9_ p-block elements.pdf
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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]Up-`ihea bibgblts; Bibgblts `bihldold th drhup 35 th 3: hn tjb pbrohmoe tc`ib crb eciibm p-`ihea bibgblts.
Ol p-`ihea bibgblts icst olehgold bibetrhl bltbrs p-hr`otcis.,
Drhup35 3= 32 3> 34 3:
Jb
2 > 4 : ? 36
@ E L H N Lb
35 3= 32 3> 34 3:
Ci Uo V U Ei Cr
53 50 55 5= 52 5>
Dc Db Cs Ub @r Ar
=? 26 23 20 25 2=
Ol Ul U` ]b O Zb
:3 :0 :5 := :2 :>
] i V ` @ o V h C t P l
Vhsotohl ; Bxtrbgb Podjt hn pbrohmoe tc`ib
Dblbrci bibetrhloe ehlnodurctohl; ls0lp3>
Pbprbsbltctovb bibgblts ;
Bibgblt `bihldold th tjb s clm p-`ihea ol tjb V. ]. crb eciibm p-`ihea bibgblts hr gcol drhup bibgblt.
Olbrt pcor bnnbet ; ]jb tblmbley hn ls0bibetrhls th tcab pcrt ol `hlm nhrgctohl mberbcsbs wotj olerbcsb ol
cthgoe sozb. Ot os eciibm olbrt pcor bnnbet.
Clhgcihus `bjcvohur ;
]jb norst bibgblt hn bcej drhup sjhws ghrb clhgcihus `bjcvohur mub th tjb nhiihwold rbcshls.
3. bry sgcii sozb
0. Jodj O. B.
5. Jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty
=. C`sbleb hn m-hr otcis
Bxebptohls;
Cthgoe Gcss ; Cr < A
Bnnbetovb lueibcr ejcrdb ; Mberbcsbs nrhg drhup 34 th 3:Bibetrhl cnnoloty ; N 9 Ei, olbrt dcsbs os zbrh (+vb)
Ohlosctohl blbrdy ; L < H, Ol 9 ]i, Ul 9 V`.
Hxomosold phwbr ; Olbrt dcsbs jcvb zbrh hxomosold phwbr.
DPHRV 32
(L, V, Cs, U`, @o)
Ciihtrhpy ; Ujhwl `y cii bibgblts bxebpt L
ehgghl hxomctohl stctb ; 5, + 5, +2
Mhwl tjb drhup;]blmbley th sjhw 5 mberbcsbs (mub th olerbcsb ol sozb clm gbtciioe ejcrcetbr)
]blmbley th sjhw + 2 mberbcsbs, + 5 olerbcsbs (mub th olbrt pcor bnnbet)
L bxjo ots +3, + 0 , + = (hxombs hn L)
V bxjo ots +3, & + = ( ol hxhceoms )
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Mosprhphrtohlctohl Pbcetohl .
5JLH0JLH
5+ 5LH + J
0H
=J5VH
5 M 5J5VH=+ VJ5
Gcxogug Ehvcibley;
L os =. (mub th c`sbleb hn m-hr`otcis)
htjbr bibgblts Ghrb tjcl =.
L nhrgs pp -pp`hlms wjbrbcs htjbr bibgblts nhrgs mp-ppclm mp-mp bq. P5V 7 H
Ejbgoeci prhpbrtobsPbcetohl wotj Jymrhdbl Nhrg jymrombs
]LJ
VJ Utc`oioty mberbcsbs
CsJ @cso mberbcsbs
U`J Pbmueold ejc etbr olerb sbs
@oJ
5
5
5
5
5
eoty
rc c
@
Pbcetohl wotj Hxydbl ; Nhrgs hxombs B0H
5clm B
0H
2Hxombs wotj jodjbr hxomctohl stctbs crb ghrb ceomoe tjcl
ihwbr hxomctohl stctb.
B0
H5
L0H
5, V
0H
5 Ceomoe hxombs
Cs0H
5, U`
0H
5 Cgpjhtbroe hxombs
L H L
HH
H H
Utrueturb hn L H0 2
@o0H
5 @csoe hxombs
Pbcetohl wotj jcihdbl ; Nhrg jciombs
BZ5clm BZ
2
L mhbs lht nhrg pbltcjciombs.
Ehvciblt lcturb hn BZ2< BZ
5
Cii trojciombs crb stc`ib bxebpt tjhsb hn L
(Hliy LN5os stc`ib)
Pbcetohl wotj gbtci ; Nhrg `olcry ehgphulms sjhwold 5 hxomctohl stctb.
Ec5L
0, Ec
5V
0, Lc
5Cs
0, [l
5U`
0, Gd
5@o
0
MOLO]PHDBL ; L0
Vrbpcrctohl
3. Ehggbreoci Gbtjhm ; Ioquoncetohl clm nrcetohlci mostoiictohl hn cor.
0. Ic` Gbtjhm ;
LJ=Ei
(cq)+ LcLH
0(cq)L
0(d)+ 0J
0H
(i)+ LcEi
(cq)
LH clm JLH5 crb nhrgbm cs ogpuroty wjoej crb rbghvbm `y pcssold tjb dcs tjrhudj cqubhus J
0UH
=
ehltcolold A0Er
0H
4.
5. ]jbrgci mbehgphsotohl hn Cgghloug moejrhgctb.
(LJ=)
0Er
0H
4 M L0+ =J0H + Er0H5
=. ]jbrgci mbehgphsotohl hn czombs hn @c & Lc.
@c(L5)
0@c + 5L
0
0LcL5
0Lc + 5L0
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Vrhpbrtobs hn L0
3. Ehihuribss, hmhuribss, tcstbibss. lhl-thxoe dcs.
0. Ihw shiu`oioty ol J0H
5. Ot os olbrt mub th jodj hlm blbrdy
=. Ct jodj ] nhrg lotrombs
>Io + L0 M 0Io5L
5Gd + L0 M Gd5L0
2. L0+ 5J5 0LJ5(Jc`brs prhebss)
>. L0+ H
0 0666 A 0LH
Rsbs hn molotrhdbl
3. Gcaold LJ5clm ecieoug eyclcgomb
0. Ioquom lotrhdbl os usbm cs rbnrodbrclt
HZOMBU HN LO]PHDBL
Hxombs Lcturb Hxomctohl stctb
L H0 Lbutrci +3
LH
LH0
L H0 5
L H0 =
L H0 2
Vrbpcrctohl
LJ LH= 5
0 0 5LcLH + NbUH + J UH0 = 0 =
0V`(LH )5 0
0LH + L H0 =
0LH0
=JLH + V H5 = 36
Nb (UH ) + LcJUH + J H + LH0 = 5 = 00 0 0
=LH + V`H0 0
0L H0 5
L H0 =
=JVH + L H5 0 20
L H + J H0 0
Utrueturb
L L H
L 7 HLbutrci +0
Ceomoe +=
Ceomoe +5
Ceomoe +=
Ceomoe +2
>45 A
026 A
ehhi
Jbct
H H
L
H
L L
H H
H
L L
H H
H
H
L L
H H
HH
CGGHLOC LJ5
Ujcpb ;Vyrcgomci
jy`romosctohl ; sp5 JJJ
L
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Vrbpcrctohl hn LJ5
3. Ehggbreoci gbtjhm Jc`brs prhebss.
L0+ 5J
0 066 GVc
466 A0LJ
51 M
nJ 7 ?>.3 aK/ghi
Nihw ejcrt nhr gclunceturb hn cgghloc
0. Mbecy hn lotrhdblbhus hrdcloe gcttbr. (bd. urbc)
LJ0 EH LJ
0+ 0J
0H (LJ
=)
0EH
5 0LJ
5+ J
0H + EH
0
5. Nrhg cgghloug scits
0LJ=Ei + Ec(HJ)
0EcEi
0+ 0LJ
5+ 0J
0H
(LJ=)UH
=+ 0LcHJ Lc
0UH
=+ 0LJ
5+ 0J
0H
Vrhpbrtobs hn Cgghloc
3. Ehihuribss dcs wotj puldblt sgbii.
0. Jodjiy shiu`ib ol J0H
5. cqubhus shiutohl os wbcaiy csoe .LJ
5+ J
0H LJ
=
+ + HJ
=. rbcetohl wotj ceoms th nhrg cgghloug scits.
LJ5+ JEi LJ=Ei2. Vrbeopotctbs tjb jymrhxombs hn gcly gbtcis nrhg tjbor scit shiutohls.nhr bd. [lUH
=+ 0LJ
=HJ [l(HJ)
0+ (LJ
=)
0UH
=
(wjotb ppt)
>. nhrg ehgpibx ehgphulms
Eu+0+ =LJ5
QEu(LJ5)
=W0+
`iub mbbp `iub
CdEi + 0LJ5
QCd(LJ5)
0WEi
(wjotb ppt) ehihuribss
LO]POE CEOMLotroe Ceom
H L
H
H
J
Vrbpcrctohl
3. Olmustroci Gbtjhm Hstwcim Vrhebss
=LJ5+ 2H
0
266 A, ? `cr
Vt=LH + >J
0H
(Cor)
0LH + H0 0LH
0(d)
5LH0(d) + J0H(i) 0JLH5(cq) + LH(d) * LH nhrgbm os rbeyeibm
0. Ic` Gbtjhm
LcLH5+ J
0UH
= JLH
5+ LcJUH
=
Vrhpbrtobs hn Lotroe ceom
3. Ehihuribss ioquom
0. Ic` drcmb lotroe ceom ehltcols >:% JLH5`y gcss.
5. Upbeonoe drcvoty 3.26=.
=. Utrhld hxomosold cdblt
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2. Cttceas ghst gbtcis bxebpt lh`ib gbtcis Cu, Vt,
5Eu + :JLH5 5Eu(LH
5)
0+ 0LH + =J
0H
(moiutb)
Eu + =JLH5 Eu(LH
5)
0+ 0LH
0+ 0J
0H
(ehle)
= [l + 36JLH5 = [l(LH
5)
0
+ L0H + 2J
0H
(moiutb)
[l + =JLH5 [l(LH5)0+ 0LH0+ 0J0H (ehle.)
