8 19 early texas naturalists hcmn august,2015
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Hill Country Master Naturalists
Lonnie Childs
August 19, 2015
USE WITH PERMISSION ONLY
“Naturalists of the Frontier”
Samuel Wood Geiser
“Palo Pinto Crossing
of the Guadalupe”
H. Lungkwitz circa 1850s
“Enchanted Rock”
H. Lungkwitz circa 1850s
Society for Protection of German Immigrants
Advertising brochure
to lure German immigrants
to Texas
circa 1840’s
Frederick Law Olmstead
A Journey Through Texas
Or, A Saddle-Trip on the
Southwestern Frontier
Synopsis
• Pop Quiz: Naturalists’ Test of Commitment
• Why study “Texas Naturalists”?
• Background Information
• Important Patrons
• Top Early Texas Naturalists
• Profiles of important Naturalists
As a Naturalist, would you be willing to…
Naturalist’s Test of Commitment
The Emigrants
By Knut Ekwall
As a Naturalist, would you be willing to…
1. Travel several thousand miles with hundreds of
other immigrants packed tightly in the hold of a
wooden sailing ship traversing over rough &
dangerous seas to arrive in Texas?
As a Naturalist, would you be willing to…
2. Expose yourself to infectious diseases such
as malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis,
dysentery, and cholera without available
medical assistance?
As a Naturalist, would you be willing to…
3. Expose yourself to the harsh elements of Texas
weather - summer heat, thunderstorms, floods,
blue northers, or ice storms?
As a Naturalist, would you be willing to…
4. Risk your life to unfriendly Native American tribes
or lawless criminals?
As a Naturalist, would you be willing to…
5. Walk 673 miles from San Antonio to El Paso and
then back in order to collect plants?
As a Naturalist, would you be willing to…
6. Do it all for the love of nature & discovery without
hope of making any money?
Naturalist’s Motivations?
Naturalists could expect little immediate recognition, great physical hardships, and small financial returns.
What motivated Early Naturalists?
1. Love of natural world?
2. Joy of discovery?
3. Wanderlust?
4. Pride of personal scientific contributions?
Why study these Naturalists?
• Natural History:
Understand the evolution of the
study of natural history in Texas.
• Human Stories:
Personal stories that are fascinating
and inspiring in themselves.
• Land restoration perspective:
First-hand descriptions of the natural landscape in Texas prior to arrival of European civilization.
• Scientific Names:
Solve the mystery of all those
scientific names!
Historical
Background
• In 19th Century, as Social Frontier moved west, so moved Scientific Frontier.
• Early military & railroad expeditions included natural scientists
• 1776-1880 - Most fruitful period of scientific exploration in the US.
• Competition between museums and universities to build collections.
– Herbariums are important to Botany
– “Great Bone Wars” – Cope/Marsh Feud
• Early 1800s - Scientific exploration began in Texas as northern Europeans arrive.
Historical Background (cont’d)
• Post 1875:
West Texas – Last Social Frontier of Texas is “settled”
• Most Naturalists of this early period were collectors, sending their specimens to museums and patrons
• Many were self-taught to some degree or had medical backgrounds
• 1820 – 1880:
Estimated ~150 professional Naturalists roamed Texas
(Geiser)
Importance of Expeditions & Surveys
Major Wm. Emory
US Boundary Commission
• Mexican Boundary Commission 1827-1829
• Mexican – U.S. Boundary Commission Survey of 1849-1857
– Included scientific collectors, especially botanists
– One of first organized attempts to survey
flora/fauna & natural resources in area
– “Report on the US & Mexican Boundary
Survey (1857-59)” by Wm. Emory
• Railroad Surveys –
– 12 volumes of “Pacific Railroad Reports”
w/ extensive reports on flora/fauna
• Scientific/military expeditions in mid 1850s trying to find a feasible
railroad route from Mississippi River to the Pacific
• Produced 12 volumes of “Pacific Railroad Reports”
w/ extensive reports on flora/fauna
“Greatest assemblage of of scientists marshaled under one banner
since Napoleon took his group of savants to Egypt”
Wm Goetzmann, UT Professor of History
Railroad Surveys
Top Ten Early Texas Naturalists
Name Period in Texas Specialty
Peter Custis 1806 (1st) Botany/Zoology
Jean Louis Berlandier 1828-1851 Botany/Zoology/Anthropology
Thomas Drummond 1833-1834 Botany/Ornithology/Entomology
Ferdinand Lindheimer 1836-1879 Botany
Ferdinand Roemer 1845-1847 Geology/Botany
Charles Wright 1837-1851 Botany
Gideon Lincecum 1848-1874 Botany/Zoology
Julien Reverchon 1856-1905 Botany
Gustaf Belfrage 1866-1882 Entomology
Jacob Boll 1874-1880 Geology/Entomology
Note: Although most collectors had specialties, most collected across diverse areas
of botany, zoology, and/or geology.
