a food supplement, also known as dietary supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation...
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A food supplement, also known as dietary supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to provide nutrients that are missing or are not consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet.
Marketed as pills, tablets, capsules, liquids in measured doses.
Definition
Essential organic nutrients: Essential organic nutrients: that promote energy for living that promote energy for living
organisms requiring them are: organisms requiring them are: - - Amino acidsAmino acids (the precursors of protein) (the precursors of protein) - - Fatty acidsFatty acids - - CarbohydratesCarbohydrates.. - - Purine and pyrimidine and their derivativesPurine and pyrimidine and their derivatives (precursors (precursors of nucleic acids).of nucleic acids). - - VitaminsVitamins. .
Essential inorganicEssential inorganic nutrientsnutrients that promote the growth and that promote the growth and
maintenance of living organisms such as:maintenance of living organisms such as: boron, calcium, iodine, iron, magnesium, boron, calcium, iodine, iron, magnesium, potassium, selenium and zincpotassium, selenium and zinc
All nutrients required for human life work interdependently All nutrients required for human life work interdependently in order to metabolize and facilitate optimal functioning. in order to metabolize and facilitate optimal functioning. E.g.: intake of calcium requires a complementary amount of E.g.: intake of calcium requires a complementary amount of
magnesium so the calcium will be absorbed properly. magnesium so the calcium will be absorbed properly. An excess of calcium may be responsible for a magnesium An excess of calcium may be responsible for a magnesium
deficiency. deficiency.
When You May Need a Dietary When You May Need a Dietary SupplementSupplement
You eat a very low-calorie diet You eat an all-plant diet (vegan) You are in a certain stage of the life cycle (e.g., a
pregnant, breastfeeding) Your doctor may prescribe a supplement for you if:
You have a disease, infection, or injury or recently had surgery
You have a nutritional deficiency You are taking medications that interfere with your
body’s use of specific nutrients
Dietary supplement would include: ■ Vitamins (e.g.: Vitamin B6, Niacin,Vitamin C) ■ Minerals (e.g.: Calcium and Iron)
■ Amino acid (e.g.: Tyrosine, Creatine, L-tryptophan, Phenylalanine)
■ Herbals
Pregnant women.Pregnant women. Infants. Infants. Children. Children. Adolescents. Adolescents. Elderly.Elderly. Individuals with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism.Individuals with inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. Individuals with certain diseases. Individuals with certain diseases.
E.g.: L-tryptophan L-tryptophan andand phenylalanine phenylalanine in dietary supplement in dietary supplement caused potential risks for:caused potential risks for:
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises caution with amino acid supplements.
Eosinophilia-myelgia syndrome (EMS) was associated with the ingestion of L-tryptophan in a dietary supplement. EMS is a systemic connective tissue disease characterized by: - Severe muscle pain - Increase in white blood cells - Certain skin and neuromuscular manifestations.
People with phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic condition, when ingest too much phenylalanine, serious problems could occur, especially brain and mental problems in children.
HerbsHerbs Combining herbals with medicines can result in an adverse
reaction where "double-dosing" can occur or a worsening of symptoms in those with a chronic medical condition.
Some of the fastest growing herbal categories include the following:
Herbals that increase circulation (Ginko biloba) Herbals used for calmative effect (Kava kava, Valerian, Chamomile) Herbals to lessen a cold flu symptoms and boost immunity (Echinacea, Goldenseal) Herbs for mild depression (St. John's Wort ). Herbs for inflammation (Curcuma domestica). Herbs for lowering cholesterol (Allium sativum). Herbs to treat hypertension (Valariana officinalis, Panax ginseng)
Be careful when using Herbal Supplements:Be careful when using Herbal Supplements:
Herbals can interact with drugs used for anesthesia (all herbals Herbals can interact with drugs used for anesthesia (all herbals be discontinued 2-3 weeks prior to a scheduled surgery).be discontinued 2-3 weeks prior to a scheduled surgery).
Stop all herbals if pregnant or breast-feeding.Stop all herbals if pregnant or breast-feeding.
Many herbals can interact with the anticoagulant:Many herbals can interact with the anticoagulant: - Avoid taking supplements of garlic, - Avoid taking supplements of garlic, ginko bilobaginko biloba, ginger, , ginger, while taking the blood thinner Coumadinwhile taking the blood thinner Coumadin®® as these as these herbs can further prolong clotting times. herbs can further prolong clotting times.