Uhgb Gbtcis (bd. Er, Ci) mh lht mosshivb ol ehle. JLH5`becusb hn nhrgctohl hn pcssovb noig hn hxomb hl tjb
surnceb.>. Ot hxomosbs lhl gbtcis clm tjbor ehgphulms.
O0+ 36 JLH
5 0JOH
5 + 36 LH
0+ = J
0H
Ohmoe ceom
E + =JLH5 EH
0+ =LH
0+ 0J
0H
U:+ =:JLH
5 :J
0UH
=+ =:LH
0+ 3>J
0H
V=+ 06JLH
5 =J
5VH
=+ 06LH
0+ =J
0H
(ehle.)
@rhwl rold tbst; Nhr lotrctbs
]jb tbst os ecrrobm hut `y cmmold moi NbUH= shiutohl th cl cqubhus shiutohl ehltcolold lotrctb ohl clm tjbl
ecrbnuiiy cmmold ehle. J0UH
=cihld tjb sombs hn tjb tbst tu`b. C `rhwl rold ct tjb oltbrnceb `/w tjb shiutohl clm
J0UH
=icybrs olmoectb tjb prbsbleb hn lotrctb ohl.
LH5
+ 5Nb+0+ =J+ LH + 5Nb+5+ 0J0H
QNb(J0H)
>W0++ LH QNb(J
0H)
2LHW0++ J
0H
`rhwl rold
Rsbs hn lotroe ceom
3. Gcaold nbrtiozbrs (LJ=LH
5), bxpihsovbs - lotrhdiyebrol, ]L].
0. Cs hxomosbr ol Pheabt nubi.
VJHUVJHPHRU
Ciihtrhpoe nhrgs - Tjotb, Pbm clm @icea .
Tjotb Vjhspjhrhus;
3. trclsiueblt, Vhoshlhus wjotb wcxy shiom.
0. Olshiu`ib ol J0H
5. Uhiu`ib ol EU0
=. Dihws ol mcra (Ejbgoiugblbsebleb)
2. Ghrb rbcetovb, ibss stc`ib (mub th clduicr strcol ol V=
ghibeuib wjbrb cldibs crb hliy
>6
>. Ectejbs norb ol cor.
V=+ 2 H
0V
=H
36
4. Mosshivbs ol `hoiold LcHJ th nhrg pjhspjolb
V=+ 5LcHJ + 5J
0H VJ
5+ 5LcJ
0VH
0
(shmoug jyphpjhspjotb)
:. Ehlsostb hn moserbtb tbtrcjbmrci V=ghibeuib.
V
V V
V
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2. Tbcaiy csoe VJ5+ J@r VJ
=@r
>. Uhiutohl hn VJ5ol wctbr mbehgphsbs ol prbsbleb hn iodjt dovold rbm V clm J
0dcs.
4. 5 EuUH=+ 0VJ
5Eu
5V
0+ 5J
0UH
=
5 JdEi0+ 0VJ
5Jd
5V
0+ >JEi
Rsbs hn VJ5
3. Ol Jhigb's sodlcis
0. Ol sghab serbbls
VJHUVJHPHRU ]POEJIHPOMB (VEi )5
Ujcpb ;Vyrcgomci
jy`romosctohl ; sp5
EiEiEi
V
Vrbpcrctohl hn VEi5
3. V= + >Ei
0 =VEi
5 (wjotb V) (mry)
0. V= + :UHEi
0 =VEi
5+ =UH
0+ 0U
0Ei
0 (wjotb V) (]johlyi ejihromb) (suipjur ghlhejihromb)
Vrhpbrtobs hn VEi5
3. Ehihuribss hoiy ioquom.
0. VEi5+ 5J
0H J
5VH
5+ 5JEi
(ghosturb)
5. 5E0J
2HJ + VEi
55E
0J
2Ei + J
5VH
5
=. 5EJ5EHHJ + VEi
55EJ
5EHEi + J
5VH
5
VJHUVJHRPU VBL]CEJIHPOMB (VE )i2
Ujcpb ;]rodhlci `opyrcgomci
jy`romosctohl ; sp
5
mV
Ei
EiEi
EiEi
c
c
bb
b060pg
0=6 pg
Cxoci `hlms(c) crb ihldbr tjcl bqucthroci `hlms(b), `becusb tjby sunnbr ghrb rbpuisohl tjcl bquothroci `hlms.
Vrbpcrctohl hn VEi2
3. V= + 36Ei
0 =VEi
2 (wjotb V) (bxebss)
0. V= + 36UH
0Ei
0 =VEi
2+ 36 UH
0
(Uuipjuryi ejihromb)
Vrhpbrtobs hn VEi2
3. _biihwosj wjotb phwmbr.
0. Jymrhiysb ol ghost cor th VHEi5clm nolciiy th J
5VH
=
VEi2+ J
0H VHEi
5+ 0JEi
VHEi5+ 5J
0H J
5VH
=+ 5JEi
5. Tjbl jbctbm ot su`iogbs ut mbehgphsbs hl strhld jbctold.
VEi2 Jbct VEi
5+ Ei
0
=. E0J
2HJ + VEi
2E
0J
2Ei + VHEi
5+ JEi
2. EJ5EHHJ + VEi
2EJ
5EHEi + VHEi
5+ JEi
>. Ul + 0VEi2 M UlEi=+ 0VEi50Cd + VEi
2 M 0CdEi + VEi5
4. VEi2ol shiom stctb bxosts cs ohloe shiom.
QVEi=W+ QVEi
>W
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Hxceoms hn V
V
H
HJJHHJ
V V
H H
H HJJHHJ HJ
V
H
H HJJHHJ
Hrtjhpjhspjhroe coem Vyrhpjhspjhroe ceom Vbrhxhghlhpjhspjhroe ceom
(J5VH
=), (J
=V
0H
4) (J
5VH
2)
V
H
HJJHJ
V
H
HJJJ
HJV
V
V
HH
H HH
H HJ
JH
Hrtjhpjhspjhrus coem Jyphpjhspjhrus ceom Eyeihtrogbtcpjhspjhroe ceom
(J5VH
5),Vjhspjhloe ceom (J
5VH
0),Vjhspjoloe ceom (JVH
5)
5
V VV
HH
HH HH HJHJ H
HJ
VV
HH
J JH HJHJ
Vhiygbtcpjhspjhroe ceom Vyrhpjhspjhrhus ceom
(JVH5)
l(J
=V
0H
2)
]jb ceoms wjoej ehlncol VJ `hlms jcvb strhld rbmueold prhpbrtobs. ]jus jyphpjhspjhrhus ceom (J5VH
0) os c
dhhm rbmuebrold cdblt cs ot ehltcos twh V J `hlms. Ot rbmuebs CdLH5th Cd,
= CdLH5+ 0J
0H + J
5VH
0=Cd + =JLH
5J
5VH
=
VJ `hlms crb lhl-ohlosc`ib th dovb J+. Hliy tjhsb J cthgs wjoej crb cttcejbm wotj hxydbl ol VHJ crb
ohlosc`ib clm ecusb `csoeoty.
DPHRV 3>
(EJCIEHDBLU)(H, U, Ub, ]b, Vh)
Heeurbleb;
Hxydbl Ghst c`ulmclt hn cii tjb bibgblts hl bcrtj
Uuipjur Dypsug EcUH=. 0J
0H
Bpshg scit GdUH=. 4J
0H
@crytb @cUH=
[ole `iblmb [lU.
Ehppbr pyrotb EuNbU0
cs J0U ol vhieclhbs
ol bdds, hlohl, gustcrm, prhtbols, whhi bte.
Ub clm ]b Cs gbtci sbiblombs hr tbiiurombs ol suipjomb hrbs.
Vhihloug Mbecy prhmuet hn tjrhoug clm urcloug golbrcis.
Hxomctohl stctb;
hxydbl bxjo`ot 10 (Ol HN0, + 0 clm ol H
0N
0+ 3)
htjbr bibgblts 1+0, +=, +>
Utc`oiotyhn +> mberbcsbs mhwl tjb drhup clm += olerbcsbs. (mub th olbrt pcor bnnbet)
Pbcetohl wotj Jymrhdbl ; nhrg jymrombs J0B (B 7 U, Ub, ]b, Vh)
J0H , J
0U, J
0Ub, J
0]b
Ceomoe ejcrcetbr olerbcsbsJ B `hlm blbrdy mberbcsbs
Pbmueold prhpbrty olerbcsbs
]jbrgci stc`oioty mberbcsbs
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H[HLB ; H5
Ciihtrhpoe nhrg hn hxydbl nhrgbm nrhg ctghspjbroe hxydbl ol tjb prbsbleb hn suliodjt.
Vrbpcrctohl hn Hzhlb
Tjbl sihw strbcg hn hxydbl os pcssbm tjrhudj c soiblt bibetroeci mosejcrdb ehlvbrsohl hn hxydbl th Hzhlb
heeur ; 5H00H
51
MJ(0?:A) 7 +3=0 aKghi3
Vrhpbrtobs hn Hzhlb
3. Vurb hzhlb os pcib iub dcs, mcra iub ioquom clm vohibt icea shiom .
0. Ugcii ehlebltrctohl os jcrgibss. Ots ehlebltrctohl c`hvb 366 pcrts pbr goiiohl
ecusbs jbcmcejb clm lcusbc.
