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A longer and healthier lifeAll you need to know about the orthomolecular principle
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Dr. Kristian Glagau
Orthomol
pharmazeutische
Vertriebs GmbH
Herzogstr. 30
40764 Langenfeld
Germany
www.orthomol.com
We Value Your Health!
Contents
4 Alongerandhealthierlife
4 Idealconditionswithorthomolecularmedicine
5 Substancespresentinthebody–thekeytogoodhealth
6 Valuablesupplementtotraditionalmedicine
9 Successfulusageoforthomolecularsubstances
9 Thecorrectdosageisessential
9 Long-termusage
11 Suitableandwell-balancedcombination
12 Micronutrients–componentsofgoodhealth
12 Thefoundation
14 Vitamins
19 Characteristicsandfeaturesofvitamins
24 Oxidativestressandtheimportanceofantioxidants
26 Vitaminoids
28 Mineralsandtraceelements
31 Phytonutrients
35 Essentialfattyacids
39 Pro-andprebiotics
40 Objectivesoftheorthomolecularprinciple
40 Improvingthemicronutrientbalance
41 Takingcareofthecardiovascularsystem
42 Strengtheningthebody’sregenerationanddefensesystem
49 Promotingmentaldevelopmentacrossallagegroups
51 Notes
DearReader,
Morethan30yearsago,thebiochemistLinusPaulingcausedasmall-scale
revolutioninthefieldofnutritionalmedicine.Hisfindingsestablishedthat
micronutrients,inparticularvitamins,protectthebodyagainstchronic
diseasesandareevenabletoprolongaperson’slife–afactthathassince
beenconfirmedbyphysiciansandnutritionexpertsallovertheworld.
However,thisisonlypossibleifthebodyreceivesanoptimumsupplyof
micronutrients.Andthatisexactlytheproblem.
Manypeoplehaveagreaterneedformicronutrients–i.e.vitamins,anti-
oxidants,mineralsandessentialfattyacids–thantheyrealize.Anoptimum
supplyofthesecomponentsisfundamentaltohealthandisparticularly
importantintimesofincreasedmentalandphysicalactivity,duringgrowth
phases,duringpregnancy,oraspeoplegrowolder.
Oftenenough,peoplefailtoreacheventheminimumrequirementsdueto
pooreatinghabits.Thisresultsindeficiencieswhichhavenegativeeffects
onyourhealthandperformanceoverthelongterm.
Wehopethatthisbrochurewillinspireyoutotrackdownyourownnutri-
tionaldeficiencies.However,atthesametimewehopetoshowyouhow
toguaranteeanoptimumsupplyofmicronutrientswiththeconsistent
usageoforthomolecularsubstances.
Sothatyoulivealongerandhealthierlife.
3
Substances present in the body – the key to good health
Orthomolecularmedicineexclusivelyusessubstancesthatarefound
naturallybothinfoodandinourbodies.Thesesubstancesaremicro-
nutrients.However,ourbodycannotproduceallthesesubstancesby
itself.Aregularandadequatesupplyofmicronutrientsmustberegularly
ingestedtoensurethatweremainfitandhealthy.
Theindividualmicronutrientlevelsaredependentonvariousexternaland
internalfactors,e.g.eatinghabitsandlifestyle,age,generalhealthanden-
vironmentalinfluences.Undercertaincircumstances,thesefactorsincrease
theneedformicronutrientstosuchadegreethatanoptimumsupply
frequentlycannotbeachievedevenwithahealthy,balancedcombination
offoods.Amicronutrientdeficiencyisalmostunavoidable.
Paulingdrewattentiontothenutritionalproblemresultingfromaninade-
quatesupplyofmicronutrientsandthehealth-relatedconsequencesin
thescientificjournal“Science”asearlyas35yearsago.Pauling’srecommen-
dation:healthprotectionandpreventativehealthcarewithanoptimum
dosageoforthomolecularsubstances.
Alongerandhealthierlife
Ideal conditions with orthomolecular medicine
Thehumanbodyneedsanumberofdifferentmicronutrientsinorderfor
allorganstostayhealthyandfunctionproperly.Theseincludevitamins,
minerals,traceelementsandessentialfattyacids.Orthomolecularmedicine
isbasedontherealizationthatthecorrectquantityandconcentrationof
micronutrientsoffersthebesthealthprotectionandcanprotectthebody
againstdisease.
Thefounderofthistherapeuticprinciple,LinusPauling–theAmerican
biochemistandtwo-timesNobelPrizelaureate,definedtheoperating
principleasfollows:
“Orthomolecularmedicineisthepreservationofgoodhealthandthe
treatmentofdiseasebyvaryingtheconcentrationofsubstancesthatare
normallypresentinthebodyandarerequiredforhealth.”
Paulingremainedmentallyalertandphysicallyfituntiltheadvancedage
of93.Hewasregardedasthebestproofofthesuccessoforthomolecular
medicine.
Theterm“orthomolecular”isderivedfrom“orthos”(Greek)meaning
“right,good”,and“molecular,molecule”(Latin)meaning“structuralunitof
substances”.LinusPaulingchosethistermin1968becauseitreflectsthe
therapeuticprinciplesowell.
4 5
Orthomolecular therapy for selected diseases
Disease Orthomolecular method
Arteriosclerosis Omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid, vitamins B12 and B6
Age-related eye diseases Zinc, vitamin C, lutein, beta-carotene, omega-3 fatty acids
Rheumatism Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids
Cancer Selenium, vitamins E, C, A, mixed carotenoids
Celiac disease Wheat-free diet
Phenylketonuria Reduction in the amino acid phenylalanine
Orthomolecularmedicine,i.e.influencingthebody’sfunctionsanddiseases
byvaryingtheconcentrationofsubstancesthatarenormallypresentin
thebody,haslongbeenusedinthefieldofmedicine.Theterm“ortho-
molecular”hassimplynotyetbeenusedtodescribethispractice.
Theaimoforthomoleculartherapyistopreventandrectifythecauses
ofdisease.Thebasisofthistherapyistheintakeofanadequatedosage
andsuitablecombinationoforthomolecularsubstancesthatarenormally
presentinthebody.Thereisacceptanceofanynecessarytherapeutic
medicaments.However,specialattentionispaidtotheweightingof
effectsandside-effects.
