a shasta vocabulary
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A SHASTA VOCABULARY
William Bright and D. L. Olmsted
Introduction
Linguists who do comparative work on the non-literary languages ofthe world are often heard to complain against their colleagues who havedone descriptive work on the same languages: "If he would only publishhis vocabularies~t? The authors of the present work have been both thecomplainers and the complained against in this situation, and this pub-lication is intended to remove one source of irritation. The Hokan gen-etic grouping of Dixon, Kroeber, and Sapir,1 to which Shasta has beenassigned, is currently the subject of renewed study,2 stimulated by theavailability of new descriptive materials.3 Previous publication onShasta has been quite scant,,4 and there is a need to bring the languagemore fully into the comparative picture. It is hoped that this publica-tion will contribute toward that end.
The aboriginal territory of the Shasta in northern Californiaincluded Scott Valley, Shasta Valley, and a stretch of the Klamath Riverupriver from Karok territory; a part of the Rogue River Valley in Oregonwas also occupied. Shasta culture has been described by Dixon, 1907,and by Holt, 1946. The number of speakers is now reduced to about halfa dozen, but still includes Sargent Sambo, the principal informant ofboth Dixon and Holto
The Shasta words in this vocabulary come from both printed andmanuscript sources. The printed sources we identified by the followingabbreviations:
HH Hale, 1846 ]P Powers IR Ross i in Powers, 1877C Crook ]H Hazen ]B Burns, 1901D Dixon, 1907DM Dixon, 1910F Farrand and Frachtenberg, 1915G Gifford, 1922Cu Curtis, 1924K Kroeber, 1925V Voegelin, 1942Ho Holt, 1946
A number of words have been copied from manuscript materials ofCO Hart Merriam, which are now in the possession of the AnthropologyDepartment of- the University of California, Berkeley. These are mostly
1
names of plants and animals, and are identified by the letter M. Thescientific names given by Merriam are also included in this work.
The original notations of all the above sources have been preserved.For an explanation of Merriam's system, see Merriam, 1955, pp. xv-xvti.
Finally, recordings made by the authors are given. Those of Olmsted,marked DLO, are in a non-phonemic notation. His principal informant wasSargent Sambo; some forms were also obtained from Mrs. Winnie Nelson.Those of Bright, marked by a single preceding diagonal, are in a tentativephonemic writing. Bright's informants are indicated after his recordings,as follows: SS = Sargent Sambo, CW a Clara Wicks, FW - Fred Wicks. Whenno initials appear, it should be understood that the ward was pronouncedin the same form by SS and CW, the two principal informants. Parenthesesaround parts of a word indicate that these sounds were pronounred by SS,who speaks a more conservative dialect, but not by CW.
The authors owe thanks for support of their work on Shasta to thefollowing sources: for Bright's field work, the Administration of theUniversity of Califomia; for Olmsted's field work, the Social ScienceResearch Council, the University of California, and the Institute ofHuman Relations, Yale University.
Notes on Shasta Phonemics
The following observations derive from Bright's field work on Shasta,and serve to explain the notation of his recordings.
The following phonemes are tentatively recognized:
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar GlottalVoiceless stops
and affricates:
Non-glottalized p t c k kwGlottalized p' t' c' k' k'w
Voiceless spirants s x h
Sonorants:Nasal m n
Non-nasal w r y
Vowels: Front Non-frontHigh ii, u u.Low e eo a a*
High pitch accent: :
2
The non-glottalized stops are unaspirated before vowels. Aspirated stopsoccurring as first members of clusters are also considered allophones of thisseries: an example is the aspirated /k of /9 kwi" 'boat'.
The palatal affricates /c c' and spirant /s are articulated with retro-flexed tongue-tip; the palatal sonorant /y, however, is articulated with thesurface of the tongue.
The spirant /x is labialized after /u uo w; an example is /kuxehe-hav'chief'.
The trill /r is voiceless before silence, whether or not followed by /v;examples are /iakkir 'bow' and /kittfri 'salmon'.
The high vowels are tense when long, but lax and somewhat lower whenshort, The short vowel /a, however, is higher then long /ao, and phoneti-cally approaches [.1, Before /u u. w, /a a* both become backed and rounded,approximately to the quality of [o]. Examples are /*,w 'mouth' and /bissa&urCW 'chair'0 The vowels /e eo vary in quality between [1] and [m].
Initial clusters in the data recorded include /s followed by a stop, andthe exceptional combinations in the words /9w1. 'eye' and /c'w&Vig 'CaliforniaJay'. The only final clusters noted are /rI, as in /kittfin 'salmon', andcombinations of /w y with stops, as in /xiwkwI'acorn sp.'
The dialect of SS is more conservative than that of CW and FW in twoprincipal respects: 1) Medial /h of SS is often omitted by CW and FWN, as aresult of which vowels are brought into contact and sometimes contract. 2)The sequence /ay of SS is usually replaced by /ey in the other informants'speech.
Verb forms in Bright's data were, generally speaking, checked less thor-oughly than the noun forms. They are therefore likely to contain moremistakes, especially in vowel quality.
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NOTES
1. The Shastan grouping, including Shasta Konoaihu, New River Shasta,Okwanuchu, Achumawi and AtsUgvwi was set up by Dixon in 1905. Thiswas amplified and brought into Hokan by Dixon and Kroeber, 1913. The
2. validity of the Shastan grouping as a separate sub-group within Hokanhas been recently brought in question in a.series qf articles byOlmsted (1956, 1957, mso) who has supplied evidence to irxnicate thatAchumewi and Atsugewi form a. sub-group (called by him, in a retun tothe nomenclature of earlier.writers, Palaihnihan). Shasta is not amember of this sub-group. The evidence for the other three languagesis scanty, but in his two forthcoming papers Olmsted argues that thefragmntary Konomihu evidence indicates that it is not to be sub-grouped with either Palaihnihan or Shasta but probably has independent(and inotably conservative) status within Northern liokan. It is as yetunclear whether Konomihu is even a member of the group called, byBright, Kahi languages (equals Sapir's Northern Hokan a). What doesseem abundantly clear is that Shasta and Palaihnihqn are independentwithin .the Kahi group. Other work on the Hokan languages is listedin Bright 1955.
2. Recent publications are Bright, 1954; Olmsted, 1956 and 1957; andJacobsen, 1958.
3. Recently published are Bright, 1957, and Olmsted, 1958o. Work so farlargely unpublished is that of Olmsted on Achumawi and Tequistlatec,of William Jacobsen on Washo and Salinan, of Madison Beeler onBarbarefio Chumash, of Robert Oswalt on Pomo, and of Shirley Silveron Shasta itself.
4o Data are limited to short vocabularies in Hale, 1846, Powers, 1877,and Curtis, 1924, and scattered words elsewhere.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bright, William
1954 Some Northern Hokan relationships. University of CaliforniaPublications in Linguistics 10:63-67.
1955 A bibliography of the Hokan-Coahuiltecan languages. Inter-national Journal of American Linguistics 21:276-285.
1958 The Karok language. University of California Publicationsin Linguistics 13.
Burns, L. M.1901 Digger Indian legendso Land of Sunshine 14:130-134, 223-
226, 310-314, 397-402. Los Angeles.
Curtis, E. S.1924 The North American Indian 130105-126, 201-206, 230-234, 253-
262. Norwood, Mass.
Dixon, R. B.
1905 The Shasta-Achomawi, a new linguistic stock. AmericanAnthropologist 7:213-217.
1907 The Shasta. American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 17:381-498.
1910 Shasta mythso Journal of American Folklore 23:8-37, 364-370.
Dixon, R. B., and A. L. Kroeber1913 New linguistic families in California, American Anthropolo-
gist 15:647-6550
Farrand, L., and L. J. Frachtenberg1915 Shasta and Athapascan myths from Oregono Journal of
American Folklore 28:207-223.
Gifford, E, W.
1922 Californian kinship terminologieso University of CaliforniaPublications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 18:35-37.
Hale, Horatio1846 Ethnography and philology. Vol. 6 of Charles Wilkes,
United States exploring expedition during the years 1838,18399 1840, 1841, 1842. Philadelphia.
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Holt, Catharine
1946 Shasta ethnography, University of California AnthropologicalRecords 3:299-3500
Jacobsen, William Ho, Jr.
1958 Washo and Karok: an approach to comparative Hokan. Inter-national Journal of American Linguistics 24:195-212,
Kroeber, A. L.
1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of AmericanEthnology, Bulletin 68, 279-304.
Merriam, C. Hart
1955 Studies of California Indians. University of CaliforniaPress . Berkeley.
Olmsted, D. Lo1956 Palaihnihan and Shasta I: labial stops. Language 32:73-77.1957 Palaihnihan and Shasta II: apical stops. Language 33:136-138.1958 Atsugevi phonology. International Journal of American
Linguistics 24:215-220.Mss. Palaihnihan and Shasta III: dorsal stops, and IV: apical
sonorantso To appear in Language.
Powers, Stephen1877 Tribes of California. Contributions to North American
Ethnology 3. Government Printing Office. Washington.Sap ir, Edward
1917 The position of Yana in the Hokan stock. University ofCalifornia Publications in American Archaeology andEthnology 13:1-34.
1925 The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua. AmericanAnthropologist 27:402-435, 491-527,
Voegelin, E. W.