5. Cet cs phwbrnui hxomosold cdblt (mub th io`brctohl hn cthgs hn lcseblt hxydbl
H5H
0+ H)
V`U(s)
+ =H5(d)
V`UH=(s)
+ =H0(d)
0O(cd)
+ J0H
(i)+ H
5(d)0 HJ
(cq)+ O
0(s)+ H
0(d)
=. Tjbl hzhlb rbcets wotj bxebss hn AO shiutohl `unnbrbm wotj c hrctb unnbr (pJ ?.0), ohmolb
os io`brctbm wjoej ecl `b totrctbm cdcolst c stclmcrm shiutohl hn shmoug tjohsuipjctb . ]jos
os c qucltotctovb gbtjhm nhr bstogctohl hn H52. Mbpibtohl hn hzhlb icybr Mub th
(3) Nrbhls
(0) Lotroe hxomb bgottbm nrhg bxjcust hn supbrkbt piclbs.
LH + H5LH
0+ H
0
Pbshlcleb strueturb hn hzhlb
H H H
H H HH H H334
30:pg
Rsbs hn Hzhlb;
3. Cs dbrgoeomb mosolnbetclt clm nhr stbroiosold wctbr 0. Nhr `ibcejold hois, ovhry, nihur, stcrej bte.
5. cs hxomosold cdblt ol gcaold hn AGlH=.
=. Hzhlb icybr prhtbets nrhg uitrcvohibt rcmoctohls.
URIVJRP
Pjhg`oe suipjur (suipjur)
3. ybiihw ehihur shiom
0. g.p. 5:2.: A
5. Upbeonoe drcvoty 0.6>
=. Pjhg`oe U erystcis crb nhrgbm hl bvcphrctold tjb shiutohl hn rhii U ol EU0.
2. Olshiu`ib ol wctbr ut mosshivbs th shgb bxtblt ol blzblb, ciehjhi, btjbr.
>. Pbcmoiy shiu`ib ol EU0
4. Utc`ib bihw 5>? A
Ghlheioloe Uuipjur ( suipjur)
3. Vrbpcrbm `y gbitold rjhg oe U ol c mosj clm ehhiold toii erust os nhrgbm. ]wh jhibs crb gcmb ol tjb erust
clm tjb rbgcolold ioquom prhurbm hut hl rbghvold tjb eurst, ehihuribss lbbmib sjcpbm erystcis hn `-suipjur crbnhrgbm
0. g. p. 5?5 A, Upbeonoe drcvoty 3.?:
5. Uhiu`ib ol EU0
=. Utc`ib c`hvb 5>? A clm trclsnhrgs olth c suipjur `bihw ot.* Ct 5>? A `htj nhrgs crb stc`ib. ]jos tbgpbrcturb os eciibm trclsotohl tbgpbrcturb.
@htj rjhg`oe clm ghlheioloe U jcvb U:ghibeuibs U
:rold ol `htj nhrg os pueabrbm (erhwl sjcpb)
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U
UU
U
U
U
UU
Htjbr ghmonoectohls hn U
3. U>ejcor nhrg
U
U
U
U
U
U
0. U0(ct 3666A) os Vcrcgcdlbtoe ioab H
0il vcphur stctb.
URIVJRP MOHZOMB
Vrbpcrctohl
3. U + H0UH
0
0. ]rbctold suipjotb wotj moi J0UH
=(Ic`. Gbtjhm)
UH50(cq) + 0J+(d)
J
0H (i) + UH
0(d)
5. Cs `y -prhmuet hn rhcstold hn suipjomb hrbs (olmustroci gbtjhm)
=NbU0
(s) + 33 H0
(d) Nb0
H5
(s) + :UH0
(d)
]jb dcs os sthrbm ol stbbi eyiolmbrs
Vrhpbrtobs;
3. Ehihuribss dcs wotj puldblt sgbii.
0. jodjiy shiu ib ol wctbr.
5. ioquonobs ct rhhg ] ulmbr c prbssurb hn 0 ctghspjbrbs
=. `.p. 0>5A .
2. UH0+ J
0H J
0UH
5
>. 0LcHJ + UH00Lc
0UH
5+ J
0H
Lc0UH
5+ J
0H + UH
00LcJUH
5
4. UH0+ Ei
0 ejcrehci UH0Ei0
suipjuryi ejihromb
:. UH0+ H
0 20H^ 0UH5
?. Ghost UH0`bjcvbs cs rbmueold cdblt
0Nb+5+ UH0+ 0J
0H 0Nb+0+ UH
=
0+ =J+
2UH0+ 0GlH
=
+ 0J0H
2UH
=
0+ =J++ 0Gl0+ (mbehihurosbs ceomonobm AGlH=ot os usbm cs
tbst nhr UH0dcs)
UH0ghibeuib Ujcpb Clduicr
Pbshlcleb strueturbs
U U
H HH H
Rsbs hn UH0
3. Pbnolold pbtrhibug clm sudcr.
0. Ol ibcejold whhi clm soia
5. Cs clto -ejihr, mosolnbetclt clm prbsbrvctovb
=. Ol gcaold J0UH
=, LcJUH
5, Ec(JUH
5)
0
2. Ioquom UH0th mosshivb hrdcloe clm olhrdcloe ejbgoeci
Hxhceoms hn Uuipjur.
UU
H
JHJHHJHJ
HH
UU
HH
HHHJHJ
HH
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Uuipjurhus coem Uuipjuroe ceom Vbrhxhmosuipjuroe ceom
J0UH
5J
0UH
=J
0U
0H
:
UU
HH
HHJHJ
HH
Vyrhsuipjuroe ceom (hibug) J0U0H4
URIVJRPOE CEOM
Gclunceturb `y ehltcet prhebss
Utbp3. U + H0UH
0
Utbp0. UH0+ H
0 20H^ UH5
Utbp5. UH5+ J
0UH
= J0U0H4
Utbp=. J0U
0H
4+ J
0H 0J0UH=
Ehle. J UH0 =
Sucrtz
Hibug
(J U H )0 0 4
UH5
Nihw mocdrcg nhr tjb gclunceturb hn suipjuroe
ceom
Vrhpbrtobs hn suipjuroe ceom
3. Ehihuribss mblsb hoiy ioquom
0. Upbeonoe drcvoty 3.:= ct 0?: A
5. Nrbbzbs ct 0: A clm `hois ct >33 A
=. Ot mosshivbs ol wctbr wotj tjb bvhiutohl hn c icrdb qucltoty hn jbct. Jbleb ehlebltrctbm ceom gust b cmmbmsihwiy olth wctbr wotj ehlstclt storrold wjoib prbpcrold J0UH
= shiutohl.
2. Ihw vhictoioty
>. c oioty th cet cs hxomosold cdblt
4. Ol cqubhus shiutohl ot ohlosbs ol 0 stbps
J0UH
=(cq) + J
0H(i) J
5H+(cq) + JUH
=
(cq) 1 Ac37 vbry icrdb (Ac
3< 36 )
JUH=(cq) + J
0H(i) J
5H+(cq) + UH
=
0(cq) 1 Ac07 3.0 360
:. 0GZ + J0UH
= 0JZ + G
0UH
=(Z 7 N , Ei, LH
5) (G 7 Gbtci )
?. Cet cs strhld mbjymrctold cdblt. Gcly wbt dcsbs crb mrobm y pcssold tjrhudj ot
36. Ot rbghvbs wctbr nrhg hrdcloe ehgphlms
E30
J00
H33
=0UHJ 30 E + 33 J0
H
33. Ot Hxomosbs gbtcis clm lhl gbtcis clm rbmuebs otsbin th UH0
Eu + 0J0UH
= EuUH
= + UH
0+ 0J
0H
5U + 0J0UH
= 5 UH
= + 0J
0H
E + 0J0UH
= EH
0 + 0UH
0+ 0J
0H
Rsbs hn suipjuroe ceom ;
3. Gclunceturb nbrtoiozbrs (bq. cgghloug suipjctb, supbrpjhspjctb)
0. Vbtrhibug rbnolold
5. Gcaold pcolts podgblts
=. Mbtbrdblt olmustry
2. Eibclsold gbtcis
>. Ol sthrcdb, `cttbrobs
4. Gcaold lotrhebiiuihsb prhmuets
:. Cs ic hrcthry rbcdblt.
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DPHRV 34
QAlhwl cs jcihdbls (scit prhmuebr) W
QBibgblts N, Ei @r, O, Ct (rcmocetovb)W
Heeurbleb
N Olshiu`ib niuhrombs Niuhrcptotb 5Ec5(VH
=)
0. EcN
0, niuhrspcr (EcN
0) Eryhiotb (Lc
5CiN
>),
ol rovbr wctbr piclt, `hlbs clm tbbtj hn clogcis
Ei LcEi & Acrlciotb (AEi GdEi0. >J
0H) ol mrovbm up sbcs.
@r sbc wctbr.O sbc wbbms (6.2%).
Vjysoeci Vrhpbrtobs
N0, Ei
0dcsbs
@r0
ioquomO
0 shiom
Ejbgoeci prhpbrtobs
Hxomctohl stctbs
Cii bibgblts bxjo`ot 3
Ei, @r, O bxjo`ot +3, + 5, + 2 , + 4 cish (wjbl ol ehg`olctohl hn jodjiy bibetrhlbdctovb cthg N & H)
+ =, + > heeurs ol hxombs clm ceoms hn Ei, @r.
* Jcihdbls crb jodjiy rbcetovb. ]jbor rbcetovoty mberbcsbs mhwl tjb drhup.
* N0os tjb strhldbst hxomosold jcihdbl cs ot hxomosbs htjbr jciomb ol shiutohl hr shiom pjcsb
N0+ 0Z0N+ Z
0(Z
07 Ei, @r O)
Ei0+ 0Z0Ei+ Z
0(Z
07 @r hr O)
@r0+ 0O0@r+ O
0
* Hxomosold c`oioty hn jcihdbls mberbcsbs mhwl tjb drhup.
