6/2/2015r. ferrigno eu policy director1 energy recovery european environmental bureau
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04/18/23 R. Ferrigno EU Policy Director 1
Energy recovery
European Environmental Bureau
04/18/23 R. Ferrigno EU Policy Director 2
The European Environmental Bureau (EEB) is a federation of 134
European Environmental Citizens Organizations in 25 Countries
European Environmental Bureau
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Waste Facts
• Each year in the European Union 1.3 billion tons of waste are generated–
some 40 million tons of it hazardous.
• This amounts to about 3.5 tons of solid waste for every man, woman and child,
according to European Environment Agency statistics.
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Waste Facts
Between 1990 and 1995, the amount of waste generated in Europe increased by 10%, according to the OECD. Most of what we throw away (67%) is either burnt in incinerators, or dumped into
landfill sites
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Waste Facts
• Most waste streams (paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, PVC) will probably increase over the next decade.
• Implemented EU legislation failed to achieve reduction of waste generation
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Waste Facts
In 1998 for every ton of useful products made in UK, about 10 tons of other
resources were consumed or wasted. Waste represents an enormous loss of resources both in the form of material
and energy.
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Lessons on Waste
• In total, between 60% and 70% of MSW (200 million tons generated) can be considered as biodegradable waste
(EEA).
• Legislation on mandatory separate collection of biodegradable waste for high quality composting still missing.
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Lessons on Waste
• Waste remain extremely sensitive political issue (transport, disposal)
• Poor public information & participation
• Waste hierarchy not implemented yet
• Poor implementation record
• Poor Data & Reporting
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Need to focus on prevention
• To unveil real costs of waste management and fully implement producer responsibility• To phase-out hazardous substances
• To eliminate implicit and explicit subsidies to waste as “renewable”
• Targets and incentives for expanding the use of recyclable and recycled materials in
products
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From process-oriented approach to material-oriented
approach
• Develop IPP framework
• Increase resource efficiency
• Promote shift from products to services
• Targets and incentives for the use of renewable resources
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Energy recoveryDue to the environmentally different hierarchies of
waste management, the EU waste strategy distinguishes between:
• reuse meant as a material reuse without any structural changes in materials
• recycling meant as a material recycling, only, and with a reference to structural changes in products• recovery meant as an energy recovery only
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Energy recovery:seeking for definition
The main inconsistencies in the overall concept of reuse/recycling/recovery
apply to energy recovery.
It is not clearly defined in waste statistics as a net calorific gain of energy of each
combusted waste, but may refer to:
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Energy recovery:seeking for definition
• Incineration of waste materials of high calorific values
or
• Total waste quantity incinerated in facilities with energy recovery.
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Energy recovery:seeking for definition
Due to the crucial role of targets for reuse/recycling/recovery ratios,
clarification in definition of energy recovery is necessary
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EU legal definition of energy recovery
‘energy recovery’ shall mean the use of combustible packaging waste as a means to generate energy through
direct incineration with or without other waste but with recovery of the heat
Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste, art.3(8)
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ECJ ruling on energy recovery
The recent ruling of the European Court of Justice delivered on 13th of February 2003 - Case C-458/00 Commission of the European Communities v Grand
Duchy of Luxembourg - points at incineration with energy recovery in
MSWI’s as a disposal operation
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ECJ ruling on energy recovery
According to the ECJ ruling on Case
C-228/00, Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic of
Germany, co-incineration with energy recovery in cement kilns is a recovery
operation.
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ECJ rulings on energy recovery
In order to be considered use principally as a fuel or other means to generate
energy, within the meaning of point R1 of Annex IIB to the WFD, it is both necessary and sufficient that the
combustion of waste meet the following three conditions:
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ECJ rulings on energy recovery
• The main purpose of the operation concerned must be to enable the waste to be used as a means of generating energy.
• The conditions in which that operation is to take place must give reason to believe that it is indeed a 'means to generate energy'.
• The waste must be used principally as a fuel or other means of generating energy.
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ECJ rulings on energy recovery
Commission should clarify the consequences of the ECJ ruling on:
• The use of MSWIs to meet recovery targets set by the Packaging Directive;
• Incineration as recovery or disposal operations;
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Energy recovery and climate change
Climate change impacts are only one of a number of environmental impacts that derive from solid waste management
options.
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Energy recovery and climate change
Other impacts include health effects from air pollutants such as NOx, SO2,
dioxins and fine particles, emissions of ozone-depleting substances,
contamination of water bodies, depletion of non-renewable resources,
disamenity effects, noise, accidents etc.
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Energy recovery and climate change
These environmental impacts are in addition to the socio-economic aspects of alternative ways of managing waste. All of these factors need to be properly
considered in the determination of a balanced policy for sustainable waste
management, of which the climate change elements are but one aspect.
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Energy recovery and climate change
“source segregation of MSW followed by recycling (for paper, metals, textiles and
plastics) and composting/anaerobic digestion (for putrescible wastes) gives the lowest net flux of greenhouse gases, compared to other
options for the treatment of bulk Municipal Waste. The largest contribution to this effect
is the avoidance of emissions from landfills as a result of recycling these materials”
Waste management options and climate change, AEA Technology 2001
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Energy recovery and climate change
When it comes to municipal or regional waste planning, local factors exert the dominant
influence.• availability of existing waste management
facilities and duration of waste management contracts, necessity to build new facilities
• markets for recyclables, • geographic and socio-economic factors
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Lessons on Waste
Local factors exert the dominant influence:
• Waste remain extremely sensitive political issue
• Poor public information & participation
• Lack of consensus is the rule
• Information + Participation = Prevention
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Waste: the way forward
• You cannot solve the problem by renaming it!!!
• Italy has changed the waste definition by restricting the scope of the WFD
• Is the Commission following down this road?
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