Valuable supplement to traditional medicine
InAnglo-Saxonregions,orthomolecularmedicineisdescribedas“com-
plementarymedicine”.Itisthusregardedasanadjuvantnutrition-based
therapyalongsideorthodoxmedicine.
Orthomolecularmedicineisbasedonmedicalandbiochemicalfoun-
dations.Manyscientificstudieshavesinceconfirmedtheorthomolecular
conceptfirstpublishedin1968bythemolecularbiologistPauling.
6 �
Successfulusageoforthomolecularsubstances
The correct dosage is essential
Oneofthemostimportantmaximsintheorthomolecularprincipleis
ensuringanoptimumdosageinsteadofbeingsatisfiedwiththeminimum
dosage.Thismeansusingalargequantityofvitamins–excludingA,D
andK,withasufficientlyhighdosageofminerals,traceelements,
vitaminoidsandantioxidants.
Fromtheviewpointoforthomoleculartherapy,multivitaminpreparations,
eveniftheyalsocontainminerals,haveminimumbenefit.Atmost,theyare
abletopreventdeficiencies.However,theycannotachieveapreventative
orevenatherapeuticeffectinanorthomolecularsenseifthedosageof
thesubstancesistoolow.
Long-term usage
Chronicaswellasalargenumberofnutrition-relateddiseasesdevelop
overalongperiodoftime.Itisnotpossibletogetbringundercontrol
withshort-termtherapeuticmeasuresortreatmentsoflimitedduration.
Thesameistrueforcomplaintsanddiseasesthatwerecausedbyan
undetectedmicronutrientdeficiencyoveralongtimespan.
Ashassincebeenconfirmedbynumerousstudies,itisonlypossibleto
achieveanidealresultwithorthomolecularsubstancesiftheyareused
regularlyoveralongperiodoftimeandwithasufficientlyhighdosage.
ASwedishstudyestablishedthattheriskofheartattacksinmenand
womencouldbeloweredby21%and34%respectivelyasaresultofthe
regularintakeofmultivitamins.Itthereforefollowsthatthecombined
intakeofmicronutrientsinadditiontolong-termusageisacomponent
ofactivehealthprotection.
9
An Australian study with 2,873 people revealed that the development of
a cataract was significantly reduced by the regular intake of multivitamin
supplements over a long period of time.
In summary: in order to prevent disease, the daily dosage previously
recommended by official sources should be multiplied many times over,
e. g. four times for vitamin C = 400 mg/day, at least six to eight times
for vitamin E = 75–100 mg/day.
Suitable and well-balanced combination
Why isn’t it a good idea to take a vitamin or mineral as an individual
substance, e. g. only vitamin C, E or magnesium? And why are incomplete
combinations of the antioxidants vitamin C, E and beta-carotene unsuitable
for preventing disease?
Chronic diseases are normally the result of several circumstances. As a
result, there is also a need for several micronutrients. According to the
orthomolecular principle, a disease should be treated with a suitable and
well-balanced combination of essential micronutrients; this provides an
optimum supply which balances out the micronutrient levels. In the case
of disease, a combination should be selected that is ideally tailored to the
specific condition.
Opponents of the orthomolecular principle are skeptical about this
approach. They maintain that a complex, high-dosage treatment with
various substances present in the body is not necessary for some patients
and that the substances are partially eliminated from the body with the
urine without having any effect.
With this in mind, would it not be more intelligent to use a suitable and
also well-balanced combination of orthomolecular substances and accept
a harmless elimination of partially unused substances rather than take an
unnecessary risk with your health?
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Overall, more than 40 micronutrients are necessary to ensure that our
body’s metabolism functions properly. As some of these micronutrients
cannot be provided by our body – or only to an inadequate extent –
they must be ingested through food or in the form of supplements.
Micronutrients are absolutely essential, for example, for strengthening the
body‘s defenses, boosting cell regeneration and preserving our metabolic
functions – to name just a few of their important responsibilities.
Micronutrients – components of good health
The foundation
The energy value and nutrient content of the food must be well-balanced
and suited to individual needs. Both a deficiency and an oversupply can
interfere with your health and performance. In this context, it is alarming
that when a person suffers from a micronutrient deficiency, their calorie
intake is usually far too high. Nowadays even children frequently suffer
from this nutritional deficiency.
A healthy diet, as well as vitamins, vitaminoids, antioxidants, minerals,
trace elements and essential fatty acids are therefore the foundation of
the orthomolecular principle.
Listed below are several orthomolecular recommendations for a healthy
diet and lifestyle which can be followed by everybody in the long term –
without affecting their enjoyment and quality of life:
Orthomolecular rules for a healthy diet and lifestyle*
I. Eatwhatevertastesgood–aslongasyourdietisvaried,healthyandbalanced,nottoofattyor
high-calorie.Meatandeggsaregoodfoods,butsmallerquantitiesarebetterforyourhealth.
2.Emphasisoncomplexcarbohydrates;sugarconsumptionshouldbedrasticallyreduced.
3.Eatmorefreshfruit,saladsandvegetables,ifpossiblefiveportionsperdayintotal(five-a-day
campaignbytheGermanNutritionSociety[DGE–DeutscheGesellschaftfürErnährung]).
4.Plantwomealswithfisheveryweek.
5.Drinkalargevolumeofmineralwaterorunsweetenedfruit/herbalteas,approx.1–1.5litersperday.
6.Reduceorgiveupalcoholandnicotineconsumption.
7.Integrateorthomolecularmicronutrientcombinationsinyourdailydietasacontribution
tothedailysupplementationofyourneedformicronutrients.
*N.B.:Theserulesforahealthydietdonotapplytothespecificdietarysituationwithmetabolicdisorders.
12 13
Vitamins
Chemically, vitamins are completely different substances which have one
thing in common: they are essential. A vitamin deficiency leads to major
health problems, a complete lack of one or several vitamins even to death.
In the past, classical diseases as a result of vitamin deficiencies were there-
fore greatly feared, e. g.:
Classical diseases with vitamin deficiencies Lack of …
Scurvy VitaminC
Rachitis VitaminD
Beriberi VitaminB1(thiamin)
Pellagra PredominantlyVitaminB3(Nicotinamide)
Perniciousanemia VitaminB12(cobalamin)
Over the past 100 years, successful research has been performed into the
causes of these diseases. When the operating mechanisms were clarified,
the deficiencies could be treated with corresponding vitamin supplemen-
tation.