1942 Northeast California. University of California Anthropologi-cal Records 7047-251,
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A
Achillea millefolium, var. lanulosa. e'- dah-hah'-cha-kah M, IrahitragaHo3OWt, /9 iraxaocaka. SS
acorn (general). cuekwIr DLO, /ctu.kir (same as 'acorn soup')
acorn, black oak. ah-cho-ah'-nah, ahtcho-ah'-nah, hatch-an'-nah,ha-chan'*-nah M; /Ia'*c'anna SS, h4&c'anma ('tan oak acorn') (W
acorn, ripe. /xfwktw ('black oak acorn') C'
acorn, white oak. choo'-kwid-di'k-nuk, choo-kah-dik-nuk M; /ctu-kWiriknak(literally 'big acorn')
acorn flour. /-4lpta
acorn soup. /clu-kir (same as 'acorn')
affection. un-ne-ne H
afraid, he's. /klaxivisni.k FW
again. 'ch-imi Ho341 (also means 'more')
alder (Alnus sp.) ta-chi'-ro, tah-che'-roo 1; /ta-c'ir&i SS
alive.. kai-em-moo H, ma-did'-ka C
all. hwu-wo-ho C, wee-wah-a-hoo H., /Ai-wawaw CW
ankle. /wahh& SS., /wanxxw CW
ant. cheep'-shi-te, cheep'-seet' M; /c' i psi-t
ant, wood. /'aorawakka
antelope (Antilocapra sp.) e'-yi-wit, e'-yu-hit, e'-yEi-whit, e'-yu-hith M;/I" yu.(h)ir
apple(s). /9a.pues
apple, thorn (Crastaegus rivulatis). ip-sits-ah-ve-ho, ip-sits'-av'-ve-ho M
arm, a'chut C, hurt-ser H. um-chah'tr R, &cor DLO, /-4-car
armor, elkhide. it~fta Ho133, I" itaorx SS
arrow. a'-chet P, a-kuil C, ah-kith R., och-kil H, /A akkir
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arrowhead. atsirai HU -Oknife/, accfrey
arrowood (berries). ipsyana DLO
ash (Fraxinus oregona). hok-we-he' M
ashes. See 'dust'.
aunt, deceased. gegazbaxi G37 (father's sister), gegenoti G37 (father'ssister).
aunt, maternal. anidi G35, 36; anit Ho343, /' nnit SS, vocative/'annit4; /mAnni SS 'my au-nt', voc. /aannrdna. SS. The form/hannitionae was cited by SS as being used by the Shastabelow Hamburg.
aunt, paternal. ambaki G35, 36; ampa Ho343; /9'mpax, voc. /9ampaxa na SS.
autumn. See 'fall'.
away. A uwfi SS
axe. aniakidi HH, hun-hi-it C, kah-in-irruk R, on-nich-it H, /9aniFir
B
baby. ye-a-hoo-ai-yat H 'infant'; o-ma' C 'infant', one G35, umi Ho343,eum-kaik B397, /bume,.'; plural /4umeoxepr, also /iume.ya.r CW
baby-board. i°ttl pay DLO 'baby basket', /9iccopayr
back (of body). ti6xu DLO, /totixu
back, small of the. /Dikwipxxaraniok ('hip' CM)
bad. kud-eh-kwoit-soo H, kot-ti-kwich-i C, /k'arikwjccig, SS.,/kIarukwicciq CW
badger (Taxidea sp.) tar'-rah-ki-het' M
badger's sound. til-tfil-ttl DM9
barberry (Berberis sp.) an -ne-hahs'-to-dah M
bark, cedar. /kVisl- SS
bark, fir. /c teo eorar SS, /cIte*rar CM
bark, pine. un-nuch H 'bark', /"anmnr
bark, white oak. hekh-hi C 'bark', /ha*hFq SS, /qa-hUq CW
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basket, burden. xaono DLO, /xxa°naw
basket, clothes, /tui-rus
basket, cooking, /cussuru6niE)
basket, eating. /qihin&)ima- SS, /? i ne imao CW
basket, large flat0 /taxrfori" CW
basket, hopper (for pounding acorns). /9 ikmw
basket, plateo gittit DLO 'colander basket', /sittir
basket, soup. yappuk DLO 'regular basket', /yappukw
bat. te'-de-it' skik, tid-ditch-kik, te-rech-kik M; /tiri'ckik CW.,/unutirf-ckik SS (said to be Rogue River dialect)
bathing, he's. /kWiopuk CW
be: is going to be. strutsdjei Ho342where is he? /kuraoxaw keora, FWhe's over here. /"mimixaw keera" WVhe's over there. /'lnnaxaw ke'r& FWhets not here. / 'atturw! ? am FWhe's not over there. /mia.inaxa t&, FW
beads, dentalium. /kta-kwitik
beads, disk. /k'apakni CW
beads, diamond-shaped. kiratwqik DLO 'Indian money', /kiracakkik -SS
beads, glass-like. /xaont&' SS
beads, long red. aottr' DLO, /si°rak 9a*tuk ivi* SS (lit.'crawfish-eye')
bear (Ursus americanus). '-hah, Eh-hah, a'-hah M; hankidui N,e BaDLO, /,>Soxao
beardO o-ho-cho-chuk H, oh-cho-choh R, au-hwi-chu-chuk C
beat: he beat him. /k'umari k CW
beautiful cut-a-sook B312 (cf. /k'arisgp 'good')
beaver (Castor sp.) tah-wi, tah-wa' M, sah-pow'-wus M, sa-ni C,tah-vu-ry H., taiwe DLO, /ta°wiy'?
bed. A,4icmaselhur SS, /'5icmas~ouruk CJ
9
belly0 /A icnit
belt0 /Aatakfcnirbend: he bent it. /sa'purik FW
berdache. gituk'uwahi Ho317, /kituk'uwa-xio) SS
berry (general).. /nuoctexi (also means 'blackberry')
berry sp. /"u*xxihiohu"5 SS, /'i*xxiotur CW. Probably the name of theplant, rather than the fruit, since the element /-hi~hu' 'bush,tree' is present. The plant is said to be similar to thepoison oak.
big. See 'large'.
'big house'0 uk'kwamma V181, okwaulmma Ho306, /iukW'atmmna SS.Information on this structure is given by Holt, loc. cit.
bighorn sheep0 wah-he'-rah, wah-he-ro M
bird. chop-ha C, chit'-chah S, L i&?ax DLO, /c'lc'aox
bird, a long-legged species of A/tuoruk SS
birds, species of. kale'tsa DM23, kGi'kwax D471, tsl'di DM 32
bite: he bit it. /kIxawi*k FNhe bit me. /kAivik'a" (;
black. as-ho C, epxor DLO, /eepx& (also translated 'dark');ep-ho-kwe-ret-tie H., ap-o-tel-lu'-chi P, ekkhotirukhe HH,/h e opxu taraxi'
blackberry. /nu-ctexi (also a general term for 'berry')
blackberry vine (Rubus vitifolius). n6't-sti-a-hi-ho M,/nuoctxihIohu-hu SS, /nu~ctexieu' CV
blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus). tah'-kwi-chats M; tah'-ke,tuk'-ke M, /cfik' i9
blackbird, red-winged (Agelaius sp.). taruk DM30 'a bird's name',tararfikh Hi 'bird', /taraxfirao (derived from /taraxxa'woodpecker scalp')
blackcaps (a kind of berry). /nuotimi SS, /nuidtuxni CV
Black Mountain. mah6°rik DLO
blanket. /cuppaxio
10
blood. ok -ta H, akh-ta C. ine HH, /" 5xta
blowing, he's. /kWipxuXlma FW
blue, light. ich-iu-putch-ie H, jetch-o-lu-di-was-so C
bluebird (Sialia sp.). kom'*-kwah-tV'-kit M
bluejay. chahs-koi, chahs-kwi M; Ea.ski4 DLO, /ctaeskWOy.,bluejay (California Jay, Aphelocoma spo). chi 'ne, choi'-ne,
chwi ' XM; /cw&weI ji
board. /cumrnIur
boat. ik-wi C 'canoe', ik-kui R 'canoe', ich-why H 'canoe', /4kwi'i
bobcat (Lynx fasciatus). itcho-wi, its'o-wi M; icwe DLO, /.,'cwey
boil: (water) is boiling. /kwltte-purpururukhe's boiling it. /kwite.ypurpurayruk NW
body, itsh-rit R., ar-rot'-sah H., hish C (cf. /Ais 'person')
bone. o-to-duk C, oek H, /'a&k
bow. kow H, howh R, chau P., hon-o C, /xMiw SS, /xat? C
boy. na-hon-a-he'-a R, lu-quoi'h-ya H. chu'ka P, su'kwa Ho343,/su'kw' a
boy, little. sui'kwahia Ho343, /s kw'axi*x CW
boys. ,/eowarfior
bread. /sapiri (from Chinook Jargon sapolil)
break: it broke. /kwtanukitimpao. CWhe broke it. /kwa&tuinpa, NW
breakfast. /keom& ir CW
breakfast, come eatl /ke-mf iruk ke-mf ir N
breast, woman's. /^imp'
breathing, he's. /kWeosurik FW
bride (until first visit home). wapsahbs Ho343
bring itl /kattiruk SS
11
brother. apo G35 (also male parallel cousin), ep-put-u-ee H;kal'-li-wa P, kadiwa G35 'man's brothert', kariwa Ho343,/ktariw& , voc. /k'ariwaona. SS
brother, elder. ahuhi Ho343, /ba(h)u-(h)!, vocative /hahudna- SS
brother, elder, dead. kwakiweti G37
brother, woman's. kwako G35, ko-wgk-ki-o C 'brother', kwoku Ho343,'man's sister' /kWak'yu SS, /kwaoku CX
brother, younger. See 'sibling, younger'
brother, younger, dead. kwakiwethaiya G37
brother-in-law. kusewahatu G36 'woman's sister's husband, husband'sbrother's wife'; iyaki G36 'man's brother-in-law'; giraik Ho3h3'wife's brother, sister's husband', /ktrawik SS
brush (bushes). /c'Irurur
brushy place. /c'ururaoki SS
buck. ah-rok-nuk, W-rok-nuk M (cf. /h arav? 'deer', /-knak 'targe')
buckeye (Hippocastanum californicum). ho'-ro' M
buckskin. /tlukkuruoiniP SS, /fit'ukkundiniq CW
buffalo. hwo C, kwun-neh'-ne-ho H.
bumblebee. /makm&, C(
burn: is burning. /kimpik CW, FW(house) burned down. /kw'&oxicikk
burnt (as a modifier). /kecca Ca
burr: heburied it. -/t'ytwJ-ik C!
