release13
Bidirectional-Offloading Challenges
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IP Flow and Seamless Mobility
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Hotspot 2.0 Connection Procedure
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Software-Defined Networkingand Cloud Architectures
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and Cloud Architectures
Potential Cloud RAN Approach
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Partially Centralized Versus FullyCentralized C-RAN
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Centralized C RAN
Fully Centralized Partially Centralized
TransportRequirements
Multi-Gbps, usuallyusing fiber
20 to 50 times less
Applications Supports eICIC andCoMP
Supports centralizedscheduling
Complexity High Lower
Benefit Capacity gain Lower capacity gain
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GPRS/EDGE Architecture
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Public SwitchedTelephone Network
External Data
Network (e.g., Internet)
BaseStation
Controller
BaseTransceiver
Station
BaseTransceiver
Station
MobileSwitching
CenterHome
LocationRegister
Serving
GPRSSupportNode
Gateway
GPRSSupportNode
IPTraffic
Circuit-SwitchedTraffic
MobileStation
MobileStation
MobileStation
GPRS/EDGE DataInfrastructure
Example of GSM/GPRS/EDGETimeslot Structure
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BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
577 mSper timeslot
4.615 ms per frame of 8 timeslots
Possible BCCHcarrier configuration
PBCCH TCH TCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH PDTCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Possible TCH carrier
configuration
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel – carries synchronization, paging and other signalling informationTCH: Traffic Channel – carries voice traffic data; may alternate between frames for half-ratePDTCH: Packet Data Traffic Channel – Carries packet data traffic for GPRS and EDGEPBCCH: Packet Broadcast Control Channel – additional signalling for GPRS/EDGE; used only if needed
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Timeslot Structure
Conclusion
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• Mobile broadband remains at the forefront of innovation and development incomputing, networking, and application development.
• LTE has become a global wireless foundation, supporting continual enhancements.
• The U.S. continues to lead the world in LTE deployment.
• LTE-Advanced innovations include carrier aggregation, already in use, and eICIC,SON, and CoMP, all capabilities about to be unleashed that will improveperformance, efficiency, and capacity.
• 5G research and development efforts have accelerated, and deployment couldcommence close to 2020 and continue through 2030.
• 5G will be designed to integrate with LTE networks, and many 5G features may beimplemented as LTE-Advanced extensions prior to full 5G availability.
• Obtaining more spectrum remains a critical priority globally.
• In the U.S., a number of initiatives could improve industry prospects —televisionincentive auctions for 600 MHz spectrum, the 3.5 GHz band, and more unlicensedspectrum at 5GHz.
• The future of mobile broadband, including both LTE-Advanced and 5G, is bright,
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