No shortage of deficiencies
Nowadays, most people receive an adequate supply of macronutrients
and therefore calories, but their vitamin intake remains insufficient. In
our modern, affluent society we can even say that there is no shortage of
deficiencies because many people do not consume the quantity of vitamins
that has been established as necessary by present-day findings. In the case
of many micronutrients, the majority of the population does not even reach
the very moderate reference values for dietary supplements. For instance,
the nutrition report from 2004 revealed that the intake levels recommended
by the German Nutrition Society (DGE – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernäh-
rung) were not reached for a number of micronutrients.
Among others, the intake of calcium, folic acid and vitamin D3 was rated
as particularly critical. Among others, the intake of calcium, folic acid and
vitamin D3 was rated as particularly critical.
6 steps downwards to deficiency
The various stages set out by the vitamin researcher Brubacher clearly
illustrate that vitamin deficiencies develop gradually and remain
undetected for a long time until they finally escalate into a health risk.
• Stage 1
The vitamins stored in the tissue are partially depleted. The laboratory
values and general health are initially unchanged.
• Stage 2
The body’s reserves are increasingly drained. The laboratory values show
a reduced elimination of vitamins in the urine. The blood level still remains
unchanged, however. People can feel slightly unwell at this stage.
14 15
• Stage 3
Limited vitamin-dependent enzyme reactions are discernible. There is a
slight change in the blood level values. Physical, mental and emotional
capacities are reduced. In the long term, the causes of chronic diseases
that will occur at a later stage can develop during the first three stages.
• Stage 4
Although a dramatic drop in the vitamin values still fails to be revealed
in the vitamin level, degeneration of the general health is increasingly
noticeable, e. g. increased vulnerability to infections, deterioration in the
general condition, nervous complaints, decreasing resilience, reduced
vision in the dark, headaches, etc.
• Stage 5
Characteristic symptoms of vitamin deficiencies are recognizable. However,
it is possible that these symptoms can be cured with appropriate vitamin
supplementation.
• Stage 6
Tissue and organs are irreversibly damaged, leading to major, long-term
diseases or death.
The stages show that a vitamin deficiency is only recognizable beyond
doubt in the blood values when it has developed into a major, clinical
deficiency, i.e. when it is far too late. The vitamins stored in the cells could
be entirely depleted even though the blood values are still “normal”.
As a consequence, people who are foresighted and health-conscious
regularly supplement their daily diet with additional vitamins.
Supply and demand
Although they are unaware of the fact, many people need more vitamins
than they consume. There are special phases in life when the need for
vitamins is particularly high:
• For children and young people during periods of growth
• In times of increased mental and physical strain
• During pregnancy and breast-feeding
• In the change of life
• In old age and with (chronic) diseases
• Longer-term medicine intake
Smokers and alcoholics are particularly at risk with regard to vitamin defi-
ciencies. This is not only because tobacco and alcohol increase the need for
vitamins, but also because these people tend not to follow a healthy diet.
They are therefore faced with a wide range of negative consequences.
16 17
Vitamin dosage
How many vitamins do we need? Nutritionists and physicians are be-
coming increasingly aware that a daily supplementation of vitamins and
other micronutrients is good for the health.
The official recommendations by the German Nutrition Society (Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Ernährung – DGE), as shown in the following table, only
refer to healthy people in order to protect them against nutrition-related
health problems. People who are ill or recovering are not taken into
account, nor are the long-term consequences that can occur after disease.
Even though the level of vitamin dosage is a subject of animated discus-
sion, it is clear that a much larger amount of vitamins should be taken
than previously assumed.
Characteristics and features of vitamins
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid, which is familiar to us all as vitamin C, has been thoroughly
researched during recent years. The newly obtained findings from this
research have fundamentally changed views with regard to possible appli-
cations and dosage. According to the research, vitamin C can do more
than simply protect people against colds. Its most important characteristic
is its antioxidant effect. A series of studies have examined the role played
by vitamin C in cancer prevention. The results of many studies indicate a
connection between a high vitamin C intake and a low rate of susceptibi-
lity to cancer.
The effects of heavy metal exposure can also be reduced by vitamin C sup-
plementation. Furthermore, vitamin C prevents the formation of nitrosamine
from nitrite that is contained in cured sausage products, for example.
19
Nitrosamines enter the body via tobacco smoke, for example, and contain
cancer-inducing properties. In addition, a low vitamin C level is associated
with the occurrence of coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis. Smokers
also have an increased need for vitamin C.
There is still controversial discussion surrounding how much vitamin C
would be ideal in order to protect against disease. If you take the require-
ment figures in human biogenesis as a basis, then a daily dosage of 500 mg
is ideal. Scientists have established that this was the daily dosage of pre-
civilization man.
Vitamin B complex
The vitamins in the B group are absolutely indispensable to all metabolic
processes in the human body. They are closely connected with each other
and never remain stationary.
In addition, the vitamin B complex is essential for supporting and regener-
ating the nervous system. Latent deficiencies are frequently detected with
nervous disorders, bowel diseases, alcoholism, or reduction diets. But preg-
nant women, high-performance athletes and older people also usually
intake insufficient supplies of B-group vitamins.
Vitamin A
This vitamin is known to most people as the “eye vitamin” because a lack
of vitamin A can lead to vision disturbances or in severe cases even to
blindness. However, such deficiencies are rare in industrialized countries as
they are based on a lack of nourishment. So why is it important to ensure
an optimum vitamin A intake?
In addition to the aforementioned function, this fat-soluble vitamin has
other responsibilities in the human organism and is necessary for ensuring
that many metabolic processes run smoothly. Vitamin A also plays a role
in the development of the skin and the mucous membranes as well as
in reproduction. In addition, it is vital for cell division and differentiation
processes.