butterfly. too-ho-roo'-ro, too-ho-roo '-rah, toch-ho-roo'-ro,toch-ho-roo'-rah M; /tuxxurdiru
buy: he bought it. /t'uiwaoyik C), /k6owa.yk NW
buzzard (Cathartes sp.). hi'-nah-koo'-nah, hen'-ne-koo'-nah,;in'-nah-kooo-nah M; anakuna D454 'hawk sp.', fnatkuna DLO,/'inakusna., with variants /ilnukuonao SS, /;lnikuona. CW
12
C
call, hunter's (as he runs after a deer). p69 Ho310
Callahan (a place name). wikwikwaiaga Ho3Ol 'upper end of ScottValley', /wikWikWaya.ka SS
Callahan, people of. /wik~ik~ayake&cw SS
calls, various. aa-ree, a-i-reel B401; tsdl tsel tsel B225;quee-um-ty B311; yea soo B310; kee-ocki B225; ztl B313;an-~an-°an DM27; wu-wu-wu DM13.
can. mah P
cannot. a-met mah P
cap, basket. /hi.c'ikcaptive. capsutai Ho313, /keopsti' aoqik SS
captive, he takes (a boy or girl). /kWeepstr a.o ik
carry: he's carrying. /ricuka.° CWI carried, I'm carrying (water). /straktv FI'm packing it on my back. /sfikakav FN
cascara (Rhamnus purshiana). ah'-tse-to'-rA-ho, at-shet'-to-ro-ho M
cat. kitipiisi DLO, /kiripussi, also /kirupussi CW
catfish. o-te'-o'k-mutp M
cattle. kwaykaxti DLO (literally, "bawling"). See also 'cow'.
cedar (Librocedrus decurrens). nah-ho' M, /nahthb SS; in'-nah-hah'-ho M,!nehaht DLO, /vinaxa~xwr, also /7 lnaxaoxw SS
celery, wild (Leptotaenia dissecta). 'ik'-nish M, iknish Ho34O,ikn D§ DL0v /-)/'knios
ceremony in which novice became a shaman. kikapaznma Cu
chair. /qissfi*(h)ur, also /' iss&iuruk CW
cherry. /uor
cherry tree (Cerasus demissa). o'-ro-ho, oo0-do-ho, oo'-roo-hoo M;/o ubrud(h). w
chest (of body),. /9 1cwat
13
chewing, he's. /kaww ik CW
chickadee, mountain (Parus gambeli). chik'-kah-de'-de M
chief. ko-wa-ha-he C, ko-ko-heh-rtich H, /kuxehehWh SS., /keux&a7 CW
child. omnaxia Ho343 (cf. /oumeo 'baby', /-xiox 'small')
child following death of one of speaker's children. acobnpsi G36
child, dead. gastam bix G37
children. ye-ha-het C 'boy', yaxaxe G35 'child', yuhar Ho343 'child';yAihuhiad Ho343, /yaxaxeer
children, two. /xkikkWa xe'r SS
Chinese woman. /cani9a'rapxa° SS
chipmunk (Eutamias sp.). koo'-pish, ko'-pis M; /kliopis
choked, he got. /kW0ltiokaik CW
chopped it, he. /kWanniti k CG, FN
Chrysothamnus occidentalis. mah-hah'-me M
civet, ring-tailed (Bassariscus sp.) tV'-we-te-kik'-nr, ki'-w&-te-kik'-nI,t9-we-tik'-ke-ken, kwI-ri-vah M
Clematis lasiantha. gwatagatupukiras Ho340, /k'Wa.tak ' tu pu.kirac SS(literally, "coyote's rope")
climbing (a mountain), he'so /re.yavwa.ka Ci
climbing (a tree or ladder), he's. /r~ctikwaya,9 CW
close: close the doorl /k'6wk a°° Ci(he closed the dooro /kI'Pwkva-`.ik . FW
clubbed it, he. /kWinnipusuk FW
co-parent-in-law. ikiwaba G36 'child's parent-in-law'
co-wife. kusewahtu G36
co-wife, earlier. amakwai G36
co-wife, later. wusewaiki G36
coal (ember). /xdkw (also means 'charcoal')
14
cold (adj.).>is-sik H, isikito HH, ish-ik-ki'-da C, /'7issik'cold (respiratory infection). /marit'uos
colt. /clrik (also means 'calf')
come, too kut-tuk H, ka-tuk Che's coming. /ratakak CW(you-all) come again! lc'f.mioka ne."akCecome around again' /c'iomi7ka st'atekkee CW, /c't.mi?
stratekkir SScome hrel /katak "aid CW(a man) came here. /klwiyika. FNhe's coming down the mountain. /rattevekak CWhe came over here. /iamixW~kWakeika NWthe sun's coming up. /c'Uiwar k(dccicik FWhe came up(hill).o'i -/reoyaowaoka NW
condor, California (Gymnogyps sp.). he'-sahch, hap'-pup-pah M
cook, a. /kiruockwe Cb
covking, be's. /kOirucckweyk CW, FW
cormorant (Phalacrocorax Sp.). ah'-kaht-klts'-ko, kah-kah M
Cottage Grove (a place in Karok territory). /hiruwas CW (Karok 'iruhas)
cottonwood tree (Populus trichocarpa). ah'-roo', ah'-ro M; ari' Ho341,Aa6r SS, ,ar6v' CW
coughing, he's. /k lrutummuk Ca, F
counted them, I. /saomukWayk FW
cousin. apo G35 'male parallel cousin' (also 'brother'), atcu G35'older female parallel cousin' (aiso 'older sister'),atcugwi G35 'younger female parallel cousin (also 'youngersister'); ustci G35 'male cross-cousin, man's female cross-cousin'; aswi G35 'womam's female cross-cousin'
cousin, dead, gegeustci G37 'dead father's sister's son', gegeaswi 037'dead father's sister's daughter'
cow. musmus DLO, /miosmuos (from Chinook Jargon moosmoos)
coyote. kwah'-tuk, kwah'-tahk M; kwa'-tuk P 'wolf', quatuk B130,kwfi&tek DLO, /ktwa.tak
coyote, cry of the. was-a-hoo B132.
coyote, home of (in north). ites B132
crane. See Theron'.
crawling, he's. /re.yakar CW
crayf ish. se '-duk se'-ruk M; s iraq DLO, /s f rak'
creek. a-wat-chi C 'valley', /laowac'ay('7)
creek, toward a. /buc'axa CW
creek, up the.O a-wakc'aybkaohtr SS
cricket, ihow' M
cross: he's crossing in a boat. /rak'ekaw CWhe crossed the creek. /kWakeeOama 9aLwac'acy
crow (Corvus americanus). ah'-hah, ah'-ah-ah, ah'ch-ah, ahrheloch-ah M;ah-hah-kah H 'bird, axaxa DLO, /9&(hax~ I -
crying, hels. /kWayi-k FW
currant (Ribes sanguinea). mah'-kah-roo'-roo M; ti'okurdru Ho34o,/mik ' uru.ro
currant, red. /matkir!.ri9 SS
cut: he cut himself accidentally. /kWtOrasewiaekWaoyk CW
D
dance, to. kos-ta-hem'bik C, toos-teh-heh Hhe's dancing. /kd°steompik CW
dance, circle. k'aphek V206, kse'pxig D1460 'type of dance'
dance, white deerskin. kuwarik V174
dance, types of. kulstirima D460, kfrukdh1i1ruk 'dance ceremony' Cu("go sidewise back and forward'"), kust4hmpik-uqaknmatuk Cu("dance-sudatory-at")
dark. See 'black'.
dark of the moon. cho-who-ruk H 'darkness', it s'chop-ho-duk C'darkness', djapurtk Ho343, /c'aepxrak
daughter. up-pa-yurk H, aiyaki G35, yu-po ai-ya-ke C (cf. /yapu?'my')., /-?a-yfikil)
daughter following death of one of parents or of one of speaker'schildren. aiyakupsi G360
16
daughter-in-law. awawi Ho343, awawit G36 (same as 'mother-in-law'),P/1 awaeVil SS
dawn. gtitauk Ho342 'just between light and dark, but beginning of light'',/k a~otayu. k SS
day. uk-chai H., at-chi C, atche Ho342, /9accary
daylight, about. /kasseyhfi SS
dead. ki-diko P. kwid'o--kit H, na-ma-ti-di-kik C, ki-dik P 'death',/k inrk'
dead tree. /',ucce°sasir
deep. /h9ppaydeep hole in the ground. /4ukwaxaopsfr w
deep place in the water. /9 Appaypsir CW
deer (Odocoileus columbianus). ah'-row', ar'-r6-!ar'-row'; ah-dow',ah-do'5! M; ari-r~w H,-a-'dau C,-aroin6i Ho337, er~w DLO,/?araw7
deer, mule (Odocoileus hemionus group). te-he'-nah M
deerhide. /9arfwwi-hi SS,, 9arr'wi. CW
deerhide, dried and scraped. /9 ikWnnio
deerlick. /tixwa., also /bataxwa.o C
devil. iis-weh P, /qusw'eOe°
die: he died. /kwlrikik CW, FW; /-?At'u.k'iok CW
dig: I'm digging. /s~smanik F whe's digging. /kwlcmwik CW, k mcanik FW
dinner (noon meal). /ktac*yeeruk Ci
dirt. See 'earth'.
dirty. /t'arakirao CW
dived in, he. /kiisnipsiruk FN
do: what shall I do with it? /kurao sa.keot'lu.te4, C (alsotranslated 'how am I going to go?')
doctor, herb. /kdclukw
17
doctor, suckingo /kiclukWe(h)e.rax
doctor, a type of i/oriri w&w SS
doctoring, he's. /kWi-nte keod SS
doeo ke-showo-koo, kis-sah'-ko M
dog. up-shoh R. ap-soo H, hapso HH, gs-sho C, ap'-suk P, &psyu DLO,/9 fipsu
dog salmon. ibmine DLO 'salmon', /9icmuMa
dogtrot. afiahyaC Cu
dogwood (Cornus glabrata) o ip-se'-rah-ho-ho' M
dogwood berries. ip-soo'-nah M
done (of food). /k'&ik'i9 (also means tripe')
door. /? ,owkWao (h) ik
door of an Indian houseo baowkwahfi SS
dove (Zenaidura sp.)o mah-pook'-hi, mah-p~o'-kWr, mah-po'k-ui, b-p6o' k-wi M;/map kxay
downriver. wiruwhi Ho301 'down the Klamath River'; /9u--ru.tu-.