The Patrons - George Engelmann
• Physician & self-taught Botanist
• Collected in mid to northern US
• Founded Academy of Sciences in St. Louis
•Supporter of Missouri Botanical Garden
• Friend & sponsor of Lindheimer
• “Plantae Lindheimeriane”, “Plantae Cactaceae”
• Described 108 species of native cactus
• Described Yucca genus & Pronuba moth
• Helped save French Grape industry - Phylloxera
• Friend & collaborator with Gray
(1809-1884)
George Engelmann
Engelmann’s Hedgehog Cactus
Ecninocereus engelmannii
Doug Sherman
Engelmann’s Salvia
Salvia engelmannii Bill Carr
Prickly Pear
Opuntia engelmannii
• Physician who moved to study of Botany
• Became Harvard Professor in 1842
• Wrote numerous texts incl. “Manual of
Botany of Northern US” – std. field guide
• Started Gray Herbarium at Harvard
• “Plantae Lindheimeriane “,
”Plantae Wrightiane”
• Demanding sponsor of many collectors
including Lindheimer, Wright , & Reverchon
The Patrons – Asa Gray
(1810-1888)
Peter Custis
• (1806) -Red River or Freeman-Custis Expedition commissioned by
Jefferson to find Red R. headwaters & route to Santa Fe
• Medical student & 1st academically trained naturalist on expedition
• Travelled 615 miles upriver to New Boston before turned back by
Spanish
• Prepared descriptions of 267 flora & fauna
Gustaf Belfrage
1866-1882 Entomology
• His collections reside in prestigious museums
of the eastern US and Europe.
– Corresponded with the great entomologists
– Arrived in US (1860) & Texas in 1867
– Collected in central Tx, Houston & Tyler areas
• (1882) Lived in small hut near Norse in which
he died at age 48.
• His estate: $894 & 36,881 specimens of insects!
“If the fauna of Texas is, at the present time [1883], better known than that
of the Western States of this continent, it is largely due to the skill and
industry of Mr. Belfrage and the late Mr Jacob Boll,…”
Obituary in American Naturalist
Belfrage’s cricket
Trigonidomimus belfragei Susan A. Wineriter
1833-1834
Botany /Ornithology/Entomology
Thomas Drummond
• Scottish naturalist collected for Wm. Hooker of Univ. of Glasgow
• 1825 – Franklin 2nd Expedition in Canada
• (1833-1834) Collected in southeast Texas near Galveston to Victoria to Bastrop during Cholera epidemic & Great Overflow of 1833
• Collected 750 plant & 150 bird species
• Benchmark collector for Wright & Lindheimer
• At least 31 Texas species bear his name “Overflow of 1833”
Thomas Drummond
Phlox drummondi
Drummond’s Phlox Allium drummondi
Drummond's Wild Onion or Garlic
“…It is my desire to advance as into the interior as possible; but several
difficulties lie in the way. The Indians are becoming very dangerous,…”
April, 1834 letter to Hooker
Thomas Drummond – Collecting Areas
Cooperia drummondii
Rain Lily
Joseph A. Marcus
1833-1834
“Mr. Thomas Drummond of Glasgow has done more than any other man
toward exploring the botany of Texas.” Mary Austin Holley
Clematis drummondii
Old Man’s Beard
Kimberly Kline
Jean Louis Berlandier
1828-1851
Botany/Zoology/Anthropology/
Geography/Meteorology
• Poverty > Self-taught Protégé > Scapegoat > Stature
• (1827-1829) Accompanies Mexican Boundary Commission & collects near Laredo, San Antonio, Gonzales, San Felipe, San Saba, & E. Texas
• DeCandolle’ s protégé & scapegoat
• Extensive journals included
“The Indians of Texas in 1830” &
“Journey to Mexico During Years 1826-1834”
Yellow Flax
Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) - Te del Indio
“…panacea for all scourges…”
“powerful emmenagogue and excellent stomachic..”
