8. the spanish civil war
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Juan Antonio López Luque
Causes
• Changes in governments (left-right-left)
• Reforms and counter reforms
• Social discontent
• Political radicalization
• Social demonstration and revolts (revolts in Asturias and Cataluña and Casas Viejas).
• Military uprisings (General Sanjurjo).
• Increase in violence: Castillo y Calvo Sotelo.
• Social classes: true democracy, high classes privileges, social equality, social rights, distribution of wealth, land property, monarchy…
• Church-State: catholicism Vs. secularism
• Authonomies: State Vs. Regionalism
Causes of confrontation
July 17 1936 – April 1 1939.
Origins of the war
Origins of the war
Military uprisingMilitary uprisingWar stagesWar stages
July 17 1936 – April 1 1939.
InternationalizationInternationalizationConfronted political
viewsConfronted political
views
ConsequencesConsequences
Coup d’etat
• General Sanjurjo, the ideologist
Among the conspirators:
• General Sanjurjo, General Goded, General Mola, General Franco, and some mothers.
• The objective: a quick and violent coup d’etat.
Measures taken by the popular Front:
• Control over anti-republic military
• High ranking pro-republic military appointed.
Republicans
Republicans
General Franco
• General Franco: chief of the “Moroccan” Army
• A plane rented in England by pro-rebel civilians –named Dragon Rapide- took Franco to Tetuán (Morocco) from the Canary Islands.
Nationalists
Nationalists
Moroccan troops serving with the Spanish Army were the main force of General Franco and gained a reputation for
cruelty
Moroccan troops serving with the Spanish Army were the main force of General Franco and gained a reputation for
cruelty
Dates
• Uprising begins July 17
• July 18 Morocco is under control
• July 19 the troops croosed the Gibraltar strait into the Peninsula
• Not all the garrisons in the Peninsula supported the rebelion. Some of them remained loyal to the Republic
Military stages
Fight for Madrid
Fight for Madrid
Northern front
Northern front
Eastern front
Eastern front
• July1936 - March 1937
Important because it was the capital (symbolic importance) and it’s in the center of the country (strategic importance)
1st strategy failed: General Mola attack from the North and General Franco from the South
Mola could not surpass Somosierra (80 kms from the capital) and Franco then decided to attack Toledo
A new attempt of taking Madrid in November of 1936 failed but provoked the escape of the government to Valencia . Another attack in February of 1937 also failed
Madrid
Northern front
• April – October 1937
• Because of the failed attack on Madrid.
• Tried to control Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country
• Very wealthy area: industry and mines
• General Mola was the leader of the attack until his dead in a plane crash in June 1937.
• The German Condor Legion, responsibles of the attack over Guernica.
• Bilbao fell in June.
• The Basque autonomy is cancelled
• The Republican Army counter-attacked North of Madrid and Aragón.
• The objective was to divide the Nationalist forces
• August 1937 the nationalist Army with the support of the Italian troops conquered Santander, and in October Asturias had fell.
Northern front
• October 1937-April 1939
• Republican Army conquers Teruel (12/1937) and the Nationalists re-conquered it (2/1938).
• Battle of the Ebro, the longest and largest battle of the war between July and November 1938
• The results of the battle were disastrous for the Second Spanish Republic with tens of thousands of dead and wounded and little effect on the advance of the Nationalists.
Eastern front
•The Nationalists reached the Mediterranean through the river Ebro valley, and occupied Vinaroz and Castellón.
•In April1938 Lérida is occupied and the Cataluña autonomy is abolished
•The Republican government goes to Barcelona
•The pact of Munich*
•Attack over Cataluña (12/1938), and occupation of the city in January of 1939
•On February 6 1939 the legal authorities of the Republic crossed the frontier with France
Eastern front
Between the UK and France, and Germany and Italy
Czechoslovakia is handed over to Hitler
The United Kingdom and France proposed a retirement of the volunteers fighting in both sides
The International Brigades who were supporting the Republic left the country in 1938. German and Italian troops never did.
The allies decided not to intervene and left the Spanish Republic in the hands of the fascism.
The Pact of Munich (september 1938)
The end of the war
• On March1939 Lieutenant Colonel Casado (republican) tries to negotiate with Franco without permission of President Juan Negrín but he fails
• On March 28 1939 franco conquers Madrid.
• On March 30 1939 Alicante, the last Republican city is conquered.
• On April 1st 1939 the war officially ends
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