downriver people. /9u-ruotui-cu'
dragonflyo e-we '-we kootch-koor, hF'-wE-we-kwits-kut M
dreaming, he's. /kWioyayk CW, FW
dresso /hay, also /qituk'wukwa-ke. CW
drink, to. kwitsch-ie H, ti-chih P, tikh-shi C, kiotsi DLOI'm drinking. /sicik CW1are you drinking? /tichkya CY (said also to mean 'did you drink?'
or 'is he drinking?')he's drinking. /k icik CW, FWwe drink. /yfccwV CWyou-all drinko Z/maokwo sticc&? CYthey drinko /k iceek'e mi.?l CY
dropped into something. gutsdJei Ho342
drowned, he. /kwicaorakiok FW
drum. hanitomtomil V203, /9?anitamt&ir ir CW, 9anituntumur SS
18
drumming, he's0 /kWPnitamtanrvi-k CW
duck0 kah'"sah M, kas-sah H, ik-ka-sha C, cassa DLO, /k'asa
dusk. ditchuiwa Ho342 'Just before sunset, getting close to sunset'
dust. /mf(h)awa. (also means 'ashes')
E
eagle, bald (Haliaeetus sp.)o yow'-kwah M
eagle, golden (Aquila sp.). o-sep'-ho M 'immature bald eagle';ah-choo'-pah, ah-cho'-pah M; adtipxa DLO, /'acuipxa.
eagle spp. /kuwI-t'irn SS, /kawa ha SS (or may be same species)
ear0 ish-ok H, ish-ahk R, ish-shok C, is'sok P, isak HH; iak DLO,/9 isaok
earth. jae-duich H. sha-duk C, ta'-rak P, tarak HH, /t'arak (alsomeans 'dirt, ground, land')
east. iit'-sits P, g~tauk hituhu' Ho343
eat, to. kech-kiik C, kwitsh-kook H, tets'-kuk P, /kfcku CWIvm eating. /ya,.awe sIckuOk' CWhe's eating. /kwIckukw W, FW
eatable, something. / IckukW Ci
eel. koop-par, kooo-per, ko'-per M; /kidOpar
egg. s'chaum-pi-tet'-it C, shum-pet-eh-tit H., /sumplt'i rir
eight. huts-que-at-a hah R, s'cho-a-te'-ha C, kots-ki-kok-eh-heh-hoi H.,hataikini HH, hachki wat.hat Ho341, /xackiwate-(h)a"
eighteen. /ieccahe-vi tuk xackiwateohawkeheh&? SS
eighty. Irahaiahis Ho341, /9iraha-yaohios SS
eight hundred. hachkwatiruk 6chihis Ho341
elder berries, sah-po -wer, sah-pow'o-wer M; /saopawar
elder bush (Sambucus sp.)O sah-po'-ho, sah-po' M; /saopu.(h)ii
eleven. eh-cha-he-wa-cha-a-ke-a-he C. etch-e-heh-ye-cham-a H.,kchah~wi tuk chta gahtha Ho341, /9eccahe'wi tuk c&.'-a? kehehc SS
19
elk (Cervus sp.), ha-tah'ohak, hah'-tah-okah, hut'-tuk-kah, ah'-tuk-kah M;ut-tuk H., he-te-ke C, a~tkke DLO, / atIakka
empty. /,>a~t uwey CW
enough, that's. /kas mi°ti'c CW
Equisetum (a plant, the horsetail). itsuwaid Ho341, /'?I°cuxaoyr SS
Eriogonum sp. (a plant). ira'tuqwa Ho341, /9lratukkur SS
evening. e-duk-a C, kus-ar-ruk-ka H, /A orak'
exclamations. hi-hi-hiaia DM8, hr-hn-hnA DM21, st! DM18
expect- it has not come yet but is expected at any time. d1hiuk Ho342
eye. ooi R. o-wee H, owi C, u'-ih P. uiwi DLO, /qwI.
F
face0 ovi R. au-i C (cf. /vwio 'eye'); o-noo-to-tie H, un-nip'-so-kuk P
fall- you might fall0 /stlawkW tta,? CWhe fell down. /tawkwatiomW CW
&he fell off. /kfis kuccasi-k FW
fall (autumn)0 wek-kwo-ho C, wah-kwi-o"-teh-hah H., 'kwuIhai Ho342,/wakW I a(h)ay
fall is here, nowo gOis wu'kwfhai gwihiftk, gtis wi'kwfihai gwlki Ho342
far. /EukW2x
fat (adj,), /klimnnr
fat (noun)o See 'greasev'.
father. nutsh-yu H; at-ta'-ta C, a-ta-ta P; ata, (in reference)ati G35; ata Ho343; /w&ati9, vocative /wa-tlonao ; alsol attgo SS9 voo O battionao SS
father, dead. xekohama G37
father following death of a child. (reference) atipsi, (address)atadopsi (G36
father-in.law. wepsit G36, w~psld Ho3433, /we6pslr SS (also means9son-in.law')
fawno choo9-pah cho"-pah NM /cuppax
20
feather. up-pah H., up-pa' C, /'?appW
feathers, decorated. makus D439
feathers of eagle's wing, longest0 /9uocdrw' SS
feathering arrows, he's0 /9akkir kWt0wahawk SS
fence0 /9-rastik
fever bush (Garrya sp.). chah'-hoo M
few. /twfimmu CW
fifteeno et-chik-e-ha R, Ichahlwi 'chfmi Kcha'g".hffha Ho341,/'eccaheowi tuk ie-cap kehehet SS
fifty. huik'wahis 'chtmi Ichahtwi Ho3141
fight, to0 cha-mu-su, mu-kai-su Pthey're fighting. /k~marimpao9 CW
finch, purple (Carpodacus sp.). chi'-sah-s6, chow-rik M (alsotranslated as 'linnet')
find: he found it. /kas k~ikmiak FW
finished, they're. /kw' riru°ma CW
fingers. A-hA-shik C, akhusik HH
fir, black. araph&§ DLO, /9a-raopxt'7
fir, black, young. wats-we M 'Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga sp.t,wachw! Ho34O, watsytd. 'little fir' DLO, /wacwb'
fir, white. choo-woo' M 'Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga sp.', /c'u hish6v SS,/c'uvwuotr" CW
fire. im-mah R. im-ma C, immah H, im'-mah Sp, im& HH; ima", imma DLO;/9 imma
Fire Spindle's name. h6o-dau-ho'dau-ho'dau DM8
fish. kwai-ti-din-ni C
fisher (an animal)0 x&ijiwa DLO; /mitxiowa SS
fishing with a net, I'm. /se'rac'i~k NWhe's fishing with a net. /kw'racti-k CWI'm fishing with a line. /saoma~yik FWhe's fishing with a lineo /kwaemaoyik CWhe went f ishing. /kw'tiaytakw Of
21
fishline. /" rame9a#ir
fishnet. /"e'orac9ir
fish-hawk (Pandion sp.). cho'-choo, choo'-choo M
fish-spear. /"arawfccu Ss, /"uiccusur
fish-spear, shaft of o /.-iosaxay
five. ak-chuch H, et-cha C, et-chah R. etsha HHi, lcha' Ho341, /"eec&v
five hundred. achiruik achfihis Ho341
fleao g'-ki, e'o-I, he'-ki M; /'dk'ay
flicker (Colaptes spo). chok, tsook', tsoo'-koo M; 6u-q DLO, /c'(uik(usually called 9yellowhammer )
flint. /qaokWey, (also means 'bullet')
float: it's floating. /reonukWao, CWit floated away. /tinnuma, CW
flooding, water is. /kWepariok CW
flouro /Aatappa
flower. /c'lwaocni"
flower, a small, white, starlike.. yii'mte D486
flower, a brilliant red. kumpi'sna D486
flowing down, water is. /'acca rannlakak
fly (insect)o ip-she-wa C, up-seh-whai H; ip -shl-whah, ip-si'-ah-hwah M;I" ipseoxwao
fly, to. wo'-ho Pitvs flyingo /.ohuka.o C, N
fogo /q ceakusuowwV CW
foggy, it's gettingo /kwictukussuowaompik C
followed him, he. /kas kwattuwima N
foot. uk-guush R. uk-kwrus H, ak-kaush C, &kkus DLO 'feet', /4fk'us
foot-log. /7arfohama CW,/ ate~hama CW,/Jarihfiforehead, wi-yak C, o-wee-yak H, oo-nahk' R
22
forest fire. /kwgxik
foreshaft of an arrow. /'>it&'eyik SS
forget: I forgot it. /siyaxa.tuma NWyou forgot. /teoxaot'uma CWhe forgot it. /kWiyaxa1tuma NFI
fork. / icuttIukWiruma CW
forty. huk'wahis Ho341, /xikkWahi-s SS,/xdkltWeils CW
forty-one. huk'wahis 'chimi 'chla Ho341
four. it-ai-hai-uch H, id-da-hai-ya C, id-a-haya, R, irahala HH,irahala H0o341, /9ira(h)aoya
fourteen. ida-haya'-ka-ha R, /Aeccaheowi tuk ' lraha-ya keheh& SS
four hundred. Irahala aiirok kchfihis Ho341, /9fraha-ya 9irl9e-cihi.s SS
fox, grey (Urocyon sp.). koo-nuk'-se, koo-nup'-she, ko-nup'-se M;kl*napsi DLO
fox, red (Vulpes fulvus group). kwah-rV-w~ch, kwi-rV'-wah M;kwartwex DLO, /kWa re wax
freezing, it's. /riy aaka FN
friend. you-mee-see H; ka-di-sha C (cf. /k'arisn' 'good')
Fritillaria recurva (a plant). chwahi' Ho308, /cf~wa~hwr SS
frog. yu '-rat, yuo-rot M; yoi~r-t DLO, /yuorfr. M also givesyu'-rot-hi-ah; cf. /-xi.x 'small'.