1828 - Journeyed into east Texas as far as Trinity R. w/
General Teran expedition before sickness overtook them.
Journey to Cibolo Creek – April & November, 1828
April - …”the richness & beauty of the vegetation soon caused those
inconviences t be forgotten….The beauty of the country side was so
constant that even the road itself was covered with flowers. On the
prairies can be observed ranunculi, vetches, salvias, a chelone..”
November – Ayume’ (Flame-leaf Sumac), Post Oaks, Agarita, &
Artemisia. Abundant Bears, Deer, & some Bison
November 24, 1828
“..from Arroyo del Lobo Blanco to a nameless stream…
where we observed the traces of bear and bison.”
“At supper time, we ate zorillo…. I believed myself to be
eating suckling pig.”
Jean Louis Berlandier Gopherus berlandieri
Berlandier’s or Texas Tortoise Rana berlandieri
Rio Grande Leopard Frog
Berlandieri lyrata
Chocolate Daisy
Bruce Leander
Calylophus berlandieri
Square-bud or Texas Primrose
Julian Reverchon
1856-1905 Botany
• First to extensively collect in western Edwards Plateau
• (1885-6) Explored Llano R. basin, Western Edwards Plateau to the
headwaters of the Guadalupe, Medina, & Sabinal Rivers to Uvalde
• Personal collection: 2,600 species & 20k specimens
– One of the best collections of its kind
– Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis
“…a valuable correspondent, an
acute and sedulous botanist.”
Asa Gray
Texas Bluebell
Campanula reverchonii
May 21, 1886:
“…we found ourselves on a vast table land, the divide between Devil's
river to the west and the Nueces to the south. This country is a perfect
desert, with only temporary supplies of water in holes, plenty of
grasses though not properly a prairie, being covered with mesquit (sic)
bush, clumps of post-oak, and thickets of cedars and live oaks,…”
“Beautiful Sabine”
June 3, 1886
“The 3d of June we reached the Guadalupe,
and the vegetation began to change….
The next day there appeared along the river
the beautiful Sabine (Taxodium distichum).
Afterwards we observed this tree along most
of the rivers in the mountainous region north-
west of San Antonio. Between Kerrville and
Bandera the country is mountainous, covered
with good grasses but not very interesting
to the botanist,…”
“The 6th we camped at Bandera's Pass, a
very interesting place to the botanist.”
Reverchon – Collecting Areas
Dallas
Junction
Uvalde
Yucca
reverchonii
Lampasas
Brownwood
San Angelo
1869-1882
1885-1886
Charles Wright
(1811-1885)
International Botanist
Jimsonweed
Datura Wrightii
“a great amount of useful & excellent
work for botany in the pure & simple
love of it.”
Wright’s or Bushy Skullcap
Scutellaria wrightii
Charles Wright
• (1811) – Born in Connecticut
• Developed early interest in nature
• Graduated from Yale Phi Beta Kappa
• (1837) - After brief sojourn in Mississippi as tutor, came to
Zavalla in E. Texas where he was a teacher & surveyor
• 1837-1845: Conducted extensive botanical explorations along
Neches R. and over to the Sabine R.- “land of thieves, robbers,
counterfeiters, and murderers”
• (1844) Begins 40 yr relationship & correspondence with A. Gray
Charles Wright
• (1848) A. Gray secured him position on US-Mexico Boundary
Survey Commission to collect on trip from San Antonio to El Paso
& back
• Military provided transportation for trunk & paper only.
• (June,1849 to Sept., 1849) He walked 673 miles to El Paso
collecting specimens (104 days)!
• (Oct., 1849 to Nov. 1849) Walked back in 42 days!
• Collected 1500 species for Gray’s Harvard herbarium.
From San Antonio to El Paso & back -
a “hog- and ass-paradise combined”
Zavalla
Rutersville
Del Rio
Austin
San Antonio
El Paso
Houston
Charles Wright – Collecting Areas
Charles Wright
• (1851) After 15 years, left Texas never to return.