* Niuhrolb hxomosbs wctbr th hxydbl wjbrbcs Ei0clm @r, rbcet wotj wctbr th nhrg jcymrhjcioe clm jyphjcihus
ceoms. Oecl `b hxomosbm `y hxydbl ol ceomoe gbmoug.
0N0(d) + 0J0H(i) =J+(cq) + =N(cq) + H0(d)Z
0(d) + J
0H(i) JZ(cq) + JHZ(cq)
Qwjbrb Z 7 Ei, @r, W
=O(cq) + =J+(cq) + H00O
0(s) + 0J
0H
Pbcetovty thwcrms jymrhdbl ; Nhrg jymrhdbl jciomb. Cnnoloty nhr jymrhdbl mberbcsbs nrhg N th O
Ceomoe strbldtj JN 9 JEi 9 J@r 9 JO
Utc`oioty JN < JEi < J@r < JO (mub th moerbcsb ol `hlm ( J Z) mossheoctohl bltjcipy mhwl tjb drhup)
Pbmueold ejcrcetbr JN 9 JEi 9 J@r 9 JO
Pbcetovoty thwcrms hxydbl ; nhrg hxombs `ut ghst hn tjbg crb ulstc`ib. N nhrgs HN0 clm H
0N
0
(HN0
os tjbrgciiy stc`ib ct 0?: A)
* ]jbsb hxombs crb bssbltociiy hxydbl nihurombs `becusb hn tjb jodjbr bibetrhlbdctovoty hn nihurolb tjcl hxydbl.
(H0N
0hxomosbs Vu th VuN
>clm tjb rbcetohl os usbm ol rbghvold Vu
cs VuN
>nrhg spblt lueibcr nubi).
Mberbcsold hrmbr hn stc`oioty hn hxombs nhrgbm `y jbihdblb
O < Ei < @r
Jodjbr hxombs hn jcihdbls crb ghrb stc`ib tjcl ihwbr hlbs.
Ejihrolb hxombs Ei0H, EiH
0, Ei
0H
>, Ei
0H
4crb jodjiy rbcetovb hxombsold cdblts & tblm th bxpihmb. EiH
0 os
usbm cs `ibcejold cdblt clm ol wctbr trbctgblt.
@rhgolb hxombs ; @r0H, @rH
0, @rH
5(crb ibcst stctb clm bxost ct ihw ]).
Crb phwbrnui hxomosold cdblts.
Ohmolb hxombs ; O0H
=, O
0H
2, O
0H
4(mbehgphsb hl jbctold)
O0H2 ^bry dhhm hxombsold cdblt clm os usbm ol bstogctohl hn EH.
EiH
HEi HEi 33:333Ei EiH H
H H
H H
Ei Ei
H H
H HH
H
Ei EiH H
H H
H HH
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Pbcetovoty thwcrms gbtcis ; Nhrg Gbtci jciombs
Gd(s) + @r0(i) Gd@r
0(s)
Ohloe ejcrcetbr GN < GEi < G@r < GO ( G 7 Ghlhvciblt gbtci)
On gbtci bxjo`ts ghrb tjcl hlb hxombtohl stctb, tjb jciombs ol jodjbr hxomctohl stctb crb ghrb ehvciblt.
bq. UlEi=< UlEi
0
V`Ei=< V`Ei
0
U`Ei2< U`Ei
5
RN>< RN=EJIHPOLB ; Ei0
Mosehvbrbm `y Ujbbib (344=) `y cetohl hn JEi hl GlH0(Ejihrhus 7 drbblosj ybiihw)
Vrbpcrctohl hn Ei0
3. GlH0+ =JEi GlEi
0+ Ei
0+ 0J
0H
(ehle.)
0. GlH0+ LcEi + =J
0UH
=GlEi
0+ =LcJUH
=
+ Ei0+ 0J
0H
5. 0AGlH0+ 3>JEi 0AEi + 0GlEi
0+ 2Ei
0
+ :J0H
Gclunceturb3. Mbcehls Vrhebss ; Hxomctohl hn JEi dcs `y cthghspjbroe hxombs
JEi + H0 EuEi0
405 A0Ei
0+ 0J
0H
0. Bibetrhiysos hn `rolb ; (LcEi shiutohl )
0LcEi + 0J0H 0LcHJ + Ei
0+ J
0
(Clhmb)
Vrhpbrtobs hn Ei0
3. Drbblosj ybiihw dcs wotj puldblt clm sunnhectold
0. 02 togbs jbcvobr tjcl cor.
5. ioquonobm bcsoiy=. shiu`ib ol wctbr.
2. Totj lug`br hn gbtcis clm lhl gbtcis nhrgs ejihrombs
0Ci + 5Ei00CiEi
51 V
=+ >Ei
0=VEi
5
0Lc + Ei00LcEi 1 U
:+ =Ei
0=U
0Ei
0
0Nb + 5Ei00NbEi
5
>. Pbcets wotj J ehltcolold ehgphulm th nhrg JEi
J0
+ Ei00JEi
J0U + Ei
00JEi + U
E36
J3>
+ :Ei03> JEi + 36 E
?. : LJ5+ 5Ei
0 >LJ
=Ei + 5JEi
(bxebss) (Lotrhdbl troejihromb)
36. LcHJ + Ei0 LcEi + LcHEi + J
0H
(ehim moiutb) (shmoug jyphejihrotb)
>LcHJ + 5Ei0 2LcEi + LcHEi
5
+ 5J0H
(mosprhphrtohlctohl rbcetohl ) (jht ehle.) (shmoug ejihrotb)
33. 0Ec(HJ)0+ 0Ei
0 Ec(HEi)
0+ EcEi
0+ J
0H
(Mry sicabm iogb) (`ibcejold phwmbr)
]jb ehgphsotohl hn `ibcejold phwmbr os
Ec(HEi)0. EcEi
0Ec(HJ)
0. 0J
0H
30. Totj jymrhecr`hlsEJ
=+ Ei
0 vR EJ5Ei + JEi
E0J
=+ Ei
0 ]Phhg E0J=Ei0
3,0 Moejihrh btjclb
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35. Ejihrolb wctbr hl stclmold ihsbs ots ybiihw ehihur mub th tjb nhrgctohl hn JEi clm JHEi. (Jyprhejihrhus
ceom). JHEi nhrgbm dovbs lcseblt hxydbl wjoej os rbsphlso`ib nhr hxomosold clm ibcejold prhpbrtobs hn ejihrolb.
0NbUH=+ J
0UH
=+ Ei
0Nb
0(UH
=)
5+ 0JEi
Lc0UH
5+ Ei
0+ J
0H Lc
0UH
=+ 0JEi
UH0+ 0J
0H + Ei
0J
0UH
=+ 0JEi
O0+ >J
0H + 2Ei
00JOH
5+ 36 JEi
3=. Ot os c phwbrnui `ibcejold cdblt1 `ibcejold cetohl os mub th hxomctohl
Ei0+ J0H 0JEi + HEhihurbm su`stcleb + H Ehihuribss su`stcleb.@ibcejold cetohl os pbrgclblt. @ibcejbs vbdbtc`ibs clm hrdcloe gcttbr ol tjb prbsbleb hn ghosturb.
Rsbs hn ejihrolb;
(c) Cs ibcejold cdblt.
( ) bstrbetohl hn dhim & Vt
(e) Gcaold mybs, mruds, hrdcloe ehgphulm.
(EEi=, EJEi
5MM])
(m) Utbroiosold mrolaold wctbr.
(b) Gcaold phoshlhus dcsbs ioab Vjhsdblb EHEi0, tbcr dcs (EEi
5LH
0) gustcrm dcs
(EiEJ0EJ0UEJ0EJ0Ei).J_MPHDBL EJIHPOMB ; JEi
Dicu`br prbpcrbm ot `y jbctold ehgghl scit wotj ehle. J0UH
=.
LcEi + J0UH
= =06 A LcJUH
=+ JEi
LcJUH=+ LcEi :05 A Lc
0UH
=+ JEi
*JEi dcs ecl `b mrobm `y pcssold ot tjrhudj ehle. J0UH
=
Vrhpbrtobs hn JEi
3. Ehihuribss, puldblt sgbiiold dcs.
0. Nrbbzold pholt 32? A, `.p. 3:? A,
5. Bxtrbgbiy shiu ib ol wctbr.JEi(d) + J
0H (i) J
5H++ Ei(cq) 1 Ac 7 364
=. Ots cqubhus shiutohl os eciibm jymrhejihroe ceom
2. Pbcets wotj LJ5th dovb wjotb nugbs hn LJ
=Ei
LJ5+ JEi LJ
=Ei
>. Cquc -rbdoc ; Tjbl 5 pcrts hn ehle JEi clm hlb pcrt hn ehle. JLH5 crb goxbm.
Ot os usbm nhr mosshivold lh`ib gbtcis (Cu, Vt)
Cu + =J++ LH5
+ =EiCuEi=+ LH + 0J
0H
5Vt + 3>J++ =LH5
+ 3:Ei5VtEi>
0+ =LH + :J0H
4. LcEH5+ 0JEi 0LcEi + J
0H + EH
0
LcJEH5
+ JEi LcEi + J0
H + EH0
Lc0UH
5+ 0JEi 0LcEi + J
0H + UH
0
Rsbs hn JEi ;
3. Gclunceturb hn Ei0, LJ
=Ei, diuehsb,
0. Nhr bxtrcetold diub nrhg `hlbs & puronyold `hlb icea
5. Cs ic`hrcthry rbcdblt
=. Ol gbmoeolbs.
Hxhceoms hn Ejihrolb
H
EiJ
H
EiJ
H
Jyphejihrhus ceom (JHEi) Ejihrhus ceom(JEiH0)
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Ei
H
HH
J
Ei
H
HH
H
J
Ejihroe ceom (JEiH5) Vbrejihroe ceom(JEiH
=)
Ceomoe strbldtj hn hxhceoms
JEiH 9 JEiH09 JEiH
59 JEiH
=
Ceomoe strbldtj JEiH < J@rH < JOH
Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms; Tjbl twh monnbrblt jcihdbls rbcet wotj bcej htjbr .