frog, song ofo qua-qua qua-qua! B313
full. /k6Lpakna CW
full moon: now is going to be a full moon. gas dadtindtin Ho342now is full moon. guis gwidtindtin Ho342
gall. /"&ixxir
gambling, he's. /kwehettapik CW
game, men's gambling. kiotapig D441, kAhttapik Cu 'hand-game'
game, women's guessing. kI'ig D443, ku ik Cu 'women's hand-game'
23
ghost. /k'aya(h)unfk
girl. ki-ye-he C, ke-ah-ho-i-ee-ya H. kwi'-chekh P, giaxa Ho343,/kiyax&
girl, adolescent0 waphi K299, wa'pxi D460, wapxe Ho343. Cf. alsowapaxo Ho343 la girl from 8 or 9 till puberty'
girl, little. giaxa'hla Ho343 (cf. /-xi.x 'little')
girl, unmarried. gimpisu6'kwa Ho343 ('from about 15 until marriage')
girls. /yaccapxa° SS, /haccapxa. C
give: I give. /kWawfo SS whe gave (something large) away. /k icu-ti-k CWhe gave it to me. ' 1/kAi;wika. FW
give birth: she gave birth. JkWiya sitima N1
go, to. dut-ti-ma C, mak-as-ko-he-ak Hgoing. ruyaga Ho342you goS /katt' SSI'm going. 7 :/tattk' SS, , './satti-ma CWwhere are you going? /kura. tatl.mahe's going. , .. /tatan CWhe went. /k'lttima ,NWlots of us are going. /iukWarikka ye*?.ka? FWhe went across (a field). 7. ;a/k'a-utereo'ama FWgoes ahead (a name). usuwi Cuhe went around, .jkwakiowakima FVthe sun's going down. /c'uiwar kuccipsiruk NWhe went down(hill). ;/kwatt~vema NWhe's going downstream in ,boat. /rakxehe.waka CWhe went outdoors. ' 1k icawakampi FWhe went over there. /4{nnaxa kwakeeoama FWhe's going upriver. /kwattikwaya.ka SS, /kwiruhi.kwa&yaka SShe's going upstream in a boato /rak'ekwayaoka CW
good. ka-di-sa C, kud-is-sutch H. /k'aris&
goose. kahrah-rah' N, karar'x DLO, /kararax
gooseberry. ko'-kwah M, /kt6oxa.
gooseberry bush (Ribes sp.). ko-whi'-e-ho MN /k6-xa.(h)i.(h)u"
gopher (Thomomys sp.)o har'-rah-sah M, haragsa DLO, /xa6rassa
grabbed it, I. /s1ccaOmpik N
24
grandfather, materkal. akwit wG35, akwid Ho343, IO kkWit, also/4akkwiti CM, /makk it CW; vocative /'7akkwiti-na.. Alsomeans 'man's daughter's child' .
grandfather, paternal. atsmo G35, &tsmu Ho343, /&cmu, alsocmu CWM vocative /iacmai-na9 SS. Also means 'man's
sonts child'.
grandmother, maternal. atcidi G35, archwit Ho343, /4cwit SS,haccit CM, /accit! CW, /miccit CW; voc. /iacwitlena..Also means 'woman's daughter's child'.
grandmother, paternal. amo G35,$mu Ho343, /himmu, also mammu CM;voc. /anammu-nao. Also means 'woman's son's child'.
grandfather, dead maternal. gegeakwit G37
grandfather, dead paternal. gegeatsmo G37
grandmother, dead maternal. gegeatcidi G37
grandmother, dead paternal. gegeamo G37
grape. /wanta.x SS, /manta.x CW
grape, Oregon. papias Ho340, /papdii as, also /"annioxistira SS
grapevine, wild (Vitis californica). wiin-dah'-hi-o, wahn-tah'-hi-ho' M(cf. /wanta&x 'grape', /-hiohtx 'tree, bush')
grass. hicumpaxiF CM (also translated as 'green'), /"ericmpwaxci SS;see alsQ 'hay'.
grass sp. (used to make rope). /hissaximmi SS (but once identified asa type of bush)
grass sp. (used for hats). /if.war SS, /9-warhi-huw SS
grass sp. (with edible seeds). ho-wah'-it M
grasshopper. cho'-pe-rah'-nah, cho'-par-an'-nah M; /c'uppirasna
grease. /.%I.nnvgreat-aunt. amaki G35
great-uncle. kuya G35
great-grandmother. tcidi G35
grebe (Colymhis or Podilymbus sp.). chah'-tah M
green, light. it-chom-ba-hi C (see 'grass'), kwat-seh-kwut-ie H
25
grind: he ground it. /kW&nxuxuo. FW
grinding slab. /qa-tfw SS, /hatu.9q CW
grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis). aht'-shi, ahto-sa, aht'-sha-ha,aht'-cha-hi M; ut-sheh' R. ut-she C, at-soo H, at'-chep P,atsy DLO, /"accey
grosbeak, black-headed (Zamelodia sp.). choo-we'-po-ah, koo'-}kwah M
grouse, blue (Dendragapus sp.). 6'-kwuk, okk'-whahk, o'k'-wuk M;/i ukwak'
grouse, ruffled (Bonasa sp.). pes-pe'sh, pe'sh-pesh M
grow: growing. riyahu Ho342it's growing. /rumx.ca.9 FW
gulch. wasudi Ho301
gun. /'iimav akktr CW (literally, "fire-arrow")
guts. I.pxay DLO, /-?i.px~ay
H
hail. you-uch, oo-uch H; kau-nit-shi C
hair. itt-chik R; in-nauh R 'head', in-na C, e-nugh H, in'-nah P,inakh HH, i-nex DLO, /1.nnax
hair sticks up straight (a name). ioraxagi'skisir D456
half. isiditc Ho341 'up to the middle, one-half', /hiss!. tic SS 'halfof it' (cf. /biss- 'middle')
Hamburg (a place name). /ioyka. CWJ, /9ahawey CW (said to mean 'downin the hole')
hand. up-khah R., up-ka H., up-ka C, ap'kah P., apka HH, apka DLO,/9 apka
handsome. kun-eh-deh-nio H
hat. /wapixnukkur SS, /qaopuxrukkWir CW
have, to. id'-i-su-eh PI have two children. /ya.'ao xukk a yaxxaxe~r FWdoes he have any children? /yaxxaxe.r 9inna?' kIea tak FWhe has two babies. /xdikkwa 9ume.o ke;. FWhe doesn't have any babies. /hittukw, oumeo kea FW
26
hawk, Cooper (Accipiter cooperi). ik'-kik M
hawk, red-tailed (Buteo borealis). e-t~ch-tah M, etexta DLO, /9ite-xta;ar -rar-ras M, /I araharao s S, 1" a*ra*ra s CW; h anmuppax SS
hawk, small species of. 6irikik'n'ox DLO, /c'irikike'"?as SS,/c' irikike°,is Cd
hawk, sparrow (Falco sparverius). ah'-che-kid'-de'-dk M
hay. hut-sit H tgrass', ikh-hut-shit C 'grass', /xaclr
hazel bush or twigs (Corylus californica). hahs'-soo-k MN,/xa-suklu° (h)un
hazel nut. /xa'sulkWI
he. hat'-sin P; kwatz C, A/kwac, (also means 'she'. See also 'that'.)
head. cha-dA C, charro H, cha'-r 1P, 6aro DLO, /cara'w
head-scratcher. hisak Cu (for girls' puberty ceremony, made of deer-bone)
hear: do you hear it? ./yatikwaw.E, FfWdid you hear it?, /ti1yawik yao CWhe heard it. /riIkyawawo W, /kwt'1Iyswik CW (said to be
homophonous with 'he's making baskets')
heart. hi-was-sut C, eeo-was-up H, ewas-sa B401t, iwalut DLO,I" iva.sSur'
Helianthus cusickii (a plant). garawihui Ho340, /karawioh&r SS
hemp, Indian (Apocynum spQ). xus-show'-wer M, /9fssaowar SS
hereo gwihiuik Ho342; / aMnMa
heron (Ardea herodias). tah'-wah-hahr, tah'-wah-haht' M; t'o-waxat DLO,'t9awa xar
hiccoughing, he's. /kwannicnakik N
hide: I hid it. /saruxi-k FW
hill. See 'mountaint'
his. /kwac Iu Cw
hit it, he. /kWfihiEik FW (with the fist); /tfini k'i k (W
27
holding it, I'm. /saO&ame- FW
horn. /waopw
Hornbrook (a place). uokwayik DLO (said to mean 'creek')
hornet. /tiocaw
horse. sa-tewa6 DLO, /sfitawac. Probably from Klamath si'tas wats'horses of the Snake Indians" (Gatschet, The Klamath Indians,Part 2, po 291; Washington, 1890.)