• (1851-1853) Collected in the SW US on Graham’s expedition.
• (1853-1856) Ringgold’s North Pacific expedition & collected in the Cape of Good Hope, Australia, Hong Kong & Japan.
• (1856-1867) Gathered an important collection while in Cuba.
• Gray and Engelmann memorialized his collections in “Plantae Wrightianae” & “Cactaceae of the Boundary”
Wright’s Beardtongue
Penstemon wrightii Ray Mathews
Charles Wright
Remember him because:
One of the most prolific & dedicated of the Texas
Botanists over a long period of time.
Gray’s eulogy said: “a great amount of useful and
excellent work for botany in the pure and simple love
of it.”
Chelianthes wrightii Joseph A. Marcus
“…indefatigable in his endeavors to further the cause of the
particular branch of study to which he has devoted himself.”
(1818-1891)
“Father
of
Texas Geology”
Ferdinand Roemer
Ferdinand Roemer
• (1818) - Born Germany to educated family with scientific interests
• (1842) - Received Phd in Geology at age 24.
• Early stature in Germany for geological studies & publications.
• (1845) At age 26, Commissioned by Adelsverein to perform geological study of the Fisher-Miller land grant
– Prince Solms had heard of the San Saba silver mines
• (1845) Traveled to Texas – Collects 7 weeks around Houston & Galveston area
• (1846) Befriended Lindheimer & spends time collecting around New Braunfels.
Heteraster texanum
• (1847) Collected around Fredericksburg & accompanied
Meusebach on his treaty expedition with the Comanches.
• His journeys stretched from Galveston to Glen Rose, from
San Antonio to Fredericksburg and on to San Saba. An area
of 20,000 square miles.
• (May, 1847) Returned to Germany.
– Wrote well received paper detailing the geology of Texas
– Wrote “Texas” , a first-hand account of his travels.
Ferdinand
Roemer
Ferdinand Roemer Travels
Galveston
New Braunfels.
Fbg.
Waco
Mimosa roemeriana
Sensitive Briar
Bruce Leander
Phlox roemeriana
Golden Phlox Joseph Marcus
Ferdinand
Roemer
Remember him because:
Man of great insight &
cosmopolitan perspective.
Fascinating account of his travels,
German immigrant life, & Comanche
culture.
First scientifically trained assessment
of Texas geology.
“Father of Texas Geology”
Ferdinand Roemer
Cedar Sage
Salvia roemeriana
Gideon Lincecum
(1793-1874)
Naturalist
Frontiersman
Explorer
Physician
Teacher
Trader
“I looked upon the long journey through the
wilderness with much pleasure.”
Gideon Lincecum
• (1793) Born in Georgia.
• His father, a lay minister, moved the family constantly westward, breeding in Gideon a love of frontier travel & nature.
• At age 14, attended school for total of 5 months.
• (1818) Gideon moved to eastern Miss. & became a trader and friend/student of the Choctaws & Chickasaws
• (1830) Became a self-taught physician specializing in botanical or Indian herb medicine.
Gideon Lincecum
• (1835) Accompanied a Mississippi committee to explore Texas for possible settlement.
– Traveled as far as La Grange with committee
– Explored alone the sources of LaVaca & Navidad R.’s, to juncture of San Marcos & Guadalupe R.’s, to Nueces R., & over to site of Fredericksburg
– Captured by Comanches & escapes
– Gathered a “pack load of specimens”
Gideon Lincecum – Collecting Areas
Washington Co.
Fbg.
“ If I cannot have company whose minds are clearly free, I would
prefer to go alone. And thus it has turned out with me through my
long sojourn, I have had not associates, and my observations and
conclusions, be them right or wrong, are not trammeled by the
sway of other minds.” Gideon Lincecum
Post Oak Grape
Vitis lincecumii
Gideon Lincecum
Charles
Darwin
• (1848) At 55, returned to settle in Washington county.
– Lived there for 20 yrs - the eccentric iconoclast
• Well-known for his study of the Agricultural Ant
– Paper read by Charles Darwin at Linnaean Society in London
• (1867) At age 74, extensive collecting trip of flora &
fauna in Central Texas sent to Smithsonian
• (1867) Moved to Vera Cruz, Mex. to escape Reconstruction
• (1873) Moved back to Texas
• (1874) Completed autobiographical writing and died.