]ypbs ZZ', ZZ'5, ZZ'
2, ZZ'
4(wjbrb Z os jcihdbl hn icrdbr sozb, Z' hn sgciibr sozb .
Z os ghrb bibetrhphsotovb tjcl Z')
Cs rctoh `/w rcmoo hn Z clm Z' olerbcsbs, tjb lug`br hn cthgs pbr ghibeuib cish olerbcsbs bd. ON4jcs gcxogug
lug`br hn cthgs cs tjb rctoh hn rcmoo `/w O clm N os gcxogug.
Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms crb ghrb rbcetovb tjcl jcihdbls (bxebpt N0) `becusb Z Z' hlm os wbcabr tjcl Z
Z, bxebpt N N.Vrbpcrctohl hn Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms;
Ei0+ N
0 A=45 0EiN 1 O
0+ Ei
00OEi
(bquci vhiugb) (bquoghicr)
Ei0+ 5N
0 A245 0EiN
51 O
0+ 5Ei
00OEi
5
(bxebss) (bxebss)
@r0+ 5N
00@rN
5
(moiutbm wotj wctbr )
@r0+ 2N
00@rN
2
(bxebss)
Jy`romosctohl
ZZ'(EiN, @rN, OEi) --
ZZ'5(EiN5, @rN5, ON5) sp5m
ZZ'2(ON2, @rN2, EiN2) sp m
sp mZZ'4(ON4)
]ypb
]Ujcpb
Uqucrb Vyrcgomci
Vbltcdhlci opyrcgomci
Ujcpb
* OEi5mogbrosbs cs Ei `romdbm mogbr (O
0Ei
>)
Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms ulmbrdh jymrhiysos ;Dovold jciomb ohl mbrovbm nrhg sgciibr jcihdbl clm jyphjciotb (wjbl ZZ'), jciotb (wjbl ZZ'
5)
jcictb (wjbl ZZ'2) pbrjcictb (ZZ'
4) clohl mbrovbm nrhg icrdbr jcihdbl.
Rsbs hn Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms ;
(3) Cs lhl cqubus shivblt
(0) Rsbnui nihurolctold cdblts
(5) EiN5, @rN
5crb usbm nhr tjb prhmoetohl hn RN
>ol tjb blroejgblt hn R052.
R(s)
+ 5EiN5(i)
RN>(d)
+ 5EiN(d)
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DPHRV 3:
(Jb, Lb, Cr, Ar, Zb, Pl)
Lh`ib dcsbs; ]jby rbcet wotj hliy nbw bibgblts ioab N0clm H
0th nhrg ehgphulms mub th tjbor stc`ib bibetrhloe
ehlnodurctohl.
Heeurbleb ; 3 % `y vhiugb (crdhl gckhr ehlstotublt) ol cthgspjbrb (Bxebpt Pcmhl)
Jb & Lb ol golbcris hn Pcmohcetovb hrodbl bq. potej `iblmb, ghlczotb, eibvotb bte.
Jb Ehggbreoci shureb os lcturci dcs Pcmhl(Pl) mbecy prhmuet hn Pcmoug.
JbPlPc =0000:>
00>:: + (@y Mhrl)
Vjysoeci Vrhpbrtobs
3. Ghlhcthgoe
0. Ehihuribss , Hmhuribss, tcstbibss dcs.
5. Upcroldiy shiu ib ol wctbr.
=. bry ihw g. p. clm .p. (wbca mospbrsohl nhrebss) bd. Jb jcs ihwbst g.p. (=.0A) tjcl cly alhwl su`stcleb.
Ot jcs ulusuci prhpbrty hn monnusold tjrhudj ru``br, dicss hr picstoes.
Ejbgoeci prhpbrtobs ; ibcst rbcetovb hr olbrtlbss os mub th (o) ehgpibtbiy noiibm vcibleb sjbii (oo) jodj O. B.(ooo) Ghrb + vb bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy.
Lboi @crtibttprbpcrbm norst ehgphulm hn Zb
VtN>+ Zb Zb+QVtN
>W (O. B. hn Zb 7 3346 aK/ghi, O. B. hn hxydbl 7 3342 aK/ghi)
(rbm)
Ehgphulms hn Arypthl crb nbwbr .
Hliy ArN0stumobm ol mbtcoi.
Ehgphulm hn Pl crb ombltonobm
(bd. PlN0) `y rcmohtrcebr tbejloqub.
Lh ehgphulms hn Cr, Lb hr Jb crb alhwl
Zb clm N Ehgphulms
Zb(d) + N0(d)
>45 A
3 `crZbN
0(s)
(bxebss)
Zb(d) + 0N0(d)
:45 A
4 `crZbN
=(s)
(3 ; 2 rctoh)
Zb(d) + 5N0(d)
245 A
>6-46 crZbN
>(s)
(3 ; 0 rctoh)
Vrhpbrtobs hn ehgphulm hn lh`ib dcsbs
(ZbN0, ZbN=, ZbN>)(3) ehihuribss erystciiolb shioms
(0) su`iogbs rbcmoiy ct 0?: A
(5) Crb phwbrnui niuhrolctold cdblts
(=) Pbcmoiy jymrhiysbm
bq. 0ZbN0+ 0J
0H 0Zb(d) + =JN(cq) + H
0(d)
Zblhl Nihurombs rbcet wotj nihuromb ceebpthrs th nhrg ectohloe spbeobs clm nihuromb ohl mhlhrs th nhrg
nihurhclohls
ZbN0+ VN
2QZbNW+QVN
>W
ZbN=+ U`N
2QZbN
5W+QU`N
>W
N>
+ GN G+ QZbN4
W(G 7 Lc, A, P` )
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Ehgphulm hn Zb clm H
>ZbN=+ 30J
0H =Zb + 0ZbH
5+ 0= JN + 5H
0
ZbN>+ 5J
0H ZbH
5+ >JN
0ZbN0+ 0J
0H 0Zb + =JN(cq) + H
0(d)
ZbN=, ZbN
>jymrhjysb th dovb ZbH
5(Ehihuribss shiom , 00 togbs ghrb bxpihsovb tjcl ]L])
Vcrtoci jymrhiysos hn ZbN>dovbs Hxyniuhrombs, ZbHN
=clm ZbH
0N
0Y.
ZbN>+ J0H ZbHN= + 0JN(Ehihuribss vhictoib ioquom)
ZbN>+ 0J
0H ZbH
0N
= + =JN
(Zblhl mohxymoniuhromb)
Ujcpbs.
Zb
N
N
Zb
N
NN
N N
NN
N
Zb
N
N
Zb
HHH
H
ZbN0
ZbN=
ZbN=
ZbN>
(Iolbcr) (Uqucrb piclcr) (Mosthrtbm hetcjbmrci) (]btrcjbmrci)
N
NN
N
Zb
HH
H
H Zb
N
N
H
H
Zb
N
N
N
NN
N
Zb
H
H
ZbHN=
ZbH5N
0ZbH
5ZbH
0N
0
(Uqucrb pyrcgomci) (]rodhlci opyrcgomci) (Ubc-scw ) (Hetcjbmrci)
Rsbs hn lh`ib dcsbs;
3. Jb os usbm ol noiiold gbtbrhihdoeci `ciihhls
0. Cr os usbm th prhvomb olbrt cthghspjbrb.
5. Lb os usbm ol mosejcrdb tu`b nhr cmvbrtosold
=. Zb clm Ar ol jodj bnnoeobley icgps.
2. Ioquom Jb os usbm ol eryhsurdbry. Ot os usbm th pbrpcrb supbrehlmuetold gctbrocis
>. Goxturb hn Jb clm H0os usbm y mbbp sbc movbrs
4. Lb ui`s crb usbm ol htcloeci dcrmbls clm ol drbbl jhusbs.
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7/21/2019 9_ p-block elements.pdf
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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 3?
www.tjolaoot.ol
UHI^BM VPH@IBGU
3. J5VH
5os moprhtoe (hr mo`csoe). Tjy 8
Uhi. Ots strueturb os VJH
HJJ
H||
Uoleb ot ehltcols hliy twh ohlozc`ib J-cthgs wjoej crb prbsblt cs HJ drhups, ot `bjcvbs cs c mo csoe ceom.
0. LJ5jcs c jodjbr prhthl cnnoloty tjcl VJ
5. Bxpicol.
hr LJ5os ghrb `csoe tjcl VJ
5.
Uhi. Mub tjb prbsbleb hn c ihlb pcor hn bibetrhls hl L clm V, `htj LJ5clm VJ
5cet cs Ibwos `csbs clm ceebpt c
prhthl th nhrg cl cmmotohlci L J clm V L `hlms rbspbetovbiy
J L ; + J5
+ LJ=+1 J V ; + J
5+ VJ=+
Jhwbvbr, mub th sgciibr sozb hn L hvbr V, L J `hlm tjus nhrgbm os guej strhldbr tjcl tjb V J `hlm.]jbrbnhrb, LJ
5jcs jodjbr prhthl cnnoloty tjcl VJ
5. Ol hrmbr whrms, LJ
5os ghrb `csoe tjcl VJ
5.
5. LH (Lotroe hxomb) os pcrcgcdlbtoe ol tjb dcsbshus stctb ut mocgcdlbtoe ol tjb ioquom clm shiom stctbs.
Tjy 8
Uhi. LH jcs cl hmm lug`br hn bibetrhls (4 + : 7 32 bibetrhls) clm jbleb os pcrcgcdlbtoe ol tjb dcsbhus stctb.
@ut ol ioquom clm shiom stctbs, ot bxosts cs c mogbr clm jbleb os mocgcdlbtoe ol tjbsb stctbs.