Vitamin E
The numerous therapeutic and preventative effects of vitamin E are pre-
dominantly based on its antioxidant function for protection against free
radicals. A series of studies have proved the benefits of vitamin E for various
diseases. For example, smokers, sufferers of cardiovascular diseases and
patients undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy should consider
an additional vitamin E intake. However, it should be noted here that
individual intake of vitamin E alone is not recommendable. Vitamin E is
regenerated by vitamin C. Scientists therefore emphasize that both micro-
nutrients should be supplemented in combination.
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Essential vitamins for good health and well-being
** (adequate for healthy people in order to prevent visible deficiencies) Reference values for Germany (D)
according to DACH 2000, for USA: RDA, Institute of Medicine 1997, 1998, 2001
* Souci, Fachmann, Kraut: The composition of foods, tables with nutritional values; 2000
Vitamin Chemical term
Primary origin* Reference value** Characteristics and features
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Citrus fruit, fruit, vegetables D: 100 mg
D (smokers): 150 mg
USA: 75 – 90 mg
Prevents scurvy, regenerates vitamin E, powerful antioxidant, improves immune response,
positive influence on cardiovascular diseases, beneficial effect on emotional disorders,
anticarcinogenic
Vitamin B1 Thiamin Meat, fish, pulses, whole-grain
products
D: 1.0 – 1.3 mg
USA: 1.1 – 1.2 mg
Prevents beriberi, energy metabolism, beneficial effect on diabetic sequelae such as diabetic
neuropathy
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Milk, eggs, cheese, fish, liver,
whole-grain products
D: 1.2 – 1.5 mg
USA: 1.1 – 1.3 mg
Protein and energy metabolism
Nicotinamide Whole-grain products, pulses,
nuts, meat, fish
D: 13 – 17 mg
USA: 14 – 16 mg
Prevents pellagra, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, central role in carbohydrate,
fat and protein metabolism, positive influence on cerebral metabolism
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Meat, poultry, fruit, milk, vegetables,
cereals
D: 1.2 – 1.5 mg
USA: 1.3 – 1.7 mg
Neurotransmitter synthesis, helps to reduce homocysteine, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases,
positive influence on PMS
Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamine Liver, eggs, meat, cheese, milk, fish D: 3.0 μg
USA: 2.4 μg
Used for pernicious anemia, involved in build-up of red blood cells, helps to reduce homocysteine,
beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, involved in DNA synthesis, important for cell division and
growth processes
Vitamin A / Beta-carotene
Retinol
Beta-carotene
Vitamin A:
Liver, eggs, milk, butter
Beta-carotene:
Yellow and orange vegetables, spinach
D: 0.8 – 1.0 mg
(2,640 – 3,300 I.E.)
USA: 0.7 – 0.9 mg
(2,310 – 2,970 I.E.)
Anticarcinogenic, strengthens the immune system, provides support for skin diseases such as acne or
pigment disturbances, antioxidant, centrally important to vision, important for reproductive functions,
growth and differentiation of bone and epithelial tissue
Vitamin E Tocopherols Vegetable oils, wheatgerm,
pulses, fennel
D: 12 – 15 mg
USA: 15 mg
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, e. g. for rheumatism, positive influence on cardiovascular diseases and
neurodegenerative diseases
Vitamin D Cholecalciferol Fish, liver, chanterelles, egg yolks D: 5 – 10 μg
(200 – 400 I.E.)
USA: 5 – 15 μg
(200 – 600 I.E.)
Prevents rachitis, supports bone mineralization, beneficial for osteoporosis together with calcium,
positive influence on cardiovascular and immune system
Vitamin K Phylloquinone Vegetables, pork, liver, milk,
soybean oil
D: 60 – 80 μg
USA: 75 – 120 μg
Prevents bleeding (synthesizes blood coagulation factors), supports bone metabolism,
beneficial for osteoporosis
Folic acid Pteroylmono-
glutamate
Vegetables, lettuce, whole-grain
products, meat, milk
D: 400 μg
USA: 400 μg
Involved in DNA syntheses, cell differentiation and cell division, growth processes, helps to reduce
homocysteine, beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, neurotransmitter metabolism, build-up of
red blood cells, beneficial effect on neurological diseases, reduces neural tube defects during pregnancy
Pantothenic acid
Widespread/particularly large amounts
in beef, salmon, herring, avocado, liver
D: 6 mg
USA: 5 mg
Energy metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis
Biotin Fish, pork, liver, eggs, pulses, cereals D: 30 – 60 μg
USA: 30 μg
Energy metabolism, supports skin, hair and fingernail metabolism
22 23
Oxidative stress and the importance of antioxidants
The aforementioned vitamins A, C and E belong to the group of antioxidants.
Together with selenium, zinc, beta-carotene and other micronutrients, they
are responsible for neutralizing free radicals and therefore rendering them
harmless.
Free radicals are aggressive, extremely reactive compounds and metabolic
products that harm the body’s own protein and fat, and also the genetic
substance DNA, with oxidative processes and can prevent them from
functioning properly. At worst, the cells degenerate into tumor cells.
If there are an excessive number of free radicals, and the concentration
of the body‘s own antioxidants is insufficient, an “oxidant stress situation”
arises. This is frequently the case in situations with increased physical and
mental activity, infections and inflammatory processes in the body and
within the context of natural aging. Additional strain as a result of free
radicals is created, for example, by cigarette smoke, UV radiation, environ-
mental pollution, medicaments and chemicals.
The body’s defense system, which protects against attacks from free radicals,
consists of antioxidants and the body’s own antioxidant enzymatic protec-
tion system. These substances are rapidly depleted when combating
radicals in the body.
Continual supplementation of cell-protecting antioxidants with a suitable
and well-balanced combination and dosage has therefore proved to be
beneficial in view of the increasing internal and external strain, to preserve
good health and to protect against disease.
And this is all the more important because it is now regarded as certain
that free radicals contribute to the development of cancer, cardiovascular
diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, for example.
The antioxidants complement each other well. While vitamin E and beta-
carotene scavenge the free radicals in the cell membrane, vitamin C is
active in the watery inner call. They form an effective defense team toge-
ther with selenium and zinc as components of the enzymatic protection
system.
Supply and demand
There is no difference between nutrition which is occasionally recommen-
ded as antioxidant and the rules for a healthy diet that were established by
the orthomolecular principle decades ago: more fresh fruit and vegetables,
less meat, etc.
