7a – tissues and transplants

7A – Tissues and Transplants

Overview of Topic• Human organs• Plant organs• Organ transplants• Plant and Animal cells• Using microscopes• Specialised cells• Body systems• Cell division and MRS GREN

Organs of the Human body• Learning Objectives:

• Be able to label the positions of the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, brain and stomach on a diagram

• Describe what each organ does

Identify the organs labelled in the diagram. brain

skin heartlung

stomach

muscle

intestines

Organs• Write on the body

where the following organs go...

• Brain• Lungs• Heart• Kidneys• Liver• Stomach• Intestines

Starter• Can you think of 7 main organs in our

body??? • Here’s a clue...

B____ L____L____ K______H____ S______

S____ and L____ I_________

Organs and Organ Transplants

• Objectives:• Be able to label a diagram of the

human body with the main organs• Describe what each of the main

organs does (its function)• Discuss organ transplants

Organs• Brain• Lungs• Heart• Kidneys• Liver• Stomach• Large and Small

Intestines

Put the correct

labels on your

worksheet

Which organ is

missing??

What does each organ do?• Brain - • Heart - • Lungs - • Liver - • Stomach - • Kidneys - • Intestines -

Organ Transplants• Sometimes people’s organs don’t

work properly and they become ill.• If Doctors can’t fix the organs they

may be able to replace them with artificial organs or with organs from someone else’s body.

• When people die they can donate their organs so they can be used in other people’s bodies to make them better.

Organ Transplants• The person who gives the organ is

the donor• The person who gets the organ is the

host• The donor and the host need to

match each other to stop the body rejecting the new organ.

Some people carry donor cards because they want to donate their

organs.

Which organs can be transplanted?

• Corneas (part of your eye)• Lungs• Heart• Liver• Kidneys• Pancreas• Stomach

The organs are kept cool to keep

them in good condition and

stop them decaying

Animal and Plant cells• Learning Objectives:

• Be able to label a plant and animal cell

• Describe what each part of the cell does

Think about the size of your little toe. It has about 2 or 3 thousand million cells!

That’s a lot of cells to make one toe, so cells must be very, very, very small.

Living things are made up of tiny building blocks called cells. Each cell breathes, takes in food, gets rid of wastes, grows, reproduces and dies.A living thing can be just one cell or millions of cells. Big living things don’t have bigger cells they just have more cells.Amazingly, the human body has more than 10,000,000,000,000 (that’s 10 million million) cells!

Animal and plant cells come in different shapes

and sizes, but they all have three basic features.

What is a cell?

plant cellanimal cell

cytoplasmcell

membrane

Plant cells also have some extra features that make them different to

animal cells.

nucleus

Animal cell

Cell Membra

ne – controls

what goes in and

comes out of the cell

Cytoplasm- jelly

substance, useful

chemical reactions happen in

here

Nucleus – controls the cell (like a

brain)

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Vacuole (filled with cell sap)

Chloroplast (contains chlorophyll)

Cell Membrane

Cell WallStarch Grains

Plant cells

Chloroplasts – capture sunlight to convert to

food

Cell Wall – gives the cell a rigid

shape

4)1)

5)

6)

2)

3)

Plant cells vs. Animal cellsBoth types of cell have these:

Only plant cells have these:

Cell wall – provides support

Large Vacuole – contains sap

Chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll

Cell Membrane – holds the cell together

Cytoplasm - this is where the reactions happen

Nucleus – The “brain” of the cell

Questions• Name a part of a cell that both plants

and animals have• What is the vacuole for?• What is the cell wall for?• What happens in the cytoplasm?• What keeps all the cytoplasm inside

the cell?• What would happen to a plant if it

didn’t have any chloroplasts?

Each of the following sentences has at least one mistake in it. Rewrite each one, correcting the mistakes.

• A) The vacuole contains a substance called cytoplasm.

• B) Animal cells have a cell wall, a nucleus and cytoclasm.

• C) Chloroform is a green substance found in chloroplasts.

• D) A cell is held together by a cell surface counterpane.

• E) The cell wall is used for storage.• F) The cytoplasm controls the cell.

Animal cell

Cell Membra

ne

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Vacuole (filled with cell sap)

Chloroplast (contains chlorophyll)

Cell Membrane

Cell WallStarch Grains

Plant cells

Using Microscopes• Learning Objectives:

• Learn how to use the microscope• Look at some cells under the

microscope and draw them

Microscopes• Cells could not have been

discovered without the invention of the microscope.

• “micro-” means” small”,• “-scope” means “looking at”.• A microscope allows us to look at

very small things by making them seem bigger. It magnifies tiny details and makes them visible to the human eye.

Label the microscopeA __________________B ____________________C ____________________D ____________________E ____________________F ____________________G ____________________

Looking at onion cells• Peel a very thin layer of onion skin off• Place it on a microscope slide• Add a few drops of iodine solution• Put a cover slip over it• Place it under the microscope to view

it• Draw what you can see

Specialised Cells• Learning Objectives:

• Name some specialised cells in plants and animals

• Describe how these specialised cells are adapted for their function

Specialised cellsNot all cells look the same, some

have to do a special job so they change (adapt) to do this job.