Horse Creek0 A itiwakxwa
hot0 da-to-daO C, a-tuk-tu H; /9atittd; also /iitti SS,, tuttAu
hot (of liquid)0 /97atittuppa0k SS
house0 cha-mum-ma H, um-mah R, um-ma C, um'ma P., uma HH, amma V181,umma Ho305,/5 ammao
house, summer campo currara amma V186
hummingbird0 d~s'-k,-mg, tas'-koo-mg M; /taskummeo
hundred0 cheh-hus H., a-che-ish C, achfihis Ho341, /~o~eocihi.s
hungry, he's0 /kWikkWaceyma NW
hunt: Ivm huntingo /sIomaokev FWhe's hunting. /kWlomaokeo CW
hurt, he got0 /teocaompik Ci
husband0 kit-ti-bel-bit H 'my husband'; yu-po 9-wa-tik-ng C ymy husband',yapu awatl'kwa Ho343, awatikwa G36, /'?awatlkwa.. (also means'man')
husband, deado awatitwaki G37
I yah'-a H, ya C. ya P9 iaa HH, /ya*,7a.o
ice. kou-wait-sai H; hi-u-eo C, /'xii;?a?
illegitimate children0 xatsid Ho322 (literally 'grass, hay', /xacfr)
Indian0 ka-du-wa C, up-put-ye-wish H, IIs CW
Indian womano /')iS? rapxaO C(
28
Ipos bulb (Calochortus sp.). ip'-haws, ip'-haw M; ipha Cu, ipha B397'potato', ipxea DLO, /'ipxa,> SS
iron. akh-wa C, kwoi-a-wake H
island. ish-sheets H, utch-skech C
J.
jaw. /c'awa°k
jay, crested (Cyanocitta sp.). cho'-ko-kah-uft, cho'-ko-kah-bt M
jump, to. a-chu-ku PjumpI /kaucu'ktr' CWhe's Jumping, /kA cukuma FP, /raucukukw CW
juniper berryo poo'-doo-he, poo'-roo-whe M; /pturu(h)P'juniper seed. /ctiklylo'
juniper tree (Juniperus sp.). /pirui*u" CW
K
Karok, he's speaking. /kWliwappiek SS
Karok country. ,4iwaopekki
Karok man. /9 iwvappl
Karok people above Happy Camp. watldo Ho301, /wat'~ru' SS
Karok woman. /bape.rapxackettle. hau-cha-hi-diik C, kee-kurre R, yup-pook-o'h-tos H, up'-kiis P
kicked it, he. /kWakaElok FW
kidney. /c'U'tukkut' SS, /c'I takku CW
kill, to. kwai-di-kik C, seet-e-kik H, tska'-ha Phe killed him. /kWI*ckaxawi~k CW, FW
killdeer (Oxyechus vocifera)O che-wen'-ne-dit'-se, che-we -de-dik-se,tse-we'-te-tik M
kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis). cho-wio-te-titch M (Also identified asblack phoebe, Sayornis nigricans)
29
kingfisher (Ceryle sp.). tah'-char-rut, tseh-n~re'-rok M
Klamath River. wasudigwa Ho3Ol
Klamath River, along the. /" iruhlo SS
knee, f ipka DLO, /"k)c'ipka
knife. ihS-kari R, i-ka'-dekh C, ich-kur-ry H, /9ikary SS,/Aikar y" CW
know: I don't know. /xam!; /ma' tf'weyk'a* C)I don't know i f i t's s o, /xamx ke.9 i .ta SShe knows. /rioweyka- CWY. FW
Llake. cha-ech C, rope-se-kwon-a-kutch-re quoi H; ip-he-ne C 'sea',
ipxana Ho302, /'Ipxanao
large. kim-pie H, kem'-pi C, kim-peh P.,/k'impfi; -nuk Ho342, /-knak
large one (a name). kimpinuini Cu
laughing, he's. /kWariki-,Eiok CW
leaf. hus-kit H, ikh-hun-nut C, /xann6.r
leather. /xao. itka
leg. unno-wun R, ar'-ro-weh H, ha-da-wi C, arawey DLO, /harawe'rlegendary animals. xaseyauwat Ho327, /xa-seoyfiwar 5; hika Ho327,
/hi.kao SSHlegg ings. A ic' a karv' ir CiW /9 iC I a° kar? fimma $5
lie (rest). it's lying. /ricao' SSit's been lying for some time. /kW0ca.E SShe's lying down. /ratekwaytw C
lie (tell falsehood): I'm lying. /ya.<a* nasIskWeyk FWyou're lying. skwidkweyk DLO, /skwfskWeyk FWhe's lying. /kwvskweyk FWheIs lying to me. /yaoia.a inna kwOskweyantikao7 FW
lift: lift itl /kicukic CWhe lifted it. /kwlIcucik CWyou can't lift it. /mao nickdcucuic SS, /sticututdimai SS
light. ot-chi C, ai-ak-heh-mo H
30
lightning. kwai-da-dhi-mik C, ko-mah-su-see-de H; i-dach'-u-mo P,iratumu DLO, / ifracummu
lights his pipe, heo kwi'-okwghir D484
likes it, he. /rd-ateykak CW
lilac, white (Ceanothus integerrimus). ah-sah'-p L -yIPhb: M
lily, mountain. finohachcha Ho341
limb (of a tree). /bfra-slimping, he's. /kwfnniwaturuk FW
lion, mountain: see 'panther'.
listening, he's. /ruppikira.k? FW
livero Epsi DLO, /'e.psi'lizard (Sceloporus sp.). ch6'-what, ch6o-whar M; /c'uxcar
lizard, alligator (Gerrhonotus sp.). nen'-nah-he'-wis-shik M
lizard, copperhead. a-nun'-nah-he'-wis-sik M
lizard, small species of. ta'matsi D455 (also a boy's name)
lizard which is said to track people. /wrakekkir
log. h/-y°o*wa?7long. wa-chg-weh P, /iukkwBxiO*(h)iE,
looko he looks around. kwr"ag D484he's looking for it. /kwv.rakamake.r FW
looks (appearance), /k'e".'ir
lose: I lost it. /tapi*ma CW (cf. 'throw')he lost it. /k4-xta ik FW
louse o /c i °tfk CW
louse, grayback. /iiwiwfi
love, too se-atch-uk-ik H, ste-ho-so-wa-ti-kuk C
lower end, as of a valley. wikwahaiwago Ho301, /wikkwahe-waka SS
lungs. /yaxaxa"
31
M
mad (enraged). /k'umata'I'm mad. /sumata.okhe's mad. /kiimata-ik CW
madrone berries. awas Ho308, /?a-wa'os
madrone tree. awashihi6 Ho340, /ia-wa'-s(h)i*(h)ut
magpie (Pica sp.). tah-kwi'-chg, tah-kwi'-chahts M
make: he made it. /kWacxu nakWlfma FW
mano a-wa-tee7qua H, A-wa-tik-na C, o'-dik-a P, awatikva HH,awatlkwa Ho343, awatfkua DLO, /"awatlkwa. (also means 'husbandt)
manyO o-kwa-di' C, uch-kwar-ra H, /1ukkWari, SS, I" akkWar9 ai
manzanita berries. asy it DLO, /"assurmanzanita bush (Arctostaphylos viscida). ah-so-ro', ah-soQo-ro-ho,
ah-soot'-6, ah-soo'-roo, ah-soo'-roo-hoo M; /gasuru.(h)&
manzanita sp. (Arctostaphylos patula). wah-hi'-e-yu, wah-hi'-e-hoo,wyah-hi '-e-yu M
manzanita sp. (A. patula), berries of. wah'ch-hah M
maple (Acer macrophyllum). sah'-ke' M, sa'ki' Ho341, /sakkf9
married, he got. /t.pswi'k CW
marrow. /,oit'u rukW
meadowlark (Sturnella sp.). che'-ah-.kwit, chi'-o-kut M; `{ofWit DLO,/c Lyakwirn, also /cfyukWirv X
meadowlark's note, imitation of. titio-tsiakwilir DM8
meat. ee-nuk H., jes-hi C
meet: he met him. /Ak1kWatakaoma FW
melted, ice. /9i &a kWOexwicik Fi
menstrual hut. wapsa hamma V189, wapsah6mma Ho306, /wapsfihuamma SSmenstruating,. she's,. /k psahuw SSmenstruating woman. wapsahi 'Ho306, wa-psahou SS
mnerganser. cha-tah M
mid-aft~ernoon. ganlyalild HQ342 (explained as 'looking backwardt)
32
middle, isi Ho341, /9 isf. SS
middle of the morning. gagahaxamu Ho342 (explained as 'still lookingahead')
middle of the night. isf apax Ho342
milk. bf{ci lk
milkweed (Asclepias sp.). char'-rok-ke-6 M, /c'a-r6.khihu9? SS;/"icxfrak'eI CW
mink (Lutreola vison group). oo'-soo, o'-so, o'-soo M; ulsyu DLO, /94i.su.
minnow. che'-wash M
mixing it, he's. /kwfratlakarik CW
Modoc Indian. ipaxanai Ho3O2, /9?ipxa-n62i9 SS, /"ipxa~n&e. CW. Cf./7 fpxana. 'lake'
Modoc territory. /9ipxaonaPki SS
mole (Scapanus sp.). id'-de-dahk, it'-ti-duk, e-re-rik, eo-di-dik M;frirak DLO, /" frirak
money. /cfkiman CW (from Chinook Jargon 'chickamin")
money, Indian (beads). /7awkWaci-k SS (from local English Nallicocheek",derived from Yurok "o4 'Indian', ci~k 'money')
monster (said to eat babies). /huylikur CW
moon. it-da'-to-su C, up-whot-su H., apkhatsu H, apaxftsu tchuar Ho342(said to mean "night sunt, cf. /"apxa. 'night'); /c't'war (alsomeans 'sun')
moon of the winter or summer solstice. tchuar ikn~mk Ho342 (lit., *bigmoon"t, /-knak 'big')
moon before that of the solstice. tchuiar xfa HIo342" ("little moon", /-xi x'little')
more. 'chimi Ho341 (also translated 'again')
more, that manyo ggh~ha Ho341
morning. kWo-chitsh H, ko-chich-nik C; /-ayaxy mEmu
morning, early. gutcha katswa Ho342 (shortly after sunrise)
mosquito. ter-rah-ha H; cho'-pe-wa, choo'-pe-we, choo'-pe-weh M;/cuppiwey
33
moss (growing on trees)0 hata Cu, /xaotaw
mother. aksi G35, /- atxig CW; muth-kha H., milatkhi 1*1, /matxa CW;an-ni C, ani G35, an! Ho343, /ga-nl.; un-i-ni P, /,ani~nf cw(vocative), /"a-nf.nao SS (vocative)
mother following death of a child. anipsi G36 (address), axksipsi G36(reference)
mother, dead. kehaikau G37, gutswat G37
mother-in-law. awawit G36 (said also to mean 'daughter-in-law', q*v.)