24 25
The necessary quantities of antioxidants cannot be fully guaranteed even
with a healthy, varied diet, however. Antioxidant dietary supplementation is
unavoidable for effective protection against disease.
From the viewpoint of the orthomolecular principle, daily supplementation
is recommended for the following antioxidants, for example:
Dietary supplementation Recommended additional supply (daily)
Vitamin C at least 300 – 500 mg
Vitamin E 100 – 200 mg
Mixed carotenoids ca. 5 – 20 mg
Selenium ca. 50 – 100 μg
There are other micronutrients with an antioxidant effect, such as bioflavo-
noids, anthocyans, zinc and iron, which can also be used for active health
protection.
Vitaminoids
Vitaminoids are vital substances with vitamin-like characteristics. The body
can produce a limited quantity itself and they are also ingested through
food. Deficiencies do not develop as long as there are no problems with
the body’s own production or the external supply.
The need for coenzyme Q10, in particular, increases considerably when a
person is ill or growing older. And if the supply through food is also in-
adequate, then an undetected vitaminoid deficiency develops. This does
not have an immediate effect, but harms your health over the long term.
The following information on important vitaminoids shows that such risks
can be reduced by orthomolecular dietary supplementation.
Carnitine
This vitaminoid plays a key role in fat burning. In general, the daily carnitine
intake is 10–70 mg. High carnitine levels are found in meat, but also in milk
and rice. In contrast, vegetable foodstuffs have a very low carnitine content,
which means that vegetarians should consider carnitine supplementation.
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)
Responsible for important functions in the energy metabolism. Natural
sources of ubiquinone are meat, eggs and vegetable foodstuffs, in partic-
ular germ oils. When a person reaches the age of 40, the concentration of
ubiquinone reduces in the body, particularly in the heart. Supplementation
of coenzym Q10 therefore seems sensible when as a person grows older
and for patients with cardiovascular diseases.
26 27
Dosage
Recommended daily intake figures are also available for minerals and trace
elements. These substances also have a beneficial effect on a person’s
health and can positively influence certain diseases. As synergy effects exist
for several trace elements, these should preferably be taken in the form of
micronutrient combinations and not as mono-products.
Supply and demand
A deficiency in minerals and/or trace elements can frequently be detected
in a person’s appearance. For example, brittle nails, poor skin or lackluster
hair with a tendency to break are all signs of a deficiency in these micro-
nutrients. It is logical that a balanced consumption should be guaranteed
in view of the importance of minerals and trace elements for health and
performance.
Anybody who intends to meet the daily requirements – both the quantity
and variety – with a balanced diet alone must become very thoroughly
acquainted with the topic. It is just not enough to know about the mineral
content of individual foods. Practical knowledge about the correct storage
and preparation is also necessary as storage, processing, preparation and
conservation processes continually reduce the natural mineral content
of foods. It is therefore becoming increasingly difficult to guarantee the
necessary supply of minerals and trace elements from food. However,
nutrition-related deficiencies and additional needs are not necessarily
problematic because they can be covered very easily and specifically with
orthomolecular dietary supplementation.
Minerals and trace elements
Unlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic substances. However, they are
necessary for the smooth running of essential biochemical reactions in the
human body. A continual external supply is necessary as the body cannot
produce them itself.
Trace elements occur in the body in far smaller quantities than minerals –
hence their name (only occur in traces).
Minerals and trace elements are eliminated from the body with sweat,
urine and feces. Their importance for health and performance can be
easily comprehended if we consider the specific details for the individual
substances in the table.
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The most important minerals and trace elements at a glance
Minerals/ Trace elements
Recommended daily requirement*
Characteristics and features
Natural sources**
Magnesium 300–400mg Essentialfornerve,heart
andmusclefunctions;
componentof
manyenzymes
Pulses,whole-grain
products,milk,
dairyproducts
Calcium 1.0–1.2g Developmentandpre-
servationofbonesand
teeth;nervouscondition
Milk,cheese,broccoli,
curlykale
Iron 2–15mg Hemoglobinproduction
(oxygentransport)
Meat,pulses,
lamb’slettuce
Selenium 30–70μg Boostsimmunesystem Fish,meat,eggs
Copper 1.0–1.5mg Componentofanti-
oxidantprotection
system;build-upofred
bloodcells
Fish,shellfish,pulses
Manganese 2–5mg Componentofanti-
oxidantprotection
system
Whole-grainproducts,
nuts,pulses
Iodine 180–200μg Importantforthyroid
glandfunction
Seafish,shellfish
Chromium 30–100μg Carbohydrate
metabolism
Shellfish,eggs,
oatmeal,tomatoes,
mushrooms
Molybdenum 50–100μg Uricacidmetabolism Cereals,pulses,
mushrooms
*ReferencevaluesforGermany(D)accordingtoDACH2000,forUSA:RDA,
InstituteofMedicine1997,1998,2001
**Souci,Fachmann,Kraut:Thecompositionoffoods,tableswithnutritionalvalues;2000
Phytonutrients
The term “phytonutrients” was first used around 100 years ago by the plant
physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate Albrecht Kossel. In English-language
literature they are also labeled “phytochemicals”, and the term “phyto-
protectants” is sometimes used as well. A large number of studies docu-
ment their protective, health-promoting characteristics. Phytonutrients
are numerous compounds with very different chemical structures. They
only occur in very small quantities and, depending on the plant, in various
forms.
In an organism of plant origin, phytonutrients have various responsibilities,
including defending against pests and disease, regulating growth and
adding color. They influence the selection of food chosen by people in the
form of aromas and flavoring. Approx. 1.5 g of phytonutrients are ingested
daily with a mixed diet, considerably more with a vegetarian diet.
It is not know how many phytonutrients occur in nature. The current
assumption is between 60,000 and 100,000.
Characteristics of phytonutrients
Anticarcinogenic Anti-inflammatory
Antimicrobial Regulatebloodpressure
Antioxidant Reducecholesterol
Antithrombotic Regulatebloodglucose
Boostimmunesystem Digestive
30 31
The better known phytonutrients include the carotenoids, such as beta-
carotene, lutein and the polyphenols contained in red wine, whose prevent-
ative effect for arteriosclerosis is the subject of discussion. The phytoestro-
gens from soy and linseed are the focus of current research. A number of
studies have revealed that phytoestrogens can contribute to the protection
against breast and prostate cancer. Their operating mechanisms also have
a positive influence on symptoms during the change of life.