Cells we need to know about are: In animals In Plants1. Ciliated epithelial cell 1. Root hair

cell2. Muscle cell 2. Palisade

cell3. Nerve cell 3. Xylem cell

Specialised animal cells1. Ciliated epithelial cell

2. Muscle cell Elongated. Can contract and

stretch to allow movement.

3. Nerve cell Long and thin. Form connections with other

nerve cells. Carry signals from the

brain.

Specialised plant cells1. Root hair cell

2. Palisade cell

3. Xylem cell

Systems of the body• Learning Objectives:

• Describe how the body is organised from cells to tissues to organs to systems

• Explain what a body system is and give an example of one in the human body

To understand how the body is organised, think about how a school is organised..A school needs to be very organised. Every pupil in the school needs to know where they should be and what they are doing. However...

Not all pupils study the same subjects.

Not all pupils can work together efficiently.There is not room for all the pupils to be in the same

place.

How is the body organised?

A school is made up of an organised system.

How is the body organised?

Individual pupil

Registration group

Subject class

Year group

School

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

• Living things are made up of organised systems.• Each specific cell is grouped with cells similar to them in structure and function to form a tissue.•The tissues then go on to form organs.

How is the body organised?

cells tissu

e

Groups of tissues work together to

form organs.

How is the body organised?

cell tissue organ

Groups of similar cells

work together to form tissues.

Cells are thebasic units

of life.

Groups of organs form systems. For example, the human digestive system is made up of several organs including the mouth, gullet, stomach and small intestine.

The different organs in a system are linked together by tubes or vessels.

What other human body systems can you think of?

How is the body organised?

Organ Systems• Our body has lots of organs inside it

to help it work properly. The 6 main organ systems that help our bodies work are:

• 1 – Respiratory System• 2 – Circulatory System• 3 – Digestive System• 4 – Excretory System• 5 – Nervous system• 6 – Reproductive System

Respiratory System• Main Organs: Lungs,

trachea

• What does it do?• We breathe in and out

to get oxygen, this oxygen is needed by our body to keep us alive.

Circulatory System• Main Organs: Heart and

blood vessels

• What does it do?• The heart pumps blood all

around the body through the blood vessels.

• The blood carries important substances around the body e.g oxygen and food.

Digestive System• Main Organs:

Stomach and intestines

• What does it do?• It digests food into

really small pieces so our body can get the energy from it.

Oesophagus

Excretory System• Main Organs: Kidneys and

Liver

• What does it do?• Our kidneys filter our blood

and remove any waste products from it.

• Our liver breaks down harmful substances in our body.

• Any waste is excreted by sweating, urine or faeces.

Nervous System• Main Organs: Brain, spinal

cord and nerves

• What does it do?• The brain controls the

nervous system • Nerve signals are sent

along the nerves all over the body

• They pass on the messages from the brain to the body

Reproductive System• Main Organs: Ovaries and

Testes

• What does it do?• Women have ovaries which

make eggs.• Men have testes which make

sperm.• When the egg and sperm

meet they form an embryo, this embryo grows into a baby.

Plant systems• Plants have organ systems just like

animals. One of the plants organ systems is its root system

Root Hair Cell

Root Hair Tissue

RootWater transport system

Cell Division and MRS GREN• Learning Objectives:

• Recall the 7 life processes• Explain what happens in cell division

The 7 life processesHow can you tell if something

is alive or not...?

• The things living people do are called life processes, if you want to tell if something is alive or not look for the 7 life processes

• We can remember it by using MRS GREN

S = SENSITIVITYLiving things notice and react to changes intheir surroundings. They can respond to light, heat, sound, taste, sight or touch.

R = RESPIRATIONLiving things need energy to carry out thefunctions that keep them alive. Respiration is the process by which food is turned into energy.

M = MOVEMENTLiving things are able to move about. Animals move from place to place. Plants move by responding to light.

R = REPRODUCTIONLiving things produce offspring. Reproduction continues the survival of each species.

G = GROWTHLiving things grow, increasing in size and complexity.

N = NUTRITIONLiving things need to take in food so that respiration can occur. Nutrients in food help to build, maintain and repair the organism.

E = EXCRETIONLiving things have to get rid of unwanted waste products.

MRS GREN (the 7 life processes)• M - MOVEMENT• R – RESPIRATION (breathing and circulating)• S – SENSITIVITY (responding to changes)

• G - GROWTH• R – REPRODUCTION (making babies)• E – EXCRETION (getting rid of waste)• N – NUTRITION (eating and digesting)

How does the body produce new cells?

The body needs to produce new cells for three main reasons:

● growth● repair● reproduction

How does it produce these cells?The body is constantly producing new cells from old cells dividing (splitting into two). This is called cell division.

What would be the problem if cells did split in half to produce new cells ?

What actually happens is that cells have to make new copies of the material inside them, as well as new membranes before they divide.

Just before a cell divides, it appears to grow slightly as it reproduces everything inside itself.

The nucleus doubles in size and then divides into two equal halves.

Where do cells come from?

There wouldn’t be much of the cells left!

New cells are produced by cell division, but this doesn’t mean that cells split in half.

Cell division occurs extremely quickly and each new cell is also able to divide.

Where do cells come from?

Cell division makes it possible for the body to: grow quickly; repair cuts and replace dead cells quickly; produce an enormous number of reproductive cells.