8 rational design criteria for rural roa
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RATIONAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR LOWRATIONAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR LOW
VOLUME ROADSVOLUME ROADS
Dr. U. C.Dr. U. C. SahooSahoo, BIT, BIT MesraMesraDr. M.Dr. M. AmaranathaAmaranatha ReddyReddy
Prof. K.Prof. K. SudhakarSudhakar ReddyReddy
IITIIT KharagpurKharagpur, India, India
BY
PIARC Int ernat ional seminar- SUSTAINABLE MAINTENANCE OF RURAL ROADS Rural Road System and
Accessibi l i t y t o Rural Areas21-23 January 2010
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IntroductionIntroduction Other district roads (ODR) and village roads (VR)Other district roads (ODR) and village roads (VR) -- ruralrural
roads in India covering aboutroads in India covering about 80% of the total road80% of the total roadlengthlength of the countryof the country
Rural transport sector is generally deprived of fundsRural transport sector is generally deprived of funds
In the absence of rational and practical guidelines andIn the absence of rational and practical guidelines and
specifications for the design, construction andspecifications for the design, construction andmaintenance, rural roads have generally not been ablemaintenance, rural roads have generally not been able
to provide satisfactory serviceto provide satisfactory service
Rational Design Criteria for Low Volume RoadsRational Design Criteria for Low Volume Roads
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IntroductionIntroduction A large number of roads are being constructed underA large number of roads are being constructed under
the Prime Ministerthe Prime Ministers rural connectivitys rural connectivity programmeprogramme
((PMGSYPMGSY))
RoadsRoads -- designed as per the guidelines given indesigned as per the guidelines given in
IRC:SP:20 (2002) and IRC:SP:72 (2007)IRC:SP:20 (2002) and IRC:SP:72 (2007)
Do not refer to any mechanistic principlesDo not refer to any mechanistic principles and there isand there is
also no reference to any documented performance dataalso no reference to any documented performance data
that formed the basis for these documentsthat formed the basis for these documents
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Failed Road
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Failed Road
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PerformancePerformance CriteriaCriteria
Most of the mechanisticMost of the mechanistic--empirical flexible pavementempirical flexible pavement
design methods consider the cracking of bound layersdesign methods consider the cracking of bound layersand rutting along the wheel paths as main distresses toand rutting along the wheel paths as main distresses to
be addressedbe addressed
In the case of low volume roads, the bituminousIn the case of low volume roads, the bituminous
surfacing is usually thin (less than 40 mm) and is notsurfacing is usually thin (less than 40 mm) and is not
expected to contribute significantly to the structuralexpected to contribute significantly to the structural
capacitycapacity
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Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria
Another simple parameter used to evaluateAnother simple parameter used to evaluate
pavement performance is roughness, whichpavement performance is roughness, which
reflects the user perspectivereflects the user perspective
Rutting and roughnessRutting and roughness have been identified ashave been identified as
two major distresses in case of thin surfacedtwo major distresses in case of thin surfaced
granular pavementsgranular pavements
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SubgradeSubgrade Strain CriterionStrain Criterion
Granular Layer
Subgrade
E1, 1
E2, 2
z , zh
b
zaN=
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Performance EvaluationPerformance Evaluation
Site SelectionSite Selection
PMGSY roads inPMGSY roads in PashimPashim MedinipurMedinipur, West Bengal, West Bengal
200m length200m length
19 test sections19 test sections
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Field InvestigationsField InvestigationsField Performance Evaluation
Structural Evaluation Functional Evaluation
SurfaceManifestation
In-Situ Strength Visual Assessment Roughness
Deflection Penetration
Cracking
RavellingPotholesPatching
Using
MERLIN
Falling WeightDeflectometer
Dynamic ConePenetrometer
Rutting
LongitudinalDepression
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Evaluation of Pavements using FWDEvaluation of Pavements using FWD
Evaluation of pavement condition under dynamicEvaluation of pavement condition under dynamic
loading is considered to be more rationalloading is considered to be more rational
FWDFWD developed at Indian Institute of Technologydeveloped at Indian Institute of Technology
KharagpurKharagpur (Reddy 2003) was used for the(Reddy 2003) was used for the
deflection studiesdeflection studies
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Evaluation using IITFWDEvaluation using IITFWD
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Evaluation ofEvaluation ofPavements using DCPPavements using DCP
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Laboratory InvestigationsLaboratory Investigations
