6_the integrated science process skills

THE INTEGRATED SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS

KDPM & KPLI

LECTURE NOTES

THE INTEGRATED PROCESSES

• IDENTIFYING AND CONTROLLING VARIABLES

• FORMULATING AND TESTING HYPOTHESES

• DEFINING OPERATIONALLY

• EXPERIMENTING

• INTERPRETING DATA

HOW THE SKILLS ARE RELATED?

A FEW POINTS TO NOTE…..

• CHILDREN REQUIRE DEVELOPMENT IN THE BASIC SKILLS BEFORE THEY ARE READY TO WORK WITH THE INTEGRATED SKILLS.

• MAKE SURE THAT ACTIVITIES ARE COGNITIVELY APPROPRIATE

• READINESS CAN BE ESTABLISHED THROUGH THE PIAGETIAN CONSERVATION TASKS.

ACTIVITY : THE PENDULUM

• FORM GROUPS (3 MEMBERS EACH)

• YOU WILL NEED– A PENCIL– A PIECE OF STRING (2 – 21/2 FEET LONG)– 8 – 10 METAL WASHERS OF THE SAME

SIZE

SETTING UP THE APPARATUS

WHAT WILL MAKE THE PENDULUM MOVE FASTER OR SLOWER?

• BRAINSTORM AS A CLASS

RESPONSES:

1. LENGTH OF STRING

2. WEIGHT

3. ANGLE OF SWING

4. GRAVITY

5. AIR FRICTION

6. WIND

7. TYPE OF STRING

8. COLOR OF STRING

RESPONSES:

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

THESE ARE CALLED VARIABLES

IN BRAINSTORMING, YOU HAVE IDENTIFIED VARIABLES

HOW TO CHANGE THE VALUES OF EACH VARIABLE?

RESPONSES:

1. LENGTH OF STRING – SHORTEH THE STRING

2. WEIGHT – INCREASE WIGHT

3. ANGLE OF SWING -PROTRACTOR

4. GRAVITY - SPACE

5. AIR FRICTION - VACUUM

6. WIND – WOODEN BARRIERS

7. TYPE OF STRING – COTTON, NYLON, ETC

8. COLOR OF STRING – RED WHITE

IDENTIFY THE EFFECT OF EACH VARIABLE ON THE SPEED OF THE PENDULUM

• FASTER? SLOWER? DON’T KNOW? DISAGREEMENT?

• YOUR STATEMENT OF WHAT YOU THINK WILL HAPPEN TO THE PENDULUM’S SPEED WHEN YOU CHANGE A GIVEN VARIABLE IS CALLED A HYPOTHESIS.

• IT TAKES THE FORM OF A STATEMENT THAT SAYS, “IF I (DO THIS TO THE PENDULUM), IT WILL (SPEED UP / SLOW DOWN)”

HOW TO MEASURE THE SPEED OF THE PENDULUM?

• SPEED = DISTANCE / TIME. MEASURING DISTANCE IS DIFFICULT.

• THE TIME A PENDULUM TAKES TO COMPLETE ONE FULL SWING – BACK AND FORTH – IS CALLED ITS PERIOD.

• THE PERIOD CAN BE MEASURED USING A STOPWATCH

• LET US USE THE NUMBER OF SWINGS IN 15 SECONDS AS THE INDICATION OF THE SPEED.

THIS IS CALLED DEFINING OPERATIONALLY (OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF ‘SPEED OF THE PENDULUM’)

PLAN YOUR EXPERIMENT• AS A CLASS, SELECT 3 VARIABLES TO TEST• REMEMBER!!!!

– WHILE EXPERIMENTING WITH ONE VARIABLE, YOU KEEP ALL THE OTHERS CONSTANT.

• WHAT WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU DID NOT KEEP THE VARIABLES CONSTANT?

• HOW MANY DIFFERENT VALUES OF THE VARIABLES WILL YOU NEED TO TEST?