mother-in-law (wife's mother)0 aox~na Ho343, /"a.`wx6*nax vSS
Mount Shasta. waifka Cu, wai'lka D389, /waykta" SS, /weyk'ar? CW
mountain, nuk-sua C; uk-queh' R., wuk-kwe H, wuk'-weh P., /wakkwey
mountain beaver. /kwa-ta.mpax S5, /kwa-ta* CW
mouse (Peromyscus spo). hahp-hah'-taj ahp-hah'-ta, ahp-hah'-te,ah-put'.te M; /.)a~pxa*tti,?
mouse, field. /pu(h)ulkw (translated by SS as 'gopher')
moutho upph R. ou-laik H., au C, au P, au HH, ow DLO, /9aw
mud. /c'fk (also means 'dishes')
mule. ipelukeni DLO, /9u.p'icuokini9 CW (said to mean 'long ears', butthe words for 'long' and 'ear' are not apparent here)
mullein, Turkey (Croton setigerus). e'-yu-he-re-too ke-sah'-hook M(cfo /q!yu-hir antelope')
mushroom. /ctf.rak
mushroom sp. /mihfrv CW
mussel, freshwater. chah'ch-ha-nook, chah'ch-nook M; /ca xnukWt
myo yu-bo C, yapo 035, yapu Ho343, /yap!r
N
nail (of f inger or toe). ed-da-ke C, ed-a-qua H, yah-rah-ha R.,sraxa DLO, /e raxa
name. kau-shik C, ka-kwai-ee H
314
name of a spirit. atsurikwitsugwaiweyaa H1o331 (said to mean 'therawhide basket up on something')
names, personal (sex not known)0 irah6'dekaheruk D456.,9`warekneke D456 (said to mean 'two crowns in hairt),edoochme B3970
names, personal (of females)0 hapautuqharApfa Cu, aniduidui DM14,irakwi'tswerax D456 (if mother good worker), apsa'tswiraxD456 (if mother lazy).
names, personal (of males). i'riihuti'kahlrri D456 (if father goodfighter and leader), ayakwg'hawir D456 (if father goodgambler), a'psair D456 (if father lazy and of little account),o'wariya'hawir D456 (if father good hunter), adihotiki` DM8,erikaner DM8, tap-matsi DN24; susti D3841 sasti¶K285,' istika Cu,/sest'oka SS (person after whom the Shasta are said to havebeen named); f'iawik Ho320 (name of SS, because his father'ssister was good at fancy beadwork), but /I ikyahampik S$(said by informant to be his own name)
nasty0 /e -oyu k) W
navel0 /eoeraw
near0 um-me C, u-mukohee-a H, /"ammax
neck. as-ka C; ih-kohk R, ik-ook H, ikk'ok DLO 'throat', /'-Ik'uk
needle0 /,exwao (probably ultimately from Spanish aguia; cf. Patwin"awha )
Negro woman0 /nikwa rapxao SS
net, set0 /"uccir SS
netting0 /9aoraohtW SS
nettle (Urtica spo)o kooto M, /ktuhirl
next0 gtuhi' Ho342
night. up-ha C, apkha HH, apax Ho342, /1apxa'nighthawk (Chordeiles sp.). cho'-pah-kawan-nik-kook,
choo'-pah-kwah-ne-kok, choo'-pah-kon-ng-himo-me M
nine. tsa-a-toh R, s'cho-a-ko-ti C, kirihariki-ikiriu HH,it-ai-hai-a-koh-eh-heh-hoi H; irahaia watahal Ho341,I" frahaoyawateohap SS
nineteen0 tcha-a-toh R; /"eccahe wi tuk 9 traha-yawateoha keheha 3SS
ninety. frahaiahis 'chimi achahlwi Ho341
nine hundred. frahaiawatiruk achfihis Ho3th1
no. ma C, mfih H., /ma-a
nose. yahm-nah R; ats C, add H, et P, eri NH, et DLO, /"e.r
nosebleed, he has a. /kWipawka CWI
nothing. oafttu-?
now. gus Ho342, /kas; /k'a6.-u- CW
nursing, she's. /kWlmpahaeyik SS
nut, ground. huska B224
nuthatch (Sitta aculeata). ta'-ho, ooch-teko-ke, u-muk'-ke-noo'-chah M
0
oak, black (Quercus californica). ahch-tak'-koo, ahch-tuk'-ke-ho M;/9apxtakthi-h? SS, /ia-xtai'u*- (CW calls 'white oak')
oak, white (Quercus garryana). tsoo'-koo-roo'-hoo, choo'-koo-roo'-hoo,chooo-koo-roo' M; tchukarti Ho339, Z"u*kuru DLO,/c'u*kuru*(h)&r (CW calls 'black oak')
oaks, growth of young. /"a-pxarahihui SS, /la pxarutt cw
oats, wild (Avena sativa). cho-ho'-nah M
old. kid-du-ka'-he C, you-mnah-hah H, kai'-o-pak P
old woman. idigaxa' Ho343
one. cham, H., chahm R, tia-ha R 'eleven'W(), s'cha-um-mo C,tshiamu HH, 'chaa Ho341, /c'a 9t?, /c'l."amu CW 'just onet
opened the door, he. /kAkavwasik FW
Oregon country in which the Shasta lived. Ikirrik Cu 'Jacksonville, Ore.',/91ktirak (said by SS to mean tbehind the mountain')
oriole (Icterus sp.). chahk-chah-kah, chahks-chah'-kah M
Osmaronia cerasiformis (a plant). horalhihv Ho308, /xu.riyhi-hu? SS(lit., "spider bush")
otter (Lutra sp.). hah-sa, hah'-sa, hah'-sE, he-tsah-ha M; xarse DLO,/xasse
36
ouzel, water (Cinclus sp.). chin'-noo-wish'-wish M
owl, burrowing (Speotyto sp.). kahl-kahl'-us, yii-kah-kahtch M
owl, great horned (Bubo sp.). its-muk'-kah-ra-up-se, its-muk'-kah-ri-up-tse,9ch-muko-kah-ri'b-shit M; 16mekerep it DLO, /'l(cmakare psir
owl, screech (Megascops sp.). ho'-do-ho, ho'-ro-ro, oo'-roo-roo,oo'-doo-doo M; hurukdk DLO
P
paddle. /_va-kfir
paddling, hets. /kWakik CW
paint for face, black. /mataraxl"
panting, he's. /kwehekikik FW
panther (Felis hippolestes). he'se, e'-she M; i-sheh P 'lion',heesee B398 'grizzly', f~i- DLO, /".Si
pants. akdiay DLO, /9akA--ay SS, /Oakdowey CW
parent-in-law of child. ikiwaha G36
parent-in-law of child (following death of connecting relative).kaiyugdsi G36
parsnip, wild. ah-sow'-k-kah' M
paunch of a deer. /"axtir&?
pay: he paid for it. /kiiwica ik FW
peeling, he's. /kwfrapsuk CW
pelican, white (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). tah-wah-haht M (cf./t'awaoxfivr 'heron')
peppernut. /wa-k'tr TCW
peppernut tree. /wa..k'iri*& CW
person. ish R 'man', /"!s CW (also translated as "Indian")
pestle. /tDuLkO k s
ki.usa DLO, /ksa Cil (from Chinook Jargon cosho,,. from French cochon)
37
pigeon, band-tail (Columba fasciata). sa-wa-hut C, kud-ah-rah H;kwah-tow'-wah, kwah-tah'-wah M; /kWa.ta wey9 CW
pine, digger (Pinus sabiniana)o ho'-po-wheo-ho M
pine, Ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa). ar-rup-ho H. us-sho-ho R.asyunax DLO; ah-soo', ah-soon'_nahch M; /iasu-(h)(&
pine, sugar (Pinus lambertiana). ah-chah'-wo, at-sar'-ke-ho M;ut-sha-ne'-ho C; /"accvwiwmh SS., /qaccawou u' CWi
pine cone. hah'-tis M, /xat'i°s
pine nuts. at'-sow M, /"accaw
pine nuts (of digger pine). ho'-po M
pipe. ko-peruk R; up-sho C, ut-suich H. ahp'-soo M, /'apsu.
pity him, I. otto hopee B134
places, names of:towns in Shasta Valley: ihiweah K286, ihiweoyax DM27; ikahig
K286; kusta K286, /k6sta 'Yreka'towns in Scott Valley: orowichaira K286, itayah K286,
/9uikWehewaka 55 ("where the valley narrows down to a canyon")towns of the Kammatwa: chitatowaki, opshiruk, okwayig, eras,
harokwl, ishui, ishuapi, itiwukha, kutsastsus, kwasuk, sumai,umtahawa, ututsu, waukaiwa (all K 286)
unidentified places: utc;yagig DM27, kwihin'i DM34
plant spp., unidentified. gakiwaktih Ho340; icosusur6' Ho341,/"!ccususu-rtu SS; xama Ho340, /xa.ma SS; axay DLO
playing, he's. /kWirioik cw
Pleiades. /9fipit'axnir SS, /?a'-pat'axnir CW
plum, wild. aht'-kah, at-kah M; /?atka-
plum tree, wild (Prunus subcordata). aht-kid'-de-ha-ho, aht-kah'-he-yu,aht-kah'-rah ho-ho M
points on arrows, he's putting. /9accIrey kwtkctukwasik SS
poison oak (Rhus diversiloba). mut-nah'-he-ho, maht'-nah' M; muEtnaH0340, /matn .
poisoner. o k3ephoak/ V7porcupine (Erethizon sp.). ahs'-chah, as'-chah, hahs'-che-wah M; as~"a"
DLOpndngacr s,h/easc SS, /osci-wa /
pound ing acorns,9 he ' s. /kdkw 'i k
38
poured it, he kwframa!
poured or threw it out, he. /kWattataoma CW
pulled or dragged it, I, /sa'xuka9 FW
push: push with your shoulder. ru kwami D488I pushed it, /sfcmara ka' FW
put it on the fire! /kappeoha SS
put out the fire, he. /kWfcka~xtik FW
Q
quail,9 mountain (Qreortyx sp.). kah-h6'k, ho-hook M; q*uWk. DLO,/k uhuik (SS calls 'valley quail')
quail, valley (Lophortyx sp.). tah-kah'-kah M, ti&kaka DLO, /t'fikaokao(SS calls 'mountain quail')
quartz. /c'ak~a"(h)ana.
