7:1 basic structure of the human body the normal function of the human body is compared to an...
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7:1 Basic Structure of the Human Body
The normal function of the human body is compared to an organized machine
The machine malfunctions, disease occurs.Anatomy: study of form and structure.Physiology: study of why and how living
organisms work.Pathophysiology: study of how disease occurs
and body’s responseProtoplasm – Makes up all living things.
Functions of CellsTake in food and oxygenProduce heat and energyMove and adapt to environmentEliminate wastesPerform special functionsReproduce to create identical cells
Basic Parts of CellsCell membrane – outer protective
covering of cellSemipermeable Cytoplasm – semifluid inside cell
where all chemical reactions occurOrganelles – located in the
cytoplasm and help cell to function
OrganellesNucleus – “brain” of cell, controls many cell
activities, important in cell reproduction.Nucleolus – Located in nucleus. Important in
cell reproduction. Manufactures ribosomes which aid in synthesis (production) of protein
Chromatin – Located in nucleus, made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell reproduction. Chromosomes carry genes which carry inherited characteristics.
Organelles, cont.Centrosome – located in cytoplasm and near
the nucleus. Contains two centrioles important in cell reproduction.
Mitochondria – located throughout cytoplasm, “furnace” or “Power House” of the cell. Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is the major energy source of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus – stack of membrane layers located in the cytoplasm. Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from cell.
Organelles of a cell, cont.Endoplasmic Reticulum – located in cytoplasm.
Allows for transport of materials in and out of the nucleus. Aids in synthesis and storage of proteins.
Lysosomes – Found throughout cytoplasm. Contains digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria and foreign materials.
Pinocytic Vesicles – Pocket-like folds in cell membrane. Allow large molecules such as protein and fat to enter cell then folds closed to form vacuoles or bubbles in cytoplasm
Cell Reproduction
Mitosis – Reproduce by dividing into two identical cells, asexual reproduction.
Meiosis – Reproduction of sex cells (gametes- eggs & sperm).
Produces ovum and sperm.
TissuesCells contain same basic parts but vary in
shape, size, and special function.Cells of same type join together for common
purpose to form tissue.Tissue Fluid –water with various dissolved
substances which makes up 60% - 99% of tissue
Dehydration – Insufficient amount of tissue fluid
Edema – Excess amount of tissue fluid; results in swelling of tissue
Types of TissueEpithelial – Covers surface of body, main
tissue in skin, also forms lining of intestines, respiratory, and urinary tracts; forms body glands
Types of Tissue, ConnectiveConnective – Supportive
fabric of organs and other body parts
Types of Connective TissueSoft - adipose (fatty)
tissuestores fat as food
reserve which is source of energy
insulates body and acts as padding
Types of Tissue, ConnectiveHard
Cartilage – tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long bones. Acts as shock absorber. Also found in nose, ears, and larynx
Bone – Forms rigid structure of human body. Has calcium salts, nerves, and blood vessels.
Cartilage
Bone
Types of Tissue, ConnectiveLiquid
Blood – carries nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries metabolic waste away from cells.
Lymph – transports tissue fluid, proteins, fats and other material from tissues to circulatory system.
Types of TissueNerve – made up
of neurons which transmit messages throughout body; composes nerves, brain, and spinal cord
Types of Tissue, MuscleMuscle – produces power and movement by
contraction of muscle fibersTypes of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal – attaches to bones and provides for movement of body
Cardiac – causes heart to beatVisceral (smooth) – present in walls of
organs such as stomach, intestine, and blood vessels
Organs and SystemsOrgan – two or more tissues joined together to perform specific function
System – organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function
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