– “Reminiscences of an Octogenarian” in American Sportsman
Gideon Lincecum
Assembled medicinal plant collection of 500 species
Kept meteorological journal for the Smithsonian
Made extensive observations of Harvester Ant
Published in noted scientific journals of the time
Documented traditions and lives of Choctaw Indians
Corresponded with eminent natural scientists
x Lack of schooling limited formal scientific understanding
& allowed injection of unorthodox social & religious beliefs into
scientific writings
Remember him because:
He was a highly intelligent, intensely curious man with
tremendous courage and an indefatigable spirit who set an
example for naturalists of both his era and today.
Gideon Lincecum
Red Harvester Ant
Pogonymyrmex spp.
(1801-1879)
“Father
of
Texas Botany”
Ferdinand Lindheimer
“I cannot think of anything I prefer to wandering around & gathering
plants, & collecting & preserving them.”
Ferdinand Lindheimer
• (1801) - Born in Germany into affluent merchant family.
• Well schooled but does not finish university degree. Early interest in Botany.
• (1834) Involvement with liberal political movements led him to sever family ties and leave Germany for Illinois.
• (1834) Traveled to Vera Cruz, Mexico where he spent 16 mos. collecting plants & insects & working in German colony.
• (1836) Disenchanted with Mexican politics & inspired by Texas revolution, traveled to Galveston.
• (1837-41) Lives near Houston & collects in the area.
– Lives penurious life as a “would-be” farmer Lindheimer’s Gaura
Gaura lindheimeri Joseph A. Marcus
Ferdinand Lindheimer
• (1839-1840 & 1842-1843) Winters in Missouri with Engelmann
• 1843-1851 Collects specimens in Texas for Gray & Engelmann
• (1843-1844) Moved to Cat Springs & Industry area.
– Collected in Brazos bottom, Galveston, Chocolate Bayou & Matagorda Bay.
• (Dec. 1844) Traveled to Port Lavaca to assist first Adelsverein immigrants in migration.
– Helped select New Braunfels as location for settlement.
Germans on the way
to New Braunfels (1844)
Ferdinand Lindheimer
“Lindheimer Home “
painted by Henry Piepers
• (1846-1851) Collected from New Braunfels to Fbg. area and San Saba/Llano R. areas sending specimens to Gray.
– Befriended & collected with Roemer.
– Held in wary respect by the Indians.
• (1852-1872) Editor of “New Braunfelser Zeitung” – voice & conscience of German settlers.
Ferdinand Lindheimer-
Collecting Areas
Galveston
Industry
New Braunfels
Fbg.
San Saba
Lindheimer’s Beebalm
Monarda lindheimeri
Peter Loos Lindheimer’s Morning Glory
Ipomoea lindheimeri
Ferdinand Lindheimer
• First permanent resident botanical collector in Texas
• Specimens sent to Gray and Engelmann contributed extensively to Texas Botany.
– Gray & Engelmann memorialized him with publication of
“Plantae Lindheimerianae”, Parts I & II
• 48 (?) plant species/sub-species & 1 genus named after him
• 1 Snake species
Accomplishments:
Remember him because:
Man of great integrity with fierce dedication to human liberty.
Provided fascinating account of travels & the natural landscape.
“Father of Texas Botany”
Texas Star
Lindheimera texana
Ferdinand Lindheimer
Lindheimer Museum in New Braunfels
Questions?