Carotenoids (e.g. beta-carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin, lutein)
Carotenoids are colorings that are very common in plants. Approx. 700
carotenoids are known so far, of which only about 40–50 are ingested by
humans and processed in the metabolism. Epidemiological studies show
that high levels of carotenoids are associated with a lower rate of cancer,
cardiovascular diseases and age-related macular degeneration.
Phytoestrogens (isoflavones)
The chemical structure of phytoestrogens is similar to that of estrogens.
However, their estrogen activity is lower by a factor of 10-2 to 10-3. Phyto-
estrogens also possess antioxidant characteristics. In epidemiological
studies, major differences were established between the development of
hormone-dependent types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer.
West European women have a 4-6 times higher risk of breast cancer than
Asian women. But these are not the only differences. Asian people are also
more rarely affected by ovarian and colon cancer. These differences are
primarily attributable to their diet. In Asia soy is a basic foodstuff and the
average intake of isoflavones is stated as 20–50 mg per day. In contrast,
the intake in western countries amounts to less than 5 mg per day.
Polyphenols
Flavonoids (flavonols, flavones, anthocyans) belong to the group of poly-
phenols. Flavonols and flavones are responsible for yellow plant coloring;
anthocyans for red, blue and violet coloring. Polyphenols have antioxidant
characteristics, among others, and can contribute to the protection against
cardiovascular diseases. Flavonoids are contained above all in the outer
layers of foods. This means that peeling apples or removing tomato skins
reduces the flavonoid content.
Phytosterines
Phytosterines are similar to the animal sterines, such as the cholesterol.
Sunflower seeds and sesame, as well as native soybean oil, are particularly
rich in phytosterines. It is probable that phytosterines inhibit the absorp-
tion of cholesterol in the gut.
32 33
The most important phytonutrients at a glance
Phytonutrients Natural forms Contained in Characteristics and features
Carotenoids (plant colorings)
Containoxygen:
Xanthophylls,e.g.
zeaxanthin,lutein
Vegetables,e.g.
spinach,curlykale
Preservevision,
promotecell
developmentand
cellcommunication,
possessantioxidant
characteristics,protect
againstUVradiation
Oxygen-free:
Alpha-carotene,beta-
carotene,lycopene
e.g.tomatoes,carrots,
apricots
Phytoestrogens Isoflavones Soybeans,peas,lentils,
beansandother
pulses
Riskreductionfor
certaincarcinomas
(primarilybreast,
prostateandcolon
cancer),reduction
inmenopausal
symptomssuchas
hotflushes,influence
onbonemetabolism,
positiveinfluenceon
riskfactorsforcardio-
vasculardiseases,
e.g.cholesterol
reduction
Lignans Whole-graincereals,
berries,linseed,
flaxseed
Polyphenols Flavonoids,
e.g.flavonols
Almostallplants
becausetheydeter-
minethecoloringof
flowersandfruit,etc.;
forexample,inonions,
curlykale
Antioxidant,
antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory,
regulateblood
pressureandblood
coagulation,protect
againstcardiac
diseaseandcancerFlavones e.g.incelery,parsnips
Anthocyans e.g.inberries,
redwine
Phytosterines e.g.beta-sitosterol Particularlycommon
infattypartsofplants,
e.g.insunflower
seeds,sesame,native
soybeanoil
Reducecholesterol,
anticarcinogenic
withrelationtocolon
carcinoma
Essential fatty acids
Many people not only eat too much, but they also eat fat that is unfavorable
from a nutritional point of view. In order to preserve a strong heart and
healthy vessels, therefore, physicians and nutritionists recommend on the
one hand a reduction in fat consumption and on the other a preference
for foods with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.
Unsaturated fatty acids
A difference is made in dietetics between monounsaturated and poly-
unsaturated fatty acids. Unlike monounsaturated fatty acids, the body
cannot produce polyunsaturated fatty acids itself. These must therefore be
ingested in sufficient amounts through food. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
belong to the group of essential nutrients and as they have fundamental
structural responsibilities in the cell, they are indispensable for the human
organism and are invaluable for preserving good health.
Omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid family)
The recommended daily amount is 6–8 g. If intake is too low over a longer
period of time, deficiencies can develop that are connected with delayed
growth, skin lesions or a reduced ability to reproduce.
As today’s mixed diet commonly contains enough linoleic acid, there is not
much probability of health problems as a result of a lack of nourishment. In
contrast, it is frequently very difficult to guarantee an optimum supply of
Omega-3 fatty acids from a mixed diet.
34 35
Omega-3 fatty acids (linoleic acid family)
The recommended daily requirement for Omega-3 fatty acids is around
0.3–0.4 g. This need increases in the case of common diseases, such as
rheumatoid arthritis or cardiovascular diseases.
High concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are contained in coldwater fish
such as mackerel, herring, salmon and cod. Game also has a relatively high
omega-3 fatty acid content.
A deficiency in adults only becomes noticeable after a long period. A lack of
these fatty acids is related to restricted vision or reduced learning abilities.
More attention should therefore be paid to ensuring a regular intake of
the necessary quantities. Seafish could make a contribution here, but
unfortunately fish consumption is Germany is generally far too low. Only
100 g of fish is consumed on average per person/week; this is not enough
to guarantee an optimum supply with a beneficial effect for your health.
At the same time, it is very important in view of the risk reduction for
cardiovascular diseases.
There are good reasons for a targeted dietary supplementation of omega-3
fatty acids, e. g. in the form of fish oil capsules. It is particularly valuable due
to the contribution to maintaining healthy vessels.
37
Effects of omega-3 fatty acids:
• Positive influence on inflammatory processes,
e. g. in the case of rheumatoid arthritis
• Positive influence on arteriosclerotic vessel changes
• Inhibit conglutination of the blood platelets
• Enlarge vessels and lower blood pressure
• Improve blood flow characteristics
Pro- und Prebiotika
Probiotics (pro bio = for life) are defined, living microorganisms of which
sufficient quantities enter the gut in active form and have a beneficial
effect on a person’s health.