=. Dovb tjb ejbgoeci rbcetohl th supphrt tjct +2 hxomctohl stctb hn @o os ibss stc ib tjcl +5 stctb.
Uhi. Mub th olbrt pcor bnnbet, @o ecl sjhw +5 clm +2 hxomctohl stctbs. Uoleb tjb olbrt pcor bnnbet os gcxogug ol
ecsb hn @o, tjbrbnhrb, ots +2 hxomctohl stctb os ibss stc`ib tjcl +5 hxomctohl stctb. ]jos os bvomblt nrhg tjb
h`sbrvctohl tjct @oEi5bvbl hl prhihldbm jbctold wotj Ei
0 mhbs lht nhrg @oEi
2
@oEi5+ Ei
0@oEi2
2. Ol tjb strueturb hn LJH5ghibeuib, L H `hlm (303 pg) os sjhrtbr tjcl L HJ `hlm (3=6 pg).
Uhi. JLH5os c rbshlcleb jy`romb hn tjb nhiihwold twh eclhloeci strueturbs ;
JH L JH L+ +H H
H H
Mub th rbshlcleb L H `hlm jcs shgb mhu`ib `hlm ejcrcetbr. Ol ehltrcst, L HJ jcs hliy purb soldib
`hlm ejcrcetbr. Uoleb soldib `hlms crb ihldbr tjcl mhu`ib `hlms, tjbrbnhrb, L HJ `hlm os ihldbr
(3=6 pg) tjcl L H `hlm ( 303 pg) ol LJH5.
>. Tjy J0U os ceomoe wjoib J
0h os lbutrci 8
Uhi. ]jb U J `hlm os wbcabr tjcl H J `hlm `becusb tjb sozb hn U - cthg os `oddbr tjcl tjct hn H-cthg
Jbleb. J0s ecl mossheoctb th dovb J+ohls ol cqubhus shiutohl.
4. Tjy tjb ehgphulms hn niuhrolb wotj hxydbl crb eciibm niuhrombs hn hxydbl clm lht tjb hxombs hn
niuhrolb 8
Uhi. ]jos os `becusb niuhrolb os ghrb bibetrhlbdctovb tjcl hxydbl.
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:. Dovb rbcshls nhr tjb nhiihwold h`sbrvctohls ;
(o) Tjy UN=ulmbrdhbs jymrhiysos `ut lht UN
>8
(oo) Uuipjur bxjo`ots drbctbr tblmbley nhr eciblctohl tjcl sbibloug.
(ooo) Uuipjur jcs c jodjbr tblmbley nhr ectblctohl tjcl hxydbl.
Uhi. (o) Ol UN>, U stbroeciiy prhetbetbm `y sox N cthgs clm jbleb mhbs lht ciihw J
0H ghibeuibs th cttcea tjb U
cthg. Nurtjbrghrb. N mhbs lht jcvb m -hr`otcis th ceebpt tjb bibetrhls mblhtbs `y J0H ghibeuibs. Cs c
rbsuit hn tjbsb twh rbcshl. UN>mhbs lht ulmbrdh jymrhiysos. Ol ehltrcts, ol UN=. U os lht stbroeciiy prhtbetbm
soleb ot os surrhulmbm `y hliy nhur N cthgs. Cs c rbsuit, cttcea hn J0H ghibeuibs hl U cthgs ecl tcab piceb
bcsoiy clm jbleb jymrhiysos heeurs.
(oo) Cs wb ghvb nrhg U th Ub, tjb cthgoe sozb olerbcsb clm jbleb tjb strbldtj hn B B `hlm mberbcsbs. Cs
c rbsuit, U U `hlm os guej strhldbr tjcl Ub Ub `hlm clm ehlsbqubltiy, U sjhw drbctbr tblmbley nhr
ectblctohl tjcl sbibloug.
(ooo) Mub th sgcii sozb, tjb ihlb pcors hn bibetrhls hl tjb H cthgs rbpbi tjb `hlm pcor hn tjb H H `hlm th
c drbctbr bxtblm tjct tjb ihlb pcors hn bibetrhls hl tjb U cthg ol U U `hlm. Cs c rbsuit, U U `hlm os
guej strhldbr (035 aK ghi3
) tjcl H H `hlm (35: aK ghi3
) clm jbleb U jcs c suej strhldbr tblmbley nhrectblctohl tjcl H.
?. @hlm mossheoctohl blbrdy hn N0os ibss tjcl tjct hn Ei
0. Bxpicol.
Uhi. Mub th sgciibr sozb, tjb ihlb pcors hn bibetrhls hl tjb N-cthgs rbpbi tjb `hlm pcor hn tjb N N `hlm. Ol
ehltrcst, `becusb hn ehgpcrctovbiy icrdbr sozb hn Ei cthgs, tjb ihlb pcors hl tjb Ei cthgs mhb lht rbpbi tjb
`hlm pcor hn Ei Ei `hlm. Cs c rbsuit, N N `hlm blbrdy os ihwbr tjcl tjct hn Ei Ei `hlm blbrdy.
36. N-cthg os ghrb bibetrhlbdctovb tjcl O-cthg, ybt JN jcs ihwbr ceom strbldtj tjcl JO. Bxpicol.
Uhi. N cthg `bold sgciibr ol sozb tjcl O cthg, tjb `hlm mossheoctohl blbrdy hn J N os vbry jodj cs ehgpcrbm th
tjct hn J O `hlm. Ehlsbqublltiy, J O `hlm `rbcas ghrb bcsoiy tjcl J N `hlm clm tjus JO os c strhldbr
ceom tjcl JN.
33. Ohmolb os ghrb shiu`ib ol AO tjcl ol wctbr. Tjy 8
Uhi. Ohmolb ehg`olbs wotj AO th nhrg tjb shiu`ib ehgpibx, AO5(AO + O
0AO
5).
30. Crrcldb JEiH=, JEiH
5, JEiH
0, JEiH ol hrmbr hn (o) ceomoe strbldtj (oo) hxomozold phwbr. Dovb rbcshls.
Uhi. (o) Ceomoe strbldtj ; JEiH=< JEiH
5< JEiH
0< JEiH
Pbcshl ; Cs tjb stc`oioty hn tjb hxhclohl (ehlkudctb `csb) ibnt cntbr tjb rbghvci hn c prhthl olerbcsbs, tjb
ceom strbldtj olerbcsbs ol tjb scgb hrmbr. Uoleb tjb stc`oioty hn tjb clohls mberbcsbs ol tjb hrmbr ;
EiH=
< EiH5
< EiH0
< JEiH, tjbrbnhrb, ceom strbldtj mberbcsbs ol tjb scgb hrmbr ;
JEiH=< JEiH
5< JEiH
0< JEiH
Hxomosold phwbr ; JEiH=9 JEiH
59 JEiH
09 JEiH
Pbcshl ; Cs tjb stc`oioty hn tjb hxhclohl olerbcsbs, ots tblmbley th mbehgphsb th dovb H0mberbcsb clm
jbleb ots hxomosold phwbr mberbcsbs. Uoleb tjb stc`oioty hn tjb hxhclohl mberbcsbs ol tjb hrmbr ;
EiH=
< EiH5
< EiH0
< EiH, tjbrbnhrb, tjb hxomosold phwbr hn tjbor hxhceoms olerbcsbs ol tjb rbvbrsb
hrmbr, o.b., JEiH=9 JEiH
59 JEiH
09 JEiH.
35. Tjy JN ceom os sthrbm ol wcx ehctbm dicss httibs
Uhi. ]jos os `becusb JN mhbs lht cttcea wcx `ut rbcets wotj dicss. Ot mosshivbs UoH0prbsblt ol dicss nhrgold
jymrhniuhrhsoioeoe ceom
UoH0+ >JN J
0UoN
>+ 0 J
0H
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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 03
www.tjolaoot.ol
3=. Cssodl cpprhproctb rbcshls nhr bcej hn tjb nhiihwold stctbgblts.
Vbrejihroe ceom os c strhldbr ceom tjcl suipjuroe ceom.
Uhi. (v) ]jb hxmctohl stctb hn Ei ol pbrejihroe ceom os +4 wjoib tjct hn U ol suipjuroe ceom os +>
Ei Ei|| ||H H
|
|
|| ||
H H
H HJ J+4 +>H
H
Mub th jodjbr hxomctohl sctb clm jodjbr bibetrhlbdctovoty hn Ei, EiH5pcrt hn JEiH
=puiis tjb bibetrhls hn
tjb H J `hlm ghrb strhldiy clm jbleb ecl `rbca tjb H J `hlm ghrb bcsoiy th io`brctb c prhthl tjcl
UH0pcrt ol J
0UH
=. ]jus, pbrejihroe ceom os c strhldbr ceom tjcl suipjuroe ceom.
32. EN5bxosts `ut NEi
5mhbs lht.
Uhi. Pbcshls crb ; (o) Ei jcs vceclt m - hr`otcis clm jbleb ecl sjhw cl hxomctohl stctb hn +5 ut N jcs m - hr`otcis,
tjbrbnhrb, ot ecllht sjhw phsotovb hxomctohl stctb. Nurtjbr, soleb N ecl sjhw hliy 3 hxomctohl stctb, tjbrbnhrb,
ot ecl nhrg hliy EON clm lht NEi5.
(oo) @becusb hn `oddbr sozb, Ei cl ceehgghmctb tjrbb sgcii N cthgs crhulm ot wjoib N `bold sgciibr ecllht
ceehgghmctb tjrbb `oddbr sozbm Ei cthgs crhulm ot.
3>. Tjct prhgptbm @crtibtt th tjb mosehvbry hn lh ib dcs ehgphulms 8
Uhi. Uoleb VtN>hxomosbs H
0th H
0+, @crtibtt tjhudjt tjct VtN
>sjhuim cish hxomosb Zb th Zb+`becusb tjb ohlozctohl
bltjcipobs hn H0(3342 aK ghi3) clm Zb
(3346 aK ghi3) crb quotb eihsb.