• HOW MANY TIMES WILL YOU NEED TO TRY THE SAME VALUE OF THE VARIABLES? WHY? AVERAGE

• IDENTIFY: MANIPULATED (INDEPENDENT) VARIABLE AND RESPONDING (DEPENDENT) VARIABLE, CONSTANT VARIABLES

COLLECT AND RECORD DATA

COLUMN FOR THE

MANIPULATED VARIABLE

COLUMN FOR RESPONDING

VARIABLE

MV

RV

COLLECT AND RECORD DATAPENDULUM DATA TABLE

VARIABLEVALUE OF VARIABLE

NUMBER OF SWINGS IN 15 SECONDS

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE

WEIGHT (g)

10

20

30

40

CONSOLIDATED DATA FOR PENDULUM SWING INVESTIGATION

VARIABLEVALUE OF VARIABLE

AVERAGE NUMBER OF SWINGS IN 15 SECONDS

GROUP 1

GROUP 2

GROUP 3

GROUP 4

GROUP 5

GROUP 6GROUP

7

WEIGHT (g)

10 9 8 10 10 10 9 10

20 10 9 10 10 10 9 10

30 10 9 10 10 10 9 10.5

40 10 10 10 10 10 9 11

INTERPRETING DATA AND CONCLUSION

• BASED ON THE DATA, WHAT CAN YOU CONCLUDE? ACCEPT OR REJECT HYPOTHESIS?

REFLECTION

• DID YOU OR DID YOU NOT USE THE INTEGRATED SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS?

• IF YES, WHEN?

WHAT DID YOU DO?

IDENTIFIED VARIABLESIDENTIFES ALL VARIABLES THAT AFFECT THE SWING OF THE PENDULUM

CONTROLLING VARIABLES

CONTROLLED (KEEP CONSTANT) ALL THE VARIABLES EXCEPT THE ONE YOU’RE EXPLORING

FORMULATED HYPOTHESES FOR EACH VARIABLE

EG. “IF I INCREASE THE HEIGHT OF THE DROP, THE PENDULUM WILL SWING FASTER”

TESTED THE HYPOTHESES

CHANGING THE VALUE OF THE VARIABLE AND COLLECTING DATA FROM AT LEAST 3 SEPARATE TRIALS

DEFINING OPERATIONALLY

SPEED OF THE PENDULUM IN TERMS OF THE NUMBER OF SWINGS IT MAKES IN 15 SECONDS

PLANNING EXPERIMENT

• HOW TO SET UP APPARATUS

• HOW TO INVESTIGATE ALL THE VARIABLES

• HOW TO COLLECT DATA

INTERPRETING DATALOOKING AT THE RESULTS TO SEE IF THE VARIABLES HAD ANY EFFECT

PEKA UPSR

ACTIVITY CODE*Based on the Science Curriculum Specification (KBSR), the activity code refers to:Year/Theme/Learning Objective/Learning Outcomeseg. 3/1/1.2/1

Instrumen Pemantauan (Senarai Semak)Pentaksiran Berasaskan SekolaH

1Jawatankuasa Pentaksiran Berasaskan_Sekolah

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2Dokumen Kurikulum & Pentaksiran

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a) saiz / kelulusan yg sesuaib) utiliti (bekalan elektrik / air) tersediac) keselamatand) susun ature) pengurusan & kebersihanf) kelengkapan perabotg) alat tanganh) mesin mudah alihi) mesin pegunj) stok & inventorik) bahan pentaksiranl) stor bahan / alatanm) tempat penyimpanan eviden

3 Jadual Kerja Pentaksiran 10 Taklimat & Pemakluman

a) disediakanb) diedarkanc) dipamerkan

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4 Pelaksanaan Pentaksiran 6 Fail Pentaksir

a) Semasa pengajaran & pembelajaranb) di luar waktu pengajaran & pembelajaran

a) borang skor individub) borang gred indukc) disimpan dgn selamat

5 Portfolio murid 7 Fail Penyelarasan

a) rekod penyerahan evidenb) borang pergerakan evidenc) borang skor individud) evidens (produk, artifak,, rakaman)

a) Borang maklumat pentaksir & penyelarasb) Borang penyelarasan skorc) Laporan penyelarasan