Probiotics also contribute to a stable gut flora and a healthy intestinal
mucous membrane. At the same time, they boost the gut-associated
immune system. Probiotics can also prevent the settlement of pathogens.
The usage of probiotics can restrict allergic reactions and proves to be
good in cases of lactose intolerance, among other things. Therapeutic
measures, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or treatment with
antibiotics, can lead to changes in the gut-associated microflora. Here too,
the intake of probiotics can achieve a decrease in unwanted effects, such
as diarrhea. More recent study findings imply that probiotic cultures have
a positive influence on irritable bowel.
Prebiotics are indigestible substances. They enhance the growth of certain
microorganisms in the gut. The influence of prebiotics on the immune sys-
tem is increasingly becoming a subject of discussion in literature. There are
also indications that prebiotics have a beneficial effect on the development
of colon cancer and tumor growth. One well-known member of the group
of prebiotics is inulin, which is extracted from chicory.
39
Improving the micronutrient balance
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
The above definition by the World Health Organization wholeheartedly
underlines the objectives of the orthomolecular principle:
• Considerable enhancement of individual health
• Preservation of vitality and performance into advanced age
• Prevention of diet-related and chronic degenerative diseases
The basis of excellent health and physical resistance can only be achieved
if preferably all the substances present in the body are available in ideal
quantities.
Unfortunately, there is an increasing imbalance in the micronutrient levels
of many people as they approach old age. Frequently, people fail to reach
even the reference values required by the German Nutrition Society (DGE –
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung). Micronutrient levels could be con-
siderably improved as a result of the additional intake of orthomolecular
substances with a balanced quantity and dosage. This would actively
contribute to the preservation of health.
The previous chapters primarily described individual micronutrients.
The following pages will provide you with an insight into orthomolecular
treatment and its way of working.
Objectives of the orthomolecular principle
Taking care of the cardiovascular system
Nowadays, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the most common
disease-related causes of death. In order to reduce the frequency of
these diseases, it is necessary to influence their development at an early
stage by modifying lifestyles, such as adopting nutritional measures or
exercising. Numerous orthomolecular substances can counteract both the
development of cardiovascular diseases and of cancer. Both of these are
chronic, degenerative diseases which are based on changes in important
metabolic processes. Cancer is related to changes in the DNA and protein
40
structures, cardiovascular diseases focus on changes in the fat metabolism.
Orthomolecular substances can have a beneficial effect with regard to the
prevention of these changes. It is most effective for the prophylaxis and
therapy of cardiovascular diseases if preferably all of the orthomolecular
substances that are important for this area of application are taken conti-
nually and over the long term with a sufficiently high dosage. In addition,
all orthomolecular substances that optimize the metabolism should be
used. The table on the following double page provides an overview. At the
same time, prescription heart medication from the physician should not be
reduced or stopped by the patient without prior consultation!
In addition to the intake of orthomolecular substances, a healthy lifestyle
with sufficient exercise and a balanced diet with a large quantity of fruit,
vegetables and fish also have a beneficial effect on the treatment and
prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Alcohol should be greatly reduced
and nicotine should be avoided completely.
Strengthening the body’s regeneration and defense system
During research processes into the connections between nutrition and the
aging process, several crucial questions repeatedly arise which are outlined
here from the viewpoint of the orthomolecular principle.
Which nutritional deficiencies are common as people grow older?
A deficiency in important micronutrients presents a health risk much more
frequently in old age than generally assumed. While the values for an
ideal energy and protein intake have been established, the ideal intake for
micronutrients is still being discussed by nutritionists and physicians.
Vitamin deficiencies in pensioners living in retirement homes
Daily intake as a %
100 *
Own catering Third-party catering
* Recommended DGE reference value
(German Nutrition Society)
It is clear, however, that even healthy people who follow a “normal” diet still
receive an insufficient supply of vitamins in old age. This is also shown in
the nutrition report from 2004: on average, people who are older than 65
years of age ingest less than 50 % of the recommended daily allowances for
iodine, folic acid and vitamin D. Considerable deficiencies were detected in
a study of pensioners who live in retirement homes. The study examined
the micronutrient intake of 67 women with an average age of 86 years.
It revealed that the reference values for vitamins recommended by the
German Nutrition Society (DGE – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung)
were not reached for any of the vitamins, even though the necessary quan-
tities could be comprehensively covered in a relatively simple manner by
regular dietary supplementation in the form of orthomolecular substances.
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Calcium
Magnesium
Iodine
20 40 60 80
42 43
Minerals/ Trace elements
Daily dosage Characteristics and features in relation to the cardiovascular system
Magnesium 100 – 300 mg Cardiac excitation conduction, lowers blood
pressure, positive influence on cardiac rhythm
Zinc 10 – 20 mg Antioxidant
Selenium 50 – 200 μg Antioxidant
Manganese 2 – 5 mg Antioxidant
Copper 0,5 – 4 mg Antioxidant
Chromium 30 – 150 μg Component of glucose tolerance factor
Molybdenum 60 – 300 μg Component of important enzymes
Iodine 150 – 300 μg Important for the thyroid gland
Essential fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids In the form of fish oil,
approx. 0.5 – 1 g
Prevent conglutination of the blood platelets,
positive influence on cardiac rhythm,
lower blood pressure, improve blood flow
characteristics, lower blood lipids (triglycerides)
Vitaminoids
L-carnitine 0.2 – 0.6 g Energy provision in the heart, helps the heart
to function normally
Coenzyme Q10 (= ubiquinone)
10 – 50 mg Energy provision in the heart muscle cells,
antioxidant, important for heart metabolism
Orthomolecular substances for the prophylaxis and nutrition-based therapy of the cardiovascular system
Vitamins Daily dosage Characteristics and features in relation to the cardiovascular system
Vitamin C > 500 mg Antioxidant, lowers blood pressure, stabilizes
blood vessels, lowers overall cholesterol levels,
regenerates Vitamin E
Vitamin E 100 – 500 mg Antioxidant, prevents oxidation of the
LDL cholesterol
Vitamin A 2,000 – 5,000 I.E. Antioxidant
Vitamin B1 7.5 – 40 mg Important for carbohydrate metabolism
Vitamin B2 7.5 – 40 mg Central role in the carbohydrate, fatty acid
and amino acid metabolism
Nicotinamide 50 – 200 mg Lowers LDL cholesterol, central role in the
carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid
metabolism
Vitamin B6 7.5 – 40 mg Lowers homocysteine
Vitamin B12 5 – 15 μg Important for build-up of red blood cells,
lowers homocysteine
Folic acid 0,4 – 1 mg Build-up of red blood cells,
lowers homocysteine
Pantothenic acid 10 – 30 mg Development and degeneration of carbo-
hydrates, fatty acids and amino acids
Biotin 100 – 500 μg Involved in the development and degeneration
of carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids
Vitamin K 30 – 120 μg Blood coagulation
Carotenoids 5 – 20 mg Antioxidants
Bioflavonoids 5 – 20 mg Antioxidants
44 45
How important is nutrition for the immune system?