Don't give herbal remedies to children without first checking Don't give herbal remedies to children without first checking with the child's pediatrician. with the child's pediatrician.
Many drugs interact with St. John's Wort, prompting the FDA Many drugs interact with St. John's Wort, prompting the FDA to issue a health advisory: to issue a health advisory:
St. John's Wort can cause some drugs to be eliminated from the St. John's Wort can cause some drugs to be eliminated from the body too quickly, making them less effective such as oral body too quickly, making them less effective such as oral contraceptives, anti-cancer agents, heart medications and drugs contraceptives, anti-cancer agents, heart medications and drugs that fight HIV. that fight HIV.
Don't take herbal products containing ephedra. Many deaths Don't take herbal products containing ephedra. Many deaths have been associated with its use.have been associated with its use.
Possible Side Effects of Possible Side Effects of Supplement UseSupplement Use
DehydrationDehydration Nervousness and DizzinessNervousness and Dizziness Changes in Blood Pressure and Heart RateChanges in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Heart AttackHeart Attack Seizures Psychosis Death Interaction with medications
Supplements to AvoidSupplements to Avoid Steroids and Steroid-Enhancers
Linked to liver toxicity and increased risk of heart attack.
Kava Kava Linked to liver damage Banned in European countries and Canada
St Johns Wort Interferes with a huge number of medications
Dietary Dietary Supplements D/SSupplements D/S
Distinguished from Drugs:Distinguished from Drugs: Drug must undergo FDA approval after clinical Drug must undergo FDA approval after clinical
studies to determine effectiveness and safetystudies to determine effectiveness and safety D/S = no pre-market testingD/S = no pre-market testing
DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health Education Act)
DSHEA defines a dietary supplement as any product that contains a vitamin, mineral, herb, or amino acid and that
is intended as a supplement to the normal diet.
DSHEA authorized to provide DSHEA authorized to provide accurate informationaccurate information to to consumers and the label must include:consumers and the label must include: NameName of each ingredient of each ingredient QuantityQuantity of each ingredient of each ingredient Total weightTotal weight of all ingredient if a blend of all ingredient if a blend Identity of Identity of part of plantpart of plant derived from derived from Term “Term “Dietary SupplementDietary Supplement””
Statements may be included on the label that give the Statements may be included on the label that give the manufacturers description of the role of the D/Smanufacturers description of the role of the D/S Not authorized by FDANot authorized by FDA
Food coloring is any substance that is added to food or drink
to change its color.
Purpose of food coloring
- Offsetting color loss due to light, air, extremes of temp., moisture, and storage conditions. - Enhancing naturally occurring colors. - Decorative purposes.
Natural food dyes
• Caramel coloring (E150), made from caramelized sugar, used in cola products and also in cosmetics.
• Annatto (E160b), a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the Achiote.
• Turmeric (curcuminoids, E100) • Saffron (carotenoids, E160a) • Paprika (E160c)
• A great deal of research finds definite connections between
behavioral problems and hyperactivity in children.
• Other effects on health from food dyes are allergies, headache,
asthma, fatigue, nausea, concentration problems, agitation and
nervousness.
Side effects of coloring agents
Insulin: - Lowers blood glucose and stimulates the production of
glycogen, fat, and protein.
Glucagon: - Raises blood glucose by stimulating the breakdown of
liver glycogen . - It also promotes lipolysis and the formation of ketone
bodies.
The secretion of insulin is stimulated by a rise in blood glucose following meals.
The secretion of glucagon is stimulated by a fall in blood glucose during periods of fasting.
The posterior lobe is the source of 2 hormones:The posterior lobe is the source of 2 hormones:
Vasopressin (ADH)Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin (OT)Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Function:
- ADH is to conserve body water by reducing the loss of water
in urine.
- ADH binds to receptors on cells in the collecting ducts of the
kidney and promotes reabsorption of water back into the
circulation.
Diabetis insipidus DI (Hyposecretion of ADH)
Sign & symptoms: polyuria (10-12 L/ day)
Treatment: Synthetic vasopressin injection (Pitressin)
This condition can arise from either of two situations: Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus: ■ Results from a deficiency in secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary. ■ Causes of this disease include head trauma and infections or tumors involving the hypothalamus. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: ■ occurs when the kidney is unable to respond to ADH. ■ Most commonly, this results from some type of renal disease.
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