Liquid Limit and Plastic LimitLiquid Limit and Plastic Limit
Percentage Passing IS 75Percentage Passing IS 75 SieveSieve
Standard Proctor Compaction TestStandard Proctor Compaction Test
California Bearing Ratio TestCalifornia Bearing Ratio Test
UnconsolidatedUnconsolidated UndrainedUndrained TriaxialTriaxial CompressionCompression
TestTest
Resilient Modulus TestResilient Modulus Test
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MECHANISTIC EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SECTIONSMECHANISTIC EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SECTIONS
Test sections wereTest sections were
analysedanalysed
as two layeras two layer
systems usingsystems using 3D finite element3D finite element modelmodel
KK-- model developed bymodel developed by PandeyPandey and Naiduand Naidu(1994)(1994) for granular materials has beenfor granular materials has been
adopted in the present studyadopted in the present study
( )0.7375
3.47R
M =
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TRAFFIC
Traffic Volume CountTraffic Volume Count
Axle Load dataAxle Load data
Load Equivalency FactorLoad Equivalency Factor
Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF)Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) Traffic Growth Rate (6 %)Traffic Growth Rate (6 %)
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R ti l D i C it i f L V l R dR ti l D i C it i f L V l R d
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AvgAvg ESALsESALs for Different Commercial Vehiclesfor Different Commercial Vehicles
VehicleVehicle Type of GoodsType of Goods AverageAverageESALESAL
LCVLCV LadenLaden 0.30.3
TruckTruck EmptyEmpty 0.20.2TruckTruck MoorumMoorum, Boulder, Stones, Boulder, Stones 16.316.3
TruckTruck BricksBricks 11.211.2
TruckTruck CementCement 5.85.8TruckTruck SandSand 8.88.8
TruckTruck Wood logsWood logs 6.66.6
TruckTruck Paddy/ RicePaddy/ Rice 11.511.5TruckTruck Vegetables/ FruitsVegetables/ Fruits 5.05.0
TruckTruck Fish/ Food ItemsFish/ Food Items 1.51.5
TruckTruck Goods/ Miscellaneous ItemsGoods/ Miscellaneous Items 7.97.9BusBus PassengersPassengers 1.61.6
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Vehicle Damage FactorVehicle Damage Factor
The VDF values for individual test sections varyThe VDF values for individual test sections vary
betweenbetween 1.70 and 3.39.1.70 and 3.39.
IRC: 37 (2001) recommends a value of 1.5 for roadsIRC: 37 (2001) recommends a value of 1.5 for roads
carrying traffic less than 150 commercial vehicles percarrying traffic less than 150 commercial vehicles per
dayday
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Terminal ConditionTerminal Condition
Riding Quality SurveyRiding Quality Survey
AA panel of experts travelled over some selected lowpanel of experts travelled over some selected low
volume road sections at a speed of 50 km/hvolume road sections at a speed of 50 km/h
Rated the pavements on a scale ofRated the pavements on a scale of 0 to 50 to 5 (0 for very(0 for very
poor to 5 for very good)poor to 5 for very good)
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Threshold limitsThreshold limits
Riding QualityRoughness
IRI (m/km)
Average Rut
Depth (mm)
Average
Longitudinal
Depression(mm)
Very Good < 4.5 < 2 8.5 >25 >7.3
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Pavement LifePavement Life
Pavement life was computed in terms of cumulativePavement life was computed in terms of cumulative
standard axle load repetitions using a traffic growthstandard axle load repetitions using a traffic growth
rate of 6%.rate of 6%.
TheThe rutting and roughness trends were extrapolatedrutting and roughness trends were extrapolated
to estimate the life of pavement for reaching theto estimate the life of pavement for reaching the
terminal conditions of 25 mm rut depth and 8.5 IRIterminal conditions of 25 mm rut depth and 8.5 IRI
(m/km) respectively(m/km) respectively
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SubgradeSubgrade Strain Criterion DevelopedStrain Criterion Developed
SubgradeSubgrade Strain criterion consideringStrain criterion considering
nonlinearity of granular layernonlinearity of granular layer
0.2720.029z N
=
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100
1000
10000
1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.0E+08
Standard Axle Load Repetitions
VerticalSubgradeStrain(
South Africa (Theyse et al., 1996)
Shell (1978)
Austroads (2004)
Author
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ConclusionsConclusions
To make the roads sustainable, design should beTo make the roads sustainable, design should be
accurate and economicalaccurate and economical
Nonlinear material property of the granular layerNonlinear material property of the granular layer
should be taken into account in mechanistic analysisshould be taken into account in mechanistic analysis
Terminal conditionTerminal condition
Roughness of 8.5 IRIRoughness of 8.5 IRI
Rutting of 25 mmRutting of 25 mm
Mechanistic Empirical Performance CriterionMechanistic Empirical Performance Criterion
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Acknowledgement
National Rural Roads Development Agency,
New Delhi
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