Reference
Material
Bibliography
1. Berlandier, Jean Louis, Trans Sheila M. Ohlendorf, Journey to Mexico during the Years 1826 to 1834, (2 vols.,
Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1980)
2. Burkhalter, Lois Wood, Gideon Lincecum, 1793-1874: A Biography, (Austin: UT Press, 1965)
3. Flores, Dan L., "The Ecology of the Red River in 1806: Peter Custis and Early Southwestern Natural History",
Southwestern Historical Quarterly 88 (July 1984
4. Flores, Dan L., ed. Jefferson & Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River
Expedition of 1806 Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984
5. Geiser, S.W., Naturalists of the Frontier (Dallas: SMU, 1938, 2d ed. 1948)
1. Appendix B: A Partial List of Naturalists and Collectors in Texas (1820-1880)
6. Goyne, Minetta Altgelt, A Life Among the Texas Flora: Ferdinand Lindheimer’s Letters to George Engelmann, (
Texas A&M U. Press, 1991)
7. Handbook of Texas Online, (General Libraries of UT-Austin & Texas State Historical Association),
www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online
8. Lawson, Russell M., Frontier Naturalist: Jean Louis Berlandier and the Exploration of Northern Mexico and
Texas, (University of New Mexico Press, Nov., 2012) not available yet
9. Lincecum, Jerry Bryan & Phillips, Edward Hake, Editors, Adventures of a Frontier Naturalist: The Life and Times
of Dr. Gideon Lincecum, (Texas A&M U. Press, 1994)
10. Lincecum, Jerry Bryan & Phillips, Edward Hake, Redshaw, Peggy A., Editors, Science on the Texas Frontier:
Observations of Dr. Gideon Lincecum, (Texas A&M U. Press, 1997)
11. Olmstead, Frederick Law, A Journey Through Texas or A Saddle-trip on the Southwestern Frontier (1857), UT
Press, 1982)
12. Peacock, Howard, Frontier Naturalists, ( Texas Highways, May, 1995)
13. Reverchon, Julian, “Botanizing in Texas I & II”. Botanical Gazette, Vol, 2. No. 3, (Mar., 1886); available on-line at
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2994975
14. Roemer, Dr. Ferdinand, Trans. Oswald Mueller, Roemer’s Texas 1847-1847, ( Eakin Press, 1995)
15. Shaw, Elizabeth A., Charles Wright on the Boundary, 1849-52, (Westport, Connecticut: Meckler, 1987)
16. Warren-Henrick, Betsy, Wilderness Walkers: Naturalists in Early Texas (youth oriented), (Dallas: Long Publishing
Co., 1987)
17. Weniger, Del, Explorer’s Texas: Volume 1, The Land and Waters, (Eakin Press, 1984)
18. Weniger, Del, Explorer’s Texas: Volume 2, The Animals They Found, (Eakin Press, 1997)
Gustaf Belfrage, Entomologist
• Born 1834 in Stockholm & died near Norse, Tx in 1882
• (1854-1859) Studied Forestry & was Forester in Sweden
• (1859-1860) For unknown reasons migrates to New York & then Chicago where be
begins collecting insects
• (1867) Moves to Texas to continue his insect collecting
• Makes a living providing insect collections to Swedish Academy of Science as well as
university students in the US
• Collected near Houston, Tyler, Waco & Laredo, but primarily in the Clifton/Norse area
just west of Waco.
• Corresponded with many leading entomologists of the time who encouraged his efforts.
• His collections reside in many of the most prestigious museums of the eastern US and
Europe.
• (1879) Built a small hut near Norse in which he lived & died at age 48.
• His estate was valued at $894 but contained 36,881 specimens of neatly mounted
insects!
Jacob Boll, Geologist & Entomologist
• Born 1828 in Switzerland & died in Wilbarger County, Texas in 1880.
• Became a pharmacist & collected floral specimens of his canton which he published in a book in 1869 bringing him some recognition.
• (1869) After the death of his wife & business failure, he migrated to Dallas area where he had family & to make a new start.
• On the way, he stopped at Harvard to visit his friend & mentor, Louis Agassiz, who had become a world renowned scientist. – Agassiz convinces him to collect animals in Texas for the Harvard Museum
• (1870) Collected 15K specimens & 1600 species in Texas & then returned to Harvard as an Asst. at the Museum.
• (1871) Returns to Switzerland & is commissioned by govt. for further collecting of mollusks & woody plants in Texas
• (1872-73) Collected in New England & Switzerland & receives accolades in Europe & US for his work.
• (1874) Returned to Dallas area.
• By 1876, Began to collect fossils in the Wichita River country.
• (1877) Worked for US Entomological Commission on the Rocky Mtn. Locust
• (1877-1880) Collected fossils for Edward Cope (Am. Museum of Natural History) & discovered 32 new, rare species of Permian vertebrate fossils.
• (1880) Writes article for the American Naturalist & is first to identify scientifically the Permian Rocks of Texas
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