34. ]jb gckhroty hn lh`ib dcs ehgphulm crb tjhsb hn xblhl. Bxpicol.
Uhi. Bxebpt rcmhl wjoej os rcmohcetovb, Zb jcs tjb ihwbst ohlozctohl bltjcipy cghld lh`ib dcsbs clm jbleb ecl`b bcsoiy hxomosbm `y strhld hxomosold cdblts ioab H
0clm N
0. ]jct os wjy gckhroty hn lh`ib dcs ehgphulms
crb tjhsb hn xblhl.
3:. ZbN0jcs strcodjt iolbcr strueturb clm lht c `blt strueturb.
Uhi. Ol tjb nhrgctohl hn ZbN0 ghibeuib, Zb ulmbrdhbs sp5m - jy`romozctohl. ]wh hn tjb novb sp5m - hr`otcis
hvbricp
2s 2p 2m
Zblhl (ol tjb norstbxeotbm stc`ib)
sp5m-Jy`romozctohl
3?. VJ5jcs ihwbr hoiold tjcl LJ
5. Tjy 8
Uhi. ]jb bibetrhlbdctovoty hn L (5.6) os guej jodjbr tjcl tjct hn V (0.3). ]jbrbnhrb, LJ5ulmbrdhbs bxtblsovb
oltbrghibeuicr J - `hlmold clm jbleb ot bxosts cs cl cssheoctbm ghibeuib. ]h `rbca tjbsb J-`hlms, c icrdb
cghult hn blbrdy os lbbmbm. Hl tjb htjbr jclm, VJ5 mhbs lht ulmbrdh J - `hlmold clm tjus bxosts cs
moserbtb ghibeuibs. ]jbrbnhrb, tjb `hoiold pholt hn VJ5os guej ihwbr tjcl tjct hn LJ
5.
S.06 Tjy mhbs LH0mogbrosb 8
Uhi. LH0os cl hmm bibetrhl (4 + 0 : 7 05) ghibeuib. Ol tjb vcibleb sjbii, L jcs sbvbl bibetrhl clm jbleb os ibss
stc`ib. ]h `behgb ghrb stc`ib `y cquorold olbrt dcs ehlnodurctohl jcvold : bibetrhls ol tjb vcibleb sjbii, otulmbrdhbs mogbrozctohl th nhrg L
0H
=.
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L .. .. .H. .
.
.
.
.
. .H
. ..
. + .
..
..
H..
.
.
.
.
..
H..
.
.
LL. .. .H. .
.
.
.
.
. .H
. ..
.
.
..
..
H..
.
.
.
.
HL. hr L L||
H ||H
H HLH ghibeuibs
Bcej L jcs 4 bibetrhlsol tjb vcibleb sjbii
(ibss stc`ib)
0 L H ghibeuibsBcej L jcs : bibetrhls
ol tjb vcibleb sjbii(ghrb stc`ib)
0 =
03 Tjbl JEi rbcets wotj nolbiy phwmbrbm orhl, ot nhrgs nbrrhus ejihromb clm lht nbrroe ejihromb. Tjy 8
Uhi. Nb rbcets wotj JEi th nhrg NbEi0clm J
0, Nb + 0 JEi NbEi
0+ J
0
J0tjus io brctbm prbvblts tjb hxomctohl hn NbEi0th NbEi5
00 Tjy os0c
A ibss tjcl3c
A nhr J0UH
=ol wctbr
Uhi. J0UH
=os c mo`csoe ceom, ot ohlozbs ol twh stcdbs clm jbleb jcs twh mossheoctohl ehlstclts.
(o) J0UH
=(cq) + J
0H(i) J
5H+(cq) + JUH
=
(cq) ;3c
A < 36
(oo) JUH=(cq) + J
0H(i) J
5H+(cq) + UH
=0(cq) 1 0c 360.3A 0
-7
0cA os ibss tjcl
3cA `becusb tjb lbdctovbiy ejcrdbm JUH
=
ohl jcs guej ibss tblmbley th mhlctb c prhthl th
J0H cs ehgpcrbm th lbturci J0UH=.
05 Dovbl tjb rbcshl nhr tjb `ibcejold cetohl hn Ei0.
Uhi. Ol prbsbleb hn ghosturb hr ol cqubhus shiutohl. Ei0io`brctbs lcseblt hxydbl.
Ei0
+ J0H 0JEi + QHW
Lcseblt hxydbl
0= Tjy os OEi ghrb rbcetovb tjcl O08
Uhi. OEi os ghrb rbcetovb tjcl O0`becusb O Ei `hlm os wbcabr tjcl O O `hlm. Ehlsbqubltiy, OEi `rbcas bcsoiy th
nhrg jcihdbl cthgs wjoej rbcmoiy `rold c`hut tjb rbcetohls.
02 Ecl VEi2cet cs cl hxomosold cs wbii cs rbmueold cdblt 8 Kustony.
Uhi. ]jb hxomctohl stctb hn V ol VEi2os + 2. Uoleb V jcs novb bibetrhls ol ts vcibleb sjbii, tjbrbnhrb, ot ecllht
olerbcsb ots hxomctohl stctb byhlm +2 y mhlctold bibetrhls, tjbrbnhrb, VEi2ecllht cet cs c rbmueold cdblt.
Jhwbvbr, ot ecl mberbcsb ots hxomctohl lug`br nrhg + 2 th + 5 hr shgb ihwbr vciub, tjbrbnhrb, VEi2cets cs
cl hxomosold cdblt. Nhr bxcgpib, ot hxomosbs Cd th CdEi, Ul th UlEi=clm J
0 th JEi.
5
53
5
26
EiVEiCd0EiVdC0+++
++ 1 55
=
=
2
26
EiV0EiUliVE0Ul+++
++
EiJ0iVEJEiV3
5
5
0
6
2
2 +++++
0> Tjy os mohxydbl dcs ut suipjur os c shiom
Uhi. Mub th sgcii sozb clm jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty,hxydbl nhrgs pp ppguitopib `hlms. Cs c rbsuit, hxydbl
bxosts cs mocthgoe (H0) ghibueibs. ]jbsb ghibeuibs crb jbim thdbtjbr `y wbca vcl mbr Tciis nhreb hn
cttrcetohl wjeoj ecl `b bcsoiy hvbrehgb `y ehiiosohls hn tjb ghibeuibs ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb. ]jbrbnhrb, H0
os c dcs ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb.
Uuipjur becusb hn ots jodjbr tblmbley nhr ectblctohl clm ihwbr tblmbley nhr pp ppguitopib `hlms, nhrgs
hetc-cthgoe (U:) ghibeuibs jcvold bodjt-gbg bbm pueabrbm rold strueturb (Nodurb sjhwl) @becusb hn oddbrsozb, tjb nhreb hn cttrcetohl jhimold tjb U
:ghibeuibs thdbtjbr crb guej strhldbr wjoej ecllht b hvbrehgb
`y ehiiosohls hn ghibeuibs ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb. Ehlsbqubltiy, suipjur os c shiom ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb.
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04 Tjy crb jcihdbls sthld hxomosold cdblts 8
Uhi. Mub th ihw `hlm mossheoctohl bltjcipy, jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty clm icrdb lbdctovb bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy
jcihdbls jcvb c strhld tblmbley th ceebpt bibetrhls clm tjus dbt rbmuebm.
-- + Z0b0Z0
Cs c rbsuit, jcihdbls cet cs strhld hxomosold cdblts.
0: Bxpicol wjy niuhrolb nhrgs hliy hlb hxhceom, JHN.Uhi. Mub th jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty clm sgcii sozb, N ecllht cet cs ebltrci cthg ol jdjbr hxhceoms suej cs JHNH,
JHNH0clm JHNH
5ol wjoej tjb hxomctohl stctb hn N whuim b +5, +2 clm +4. Ot kust nhrgs hlb hxhceom, o.b.,
JHN ol wjoej tjb hxomctohl stctb hn N os + 3.
0? Tjy crb jcihdbls ehihurbm 8
Uhi. @becusb tjbor ghibeuibs c`shr` iodjt ol tjb voso`ib rbdohl cs c rbsuit hn wjoej tjbor bibetrhls dbt bxeotbm th
jodjbr blbrdy ibvbis wjoib tjb rbgcolold iodjt os trclsgottbm. ]jb ehihur hn tjb jcihdbls os cetuciiy tjb
ehihur hn tjos trclsgottbm iodjt. ]jb cghult hn blbrdy lbbmbm nhr bxeotctohl mberbcsbs prhdrbssovbiy nrhg N
th O cs tjb sozb hn tjb cthg olerbcsbs. Ehlsbqubltiy, tjb blbrdy hn tjb trclsgottbm iodjt dhbs hl olerbcsoldnrhg N th O. Ol htjbr whrms, tjb ehihur hn tjb jcihdbls mbbpbls nrhg N
0th O
0. Nhr bxcgpib, N
0c`shr`s vohibt
iodjt (jodjbr bxeotctohl blbrdy) clm jbleb cppbcrs pcib ybiihw wjoib ohmolb c`shr`s ybiihw clm drbbl iodjt
( ihwb bxeotctohl blbrdy) clm jbleb cppbcrs mbbp vohibt. Uogoicriy, wb ecl ceehult nhr drbblosj ybiihw
ehihur hn Ei0clm hrcldb rbm ehihur hn `rhgolb.
56 Dovb tjb nhrguic clm mbsero`b tjb strueturb hn c lh`ib dcs spbeobs wjoej os oshstrueturci wotj ;
(o) OEi=
(oo) O@r0
(ooo) @rH5
Uhi. (o) Utrueturb hn OEi=
.
O
. .
Ei Ei
EiEi
..