The immune system acts simultaneously as the health police force and
a repair service. It recognizes and combats harmful, exogenous intruders
such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. But it also repairs damaged cells or
destroys and disposes of them if they are irreparable. Good nutrition and
a well-balanced supply of micronutrients are important prerequisites for
a healthy immune system.
A study of 96 pensioners who took a multivitamin and mineral supplement
had a better immune response after 12 months than pensioners who did
not receive a supplement. It therefore follows that supplementation with a
suitable combination of micronutrients can improve the immune status of
pensioners.
There are also numerous connections between the development of cancer
and the performance of the immune system. This also explains why ortho-
molecular substances for strengthening the immune system can have a
beneficial effect on the development of cancer and its progression.
The gut – the largest immune organ of our body
With a surface area of about 400 m², the gut is the central point of the
immune system and therefore plays a significant role in a person‘s immune
response. The intestinal mucous membrane forms a natural barrier against
pathogens and pollutants with its immunocompetent cells. Disease which
involves the gut or intestinal mucous membrane could result in a weakened
immune response.
As already mentioned, the intake of pro- and prebiotics has a beneficial
effect on the gut flora. Due to the special role played by the gut in the
immune system, probiotics are particularly good for the immune system.
For example, supplementation with probiotics enhances the activity of
important defense cells.
A healthy and well-balanced diet, together with the intake of need-based,
combined micronutrients, boosts the immune system.
Physical performance and the immune system
Sport has a beneficial effect on the emotional and physical state of health.
In addition to other lifestyle factors, physical activity can counteract the
civilization diseases in today’s society. An increased number of free radicals
are generated as a result of the high oxygen consumption involved in
sporting activities. This can lead to an “oxidative stress situation”. The neu-
tralization of these free radicals places a strain on the immune system and
is characterized by decreasing concentrations of vitamin C and the anti-
oxidant enzymes, among others. In order to enhance regeneration of the
body’s immune system and ensure preservation, athletes should take
a supplement with antioxidants.
46 47
Promoting mental development across all age groups
The brain controls many metabolic processes in our body. It enables us to
store pieces of information and recall them as needed. At the same time,
it is possible that even the tiniest deficiency in micronutrient supply which
causes tiny, insignificant changes in the activity of an individual enzyme,
can join together with additional, otherwise insignificant changes in activi-
ty. In the end, this causes measurable impairment of a person’s intellectual
performance. In order to remain mentally alert until an advanced age and
therefore meet the requirements of everyday life, the body should receive
a continual supply of essential micronutrients.
Embryonic development of the fetus
Fetal development in the womb is characterized by a high cell division rate.
The fetus is completely dependent on the mother to supply the essential
micronutrients. An adequate supply of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (doco-
sahexaenoic acid) is particularly important. This is necessary for the healthy
development of the brain and nervous system. At the same time, it also
enhances the intellectual capacity and the development of vision for the
growing organism.
In order to enable a trouble-free pregnancy and reduce the risk of physical
and mental disabilities in the child, other important micronutrients such
as folic acid, iron, vitamin B6, B12, selenium and magnesium should be
supplemented in addition to the omega-3 fatty acids.
49
Notes
Literature
H. K. Biesalski: Ernährungsmedizin, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-131-00292-1
DACH: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr, Umschau/Braus Verlag, Frankfurt 2000, ISBN 3-829-57114-3
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung: Ernährungsbericht 2004, ISBN 3- 88749 -183 -1
H. Dietl und. G. Ohlenschläger: Handbuch der Orthomolekularen Medizin
Haug-Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-776-01405-9
Holmquist C, Larsson S, Wolk A et al. Multivitamin supplements are inversely associated with risk
of myocardial infarction in men and women. Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)
J Nutr 2003; 133 (8) : 2650-4
Institute of Medicine, USA 1997, 1998, 2001
Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG et al. Use of the supplements and cataract :
The Blue Mountain Eye Study, Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132 : 19-26
Schmid A, Wilmes G, Stork A et al. Nährstoff- und Bewegungsmangel im Altenheim weit verbreitet
Geriatrie Journal 2001; 1-2 : 31-34
S. W. Souci, W. Fachmann, H. Kraut: Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel-Nährwerttabellen
Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-88763-076-9
B. Watch, C. Leitzmann: Bioaktive Substanzen in Lebensmitteln
Hippokrates Verlag, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-777-31301-7
JournalsJournal für Orthomolekulare Medizin [Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine]
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Also important at an early age!
Although the embryonic phase is the phase with the highest cell division
rate, small children also have an increased need for micronutrients. This
special requirement must be met in order to ensure optimum develop-
ment. Supplementation with micronutrient combinations increased the
intellectual performance of school children between the age of 6 and 12
compared with those who did not receive a supplement. Once again, this
confirms the orthomolecular principle of using complex micronutrient
combinations instead of mono-products.
The fear of forgetting
As a person grows older, their intellectual capabilities can diminish. Alzheimer-
type dementia (Alzheimer’s disease) is a disease of the central nervous
system which is associated, among other things, with the loss of cognitive
capabilities. An excessive attack by free radicals and the related increased
oxidative stress is linked with the development of the disease. A diet which
is rich in fruit and vegetables can possibly contribute to an individual
reduction in the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have shown
that pensioners whose cognitive performance had decreased benefited by
a supplementation of antioxidants and also omega-3 fatty acids.
50 51
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