a brazilian perspective on bioenergy issues “future of forest bioenergy” stockholm, 2007 prof....
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A Brazilian Perspective A Brazilian Perspective on Bioenergy Issues on Bioenergy Issues
“Future of Forest Bioenergy”
Stockholm, 2007
Prof. Donato ArandaFederal Univ. Rio de Janeiro
1925: First experiments with ethanol/gasoline blends 1975: Ethanol program started after the 1st oil crisis 1989: Leaded Gasoline forbiden. 1993: E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country (33,000
gas stations) 2003: Flex Fuel engines 2006: 80% of new vehicles are Flex (2.5 million/year) 615 million ton of CO2 avoided emissions, so far
Ethanol Program in BrazilEthanol Program in Brazil
Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy ~ 8.2*Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy ~ 8.2*
Ethanol production in 2006: 16 billion liters
*Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island Press, 1993
Ethanol Plants Ethanol Plants
313 Ethanol Plants
1 million employees
60,000 agric. producers
5 million ha (0.6 % of Br. area)
89 New plants are being contructed
Raw Material Production / ha (kg)
Quantity of Product / liter
of EthanolQuantity of Ethanol / ha
SUGAR CANE 85,000 12 kg 7,080 liter
CORN 10,000 2.8 kg 3,570 liter
Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry
Physical ProductivityPhysical Productivity
Sugar Cane EnergySugar Cane Energy
1 mton of Sugar Cane:1.7 103 kcal ~ 1.2 barrel of petroleum
Sugar cane bagasse is producing ~ 2,500 MW
Breakthrough: ethanol from bagasse and other residual biomass
Ethanol/Biodiesel IntegrationEthanol/Biodiesel Integration
Barralcool (Mato Grosso State)
Produces:100,000 mt/year of Ethanol50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel
Biodiesel ProgramBiodiesel Program
B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year) B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly)
Now: 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year) 2,000 gas stations providing B2 Some transportation companies using B30 Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants
LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONSREGIONS
Soybean,Soybean,Tallow,Tallow,CottonCotton
PalmPalmCastorCastor
SunflowerSunflower
JatrophaJatropha
CanolaCanola
BabassuBabassu
PeanutPeanut
Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)*Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)*
* NREL (USA) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf
Jatropha curcas BiodieselJatropha curcas Biodiesel
Output/Input Energy ~ 5- 6*
*Ref: Ouedraogo, 1991
Output/Input Energy ~ 8*Output/Input Energy ~ 8*
*Ref: Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergy http://www.svebio.se/attachments/33/295.pdf
11stst Biodiesel Plant – Heterogeneous Biodiesel Plant – Heterogeneous Catalyst/Residual FeedstockCatalyst/Residual Feedstock
(Crude Palm Fatty Acids) (Crude Palm Fatty Acids)
Patent: D. A. G. Aranda et al; PI0301103-8, 2003. D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO2004096962, 2004.
Operating Costs in a Conventional Operating Costs in a Conventional Transesterification Biodiesel PlantTransesterification Biodiesel Plant
Size Ton/year 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000
Chemicals ¢/L 5 5 4 4
Energy ¢/L 2 1 1 0.7
Oper.Costs ¢/L 7 6 5 4.7
In a 100,000 t/year, it means US$ 5.3 Million/year !!Chemicals: US$ 4.5 Million/year
Highly Acid Feedstocks: Loss in Refining
Operating Costs: Hydroesterification vs Operating Costs: Hydroesterification vs Transesterification (50,000 mton/year)Transesterification (50,000 mton/year)
Transesterification Hydrolysis + Esterification
Chemicals (¢/L) 4 1
Energy (¢/L) 1 2
Oper.Costs (¢/L) 5 3
If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol plant, operatingcosts will be less than 2 ¢/L.
No acidity limits in the feedstocks
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Brazil is open to share experiences in biofuels and offers good opportunity for international colaborations and investments in this field.
Both ethanol and biodiesel production will significantly increase in the next years. There’s agricultural land to support this increasing.
Integration between ethanol and biodiesel plants is strongly competitive.
Biodiesel process is being adapted to tropical feedstcoks (larger acidity) with higher yields and lower operating costs.
Tack Själv !Tack Själv !
www.greentec-ufrj.comwww.greentec-ufrj.com
“ Vi vet att Gud på alla sätt hjälper dem som älskar honom att nå det goda. Det är hans syfte med våra liv.” (Rm 8,28)
Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs: US$ 250/t and Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs: US$ 250/t and Biodiesel sold at US$ 0.60/L (Biodiesel sold at US$ 0.60/L (No incentive scenarioNo incentive scenario))
EBITDA e EBIT
39,4
23,4
39,4 39,4 39,4 39,4 39,4 38,9 38,9 38,9
23,8
37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4 37,4
8,0
13,0
18,0
23,0
28,0
33,0
38,0
43,0
48,0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R$
mi
EBITIDA EBIT
EBITDA e EBIT
42,6
25,4
42,6 42,6 42,6 42,6 42,6 42,1 42,1 42,1
25,9
40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6 40,6
8,0
13,0
18,0
23,0
28,0
33,0
38,0
43,0
48,0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R$
mi
EBITIDA EBIT
EBITDA e EBIT
31,6
18,5
31,6 31,6 31,6 31,6 31,6 31,1 31,1 31,1
19,0
29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6 29,6
8,0
13,0
18,0
23,0
28,0
33,0
38,0
43,0
48,0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
R$
mi
EBITIDA EBIT
Gross Margin: 30.8%
Gross Margin: 24.1 % Gross Margin: 33.3 %
a) Regular Transesterification
b) Hydroesterification
c) Hydroesterification integrated withEthanol plant
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