USRCPB VICLCP
Lh. hn bibetrhls ol tjb vcibleb sjbii hn tjb ebltrci O cthg 7 4
Lh. hn bibetrhls prhvombm `y nhur Ei cthgs 7 = 3 7 =
Ejcrdb hl tjb ebltrci cthg 7 3
Y ]htci lh. hn bibetrhls crhulm tjb eblrci cthg
7 4 + = + 3 7 30
]htci lh. hn bibetrhl pcor crhulm tjb ebltrci cthg 70
307 >
@ut tjb lh. hn `hlm pcors 7 =
( Ytjbrb crb nhur O - Ei `hlms)
Y Lh. hn ihlb pcors 7 > = 7 0
]jus, O ol OEi=
jcs = `hlm pcors clm 0 ihld pcors. ]jbrbnhrb, ceehrmold th ^UBVP tjbhry, ot sjhuim `b
squcrb piclcr.
Lhw c lh`ib dcs ehgphulm jcvold 30 bibetrhls ol tjb vcibleb sjbii hn tjb ebltrci cthg os ZbN=. (: + 3 =
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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 02
www.tjolaoot.ol
BZBPEOUB - O
RLUHI^BM VPH@IBGU
S.3 ]jb lbdctovb vciub hn bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy os ibss nhr niuhrolb tjcl nhr ejihrolb.
S.0 N0os strhldbr hxomosold cdblt tjcl Ei
0.
S.5 Crrcldb JEiH, J@rH clm JOH ol hrmbr hn mberbcsold ceomoe strbldtj dovold rbcshl.
S.= Tjy oltbrjcihdbls crb ghrb rbcetovb tjcl jcihdbls 8
S.2 Tjy mh lh`ib dcsbs nhrg ehgphulms wotj niuhrolb clm hxydbl hliy 8
S.> Trotb tjb rbcetohl hn tjbrgci mbehgphsotohl hn shmoug czomb.
S.4 Ol wjct wcy ecl ot `b prhvbm tjct VJ5os `csoe ol lcturb 8
S.: Tjy mhbs VEi5nugb ol ghosturb 8
S.? Tjoej nhrg hn suipjur sjhws pcrcgcdlbtoe `bjcvohur 8
hr Uuipjur ol tjb vcphur stctb bxjo`ots pcrcgcdlbtosg.
S.36 Jhw mhbs cgghloc rbcet wotj c shiutohl hn Eu0+8
S.33 Tjct jcppbls wjbl wjotb pjhspjhrus os jbctbm wotj ehlebltrctbm LcHJ shiutohl ol cl olbrt ctghspjbrb
hn EH08
S.30 Tjct jcppbls wjbl VEi2os jbctbm 8
S.35 Tjct os tjb csoeoty hn J5VH
=8
S.3= Tjct jcppbls wjbl J5VH
5os jbctbm 8
S.32 Trotb tjb hrmbr hn tjbrgci stc oioty hn tjb jymrombs hn drhup 3> bibgblts.
S.3> Tjy os J0H os ioquom clm J
0U os dcs 8
S.34 Jhw os H5bstogctbm qucltotctovbiy 8
S.3: Dovb tjb rbshlctold strueturbs hn LH0clm L
0H
2.
S.3? Tjy mhbs P5V 7 H bxost `ut P
5L 7 H mhbs lht (P 7 ciayi drhup ) 8
S.06 Dovb tjb msoprhphrtohlctohl rbcetohl hn J5VH
5.
S.03 Jhw crb ZbN0, ZbN
=clm ZbN
>h`tcolbm 8
S.00 Jhw crb ZbH5clm ZbHN
=prbpcrbm 8
S.05 Crrcldb tjb nhiihwold ol hrmbr hn prohroty olmoectbm nhr bcej sbt ;
(o) N0, Ei
0, @r
0, O
0- olerbcsold `hlm mossheoctohl bltjcipy.
(oo) JN, JEi, J@r, JO - olerbcsold ceom strbldtj.
(ooo) LJ5, VJ
5, CsJ
5, U`J
5, @oJ
5- olerbcsold `csb strbldtj.
S.0= Tjy mh lh`ib dcsbs jcvb ehgpcrctovbiy icrdb cthgoe sozbs 8
S.02 Tjy os rbm pjhpjhrus ghrb rbcetovb tjcl wjotb pjhspjhrus 8
S.0> Jhw os cgghloc prbpcrbm olmustrociiy8
S.04 Trotb `ciclebm bqlnhr tjb nhiihwold
(o) LcEi os jbctbm wotj suipjuroe ceom ol tjb prbsbleb hn Gcldclbsb mohxomb
(oo) Ejihrolb dcs os pcssbm olth c shiutohl hn shmoug ohmomb ol wctbr.
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0> V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U
www.tjolaoot.ol
BZBPEOUB - OO
@HCPM VPH@IBGU
S.3 Tjy os rbm pjhspjhrhus ibss rbcetovb tjcl wjotb pjhspjhrhus 8 QE.@.U.B. 066?, 3GW
S.0 Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci rbcetohl bquctohls QE.@.U.B. 066?, 0GW
(o) ZbN0+ J
0H (oo) VJ
5+ JdEi
0
S.5 (c) Mrcw tjb strueturbs hn tjb nhiihwold QE.@.U.B. 066?, 2GW
(o) J0U
0H
:(oo) JEiH
=
(`) Jhw whuim yhu ceehult nhr tjb nhiihwold
(o) LJ5os strhldbr `csb tjcl VJ
5
(oo) Uuipjur jcs drbctbr tblmbley nhr ectblctohl tjcl hxydbl
(ooo) N0os c strhldbr hxomosold cdblt tjcl Ei
0.
S.= (c) Mrcw tjb strueturb hn tjb nhiihwold QE.@.U.B. 066?, 2GW
(o) J0U
0H
4(oo) JEiH
5
(`) Bxpicol tjb nhiihwold h`sbrvctohls
(o) Ol tjb strueturb hn JLH5, tjb L H `hlm (303 pg) os sjhrtbr tjcl tjb L HJ `hlm (3=6 pg).
(oo) Cii tjb V Ei `hlms ol VEi2crb lht bquovciblt(ooo) OEi os ghrb rbcetovb tjcl O
0
S.2 Lotrhdbl os rbictovbiy olbrt cs ehgpcrbm th pjhspjhrhus 8 Tjy QE.@.U.B. 0636, 3GW
S. > Mrcw tjb strueturci nhrguic hn tjb nhiihwold ehgphulms. QE.@.U.B. 0636, 0GW
(o) J=V
0H
2(oo) ZbN
=
S.4 Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci rbcetohl bquctohls QE.@.U.B. 0636, 0GW
(o) LcHJ + Ei0
(oo) ZbN>+ J
0H
(bxebss)
S.: Jhw whuim yhu ceehult nhr tjb nhiihwold QE.@.U.B. 0636, 5GW(o) LEi
5os cl blmhtjbrgoe ehgphulm wjoib LN
5os cl bxhtjbrgoe hlb.
(oo) ZbN0os c iolbcr ghibeuib wotjhut c `blm.
(ooo) ]jb bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy wotj lbdctovb sodl os ibss tjcl tjct nhr ejihrolb, stoii nihurolb os c strhldbr
hxomosold cdblt tjcl ejihrolb.
S.? Niuhrolb mhbs lht bxjo ot cly phsotvb hxomctohl stctb . Tjy8 QE.@.U.B. 0636, 3GW
S.36 Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci rbcetohl bquctohls. QE.@.U.B. 0636, 0GW
(o) O0+ JLH
5
(ehle.)
(oo) JdEi0+ VJ5
S.33 Jhw whuim yhu ceehult nhr tjb nhiihwold ;
(o) J0U os ghrb ceomoe tjcl J
0H
(oo) ]jb LH hlm os LH0os sjhrtbr tjcl tjb LH `hlm ol LH
5
(ooo) @htj H0clm N
0stc`oiosb jodj hxomctohl stctbs ut tjb c`oioty hn hxydbl th stc`iosb tjb jodjbr hxomctohl
stctb bxebbms tjct hn niuhrolb. QE@UB 0633W
S.30 (c) Gbltohl tjb hptogug ehlmotohls nhr tjb olmustroci gclunceturb hn cgghloc `y Jc br's prhebss
( ) Bxpicol tjb nhiihwold dovold cpprhproctb rbcshls. QE@UB 0633W
(o) Uuipjur vcphur bxjo ots pcrcgdlbtoe bjcvohur(oo) Pbm pjhspjhrus os ibss rbcetovb tjcl wjotb pjhspjhrus
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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 04
S.35 Mrcw tjb strueturbs hn tjb nhiihwold ghibeuibs QE@UB 0633W
(o) LN5
(oo) J0U
0H
:
(ooo) J5VH
5
S.3= Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci bquctohls ; QE@UB 0633W
(o) E + J0UH
=(ehle.)
(oo) V=+ LcHJ + J
0H
(ooo) Ei0+ N0 (bxebss)
S.32 Tjct os tjb `csoeoty hn J5VH
5clm wjy 8 QE@UB 0635W
S.3> Jhw crb oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms nhrgbm 8 Tjct dblbrci ehgphsotohls ecl `b cssodlbm th tjbg8
QE@UB 0635W
S.34 Mrcw tjb strueturbs hn tjb nhiihwold ghibeuibs QE@UB 0635W
(o) L0H
2(oo) ZbN
0
S.3: Dovb rbcshls nhr tjb nhiihwold ;
(o) ]jhudj lotrhdbl bxjo`ots +2 hxomctohl stctb, ot mhbs lht nhrg pbltcjciomb.
(oo) Bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy wotj lbdctovb sodl hn niuhrolb os ibss tjcl tjct hn ejihrolb.
(ooo) ]jb twh hxybl-hxydbl `hlm ibldtjs os hzhlb ghibeuib crb ombltoeci. QE@UB 0635W
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