Quartz Valley. iruai Ho301 'Scott Valley', /bir6ay SS, /virihuwey aJ;also /uawPotahu7 SS
quick. /kir&iorax Cag/kiyaorax SS, /*?iya*rax SS
R
rabbit (Lepus texianus group). h6-wak'-hah, '0-wako-hah M; owa-xa DLO,/,uowaoxao, also /k6owaoxao SS
rabbit,, cottontail (Lepus audoboni). it'-ti-now"-kwah'-hah,it-t'an&-kw MN; ftaykowhahaq DLO, /Ift'ay k'awx4.9 SS
raccoon (Procyon sp.)o i-che-shio-duk) &-che-shi'-rok, itch'-e-she'-duk M;i tsigi°rea DLO, /"iccas!.rak' (literally,. "eats crawfish"*);also hatiywa DLO, /xat'aoywa SS; che'-nuk-we M; /tinfckuk SS
rago /ya°kam
rain. o-chee H, i-dur-ka C, da.-keh P. utsbik NH
raining, itus. /kIlccik CW
Ranunculus occidentalis. gitar ftu'wi Ho341, /kAitr 'ftu 'w!f. (lit.,"Summer salmon's eye'")
Ranunculus sp. tjas !tu'wi Ho341, /c'A s '!tu w!wf (lit, "steelhead'seye")
39
rat, kangaroo (Dipodorrs sp.). ah'-wahk M
rat, wood (Neotoma sp.). hah'o-p6s, ah-po's, 6w'-p6s, ah'-poos M;/',&ppuos
rattlesnake (Crotalus sp.). ho-wah'-tatah, ho-wah'-te M; kwoi-teh-te H.,ho-wao-tit C, xowfitit DLO, /xuwa*tlir
raven (Corvus corax). kok' M
reach: he reaches for his pipe. apsi'tohokwira D487
red. eh-koh-tie H., akh-ta-kat-tih C, i-kwa'-teh P, eakhi HH,/'e.xti'?, also /?f{kWaxti-? SS 'bright red'
red paint for the face. fsur Cu; i-sut, iosur DLO; /'f-sur. Thispaint was made from /cakatf.sur, said by CW to be a rock, butby SS to be obtained from dead white-fir trees.
relative (kinsman). /taka- CW
resting, he's. /rehica-i FW
rib. 00ara*clao 7
Ribes sp. (a plant). itdayihi Ho341, /iiteoeyi-hu', SS
ridge. /baora.wal?
riding (horseback), he's. /re yie°ykaei CW
right now. gutsdjei Ho3h2
ripe, itllso AkseO#'ikIirrise: he rises on his elbow. ku'kwarats D487
the creek has riseno /aowawc'eyi kvwie'parik SS
river, it-chah R (cf. 'water'), kwan-e-eh'-how H., at-ta-ti-wa C,ashurahfina HH; atitaywi DLO, /qatitfigywi SS, /Iatitiywil CY
robin (Merula sp.). chV'-kwah''kVah M, ?kwfkwe DLO, /ct kWakkwa
rock. it-su H, jet-sha C, it-shah R., it-oah P., itsa H, f!sa DLO,/o ccal
rolling, he's. /re.tutaokai CuW, FW
rolling down the hill, helso. /retutfiiakak CW
root. /iarioviii
40
root of Ponderosa pine. mut' -ta-koo'-ma M, /uittikummar SS.,/'f!ttikunmar SS
root of pine (for baskets). /9ummaoy
root sp., medicinal. cudda-wayhoo B398, katsvihi6 EC
rose berries. /c'{otao
rose bush, wild (Rosa sp.). che'-tah ye-ho' M, /c'{.ta*(h)i.(h)uI
rotten. /kIkkWat& i- CW
round. /ik'ank'an
round, anything. tintin Ho342 (also 'short, fat person')
round, Just beginning to be. da tin tin Ho343
run, to. ki-di-chum-mo C, le-heh-tah-kah H, ti-he'-teh Prun'. /keheti i CWrunning, he's. /reohetaeka CW, FW
S
sack. /puo(las (cf. Karok puo-vis, Yurok puewig)
sage herb (Artemisia ludoviciana). ah-sah'-pe-yu M; wah-shaho,wash-shah' M; wasa Ho341 'Artemisiavulgaris var. discolor',/wassfi 5S
salamander, large (Amnblystoma sp.)o pook'-pook M, /pidkpuek SS
salamander spo ("water dog"). /cuorehexta SS
salmon. keet-tich H, kito-tut-i C, kito DLO 'fish'; ke-tar',ki-tahr, ketero'rva, kit-terr' M; /kiattar'. See also"tdog salmon.*
salt, ar-ter H, a-ta C, /9a.tax
sand, /t'a6occu
sawing wood, he's. /kWfccutiok CW, FW
scorpion. e'-che-meto.ti, e°-che-mah te, M
Scott Bar. /'asuopaok CW,
Scott River. /kuwac'axa'?
Scott Valley. /'uwatuhu' SS
41
scraping it, he's. /kwraxaki-k Nl, FW
scratched it, he. /kWfi.cxiiik FW
seao uk-kaho-ruk-e H
see, to. se-wa C, seh'-wah H, kwi-mah' PI see. /kWimmaon> SShe sees it. /re.wa9 (X9 FWhe saw it. /kwAmmiok FW
Seiad (a placename). /fa *raxf CW
sell: he sold it. /kdwa°tinpa.i FW
service berries. ;ak.(ra DLO
service berry bush (Amelanchier sp.). ah-ke'-dah-he-ho' M,/iak! *ra°hiohu" SS
set, the sun has. /kwIhhampik SS
set fire to it, he. /iwure",mpik N
seveno ho-qua-at-a-hah R, ho-kwa-kok-eh-heh-hoi H., ho-kwa-ka-ke-uk C,hokaikinis HH, hukwa wataha' Ho341, /xdkkwawate ha>
seventeen. hon-ko-et-aha R, /"eccahe*wi tuk XdklKawate-ha keheh&'- SS
seventy. hfichkihis Ichfmi Achahvwi Ho341
seven hundred. huikwawatiruk ach6ihis Ho341
sewing, shevs. /k~twik FW
shake: I shook it, /skckatistisi FW
Shasta Indians. kavhosadi Ho301, /k'ahuisarfoi SS, also /sar*. SS5(said to mean 'clear-spoken'); kikatsik D387, gf'kats Ho30,kikacis Cu 'a Shasta sub-tribe', /kI*kaoc' SS 'Kammatwa namefor real Shasta'; shastika X280 'Shasta proper'
group gn Klamath River between Karok and Shasta proper:gamiutwa Ho3019 /k'a-mftwa SS
Klamath River group (as called by Scott Valley group):wiruwhikwitso Ho301, /iiruhiekwficu,?SS
same, as called by Oregon groupo wasudigwatsu Ho301,/wasu rukwfi-cu, SS
same, as called by Shasta Valley group: iruafCsuhi Cu,wiruwhitsu Ho301, /"iruh!ocu" SS
same (another term): wirrihikwai'irukla D388, wiruhikwairuk'a K286Oregon group: ikiraku'tsu D451, fkaraka~suhi Cu, ikirik&'tsu
Ho301
42
Shasta Valley group: ahotire'itsu D451, ahotireitsu K286,/iahutira"icu" SS;
Scott Valley group: iruwaitsu Cu, iriiaitsu Ho301,/iiruiai'7cu9 SS, wrwehea'wakl1tsu Dl51, wikwahahaiwaggtsuHo3Ol vpeople of lower end of Scott Valley'; uwatuihtsuHo301, /ouwa-tahi'cui SS 'people of Scott Valley or ShastaValley, as called by Klamath River group'
other groups* okwanuchu K280, okwfinchu Cu, okwanutsu M;konomihu K280
Shasta territory. /k'ahuisari.e*ki SS
Shasta, he speaks. /kWahugsarfiik SS
Shasta Valley. /9a(h)utvire~ji
shells (small, for necklaces), /'-uk asis CW
shelter, brush. koupixasaiLduk D416
shining, the sun's. /c'uowar reoca.kW{yampak FW
shirt. aniti-Ema DLO
shoe. hut-cha C, ut-chehtsh or chahtch H. ut-shuhk R (all translatedvmoccasin'), atsukh HH1 acx DLO, /9Ac'ax
shoot itS /k1lcva CWhe shot. /kwfsniomaO CW
shorto /-5ihfkku SS, /ifokku CW
shoulder. ukw.owi DLO, /,ukW1owi SS; /'aopxmy' CW
shouting, he's. /kidowacki °k CW, FW
shrike (Lanius spo). che'-de-ke-kasop chik'-ke-de-rook M
sibling, younger. a-chuo-ki P, atcugwi G35, atchiki Ho343,/iaccukwi; voco /gaccukhxnao SS
sibling9 younger, dead. gigetsihaiya G37
sibling-in-law. kusewahatu G36 'woman's sister's husband, husband'sbrother's wife'6 atari G36 9man's sister-in-law, woman'sbrother-in-law', atari Ho343 /iatfirio SS
sick, I'mO /sexxik CWsick, he'so /kWexxik NW
sifting, he's. /kowaonik SS
43
sifter (for meal). /"uw&anir CW, (another type) /7ut'asiraayr CW;/cureoe°ma SS
s inew. /Ifmmi e
sing, to. kech-ni C, kraits-neeh Hhe's singing. /kWeocni k CW, FWwe're singing. /yeocnae CW
Siskiyou Mountain. /iitiwakxaia rar.wa SS (lit., "Horse Creek Ridge")
sister. ap-po C (see 'brother'), up-put-u-fur H
sister, man's. kwfku Ho343 (see 'brother, woman's')
sister, older. atcu, refo atci G35; achf Ho343, /la.cf; vocativeachiina Ho3h3, /"a~c!ona- SS
sister, older, dead. gigetsi G37
sister, younger: see 'sibling, younger'
sister-in-law, woman's. adawasi G36o See also 'sibling-in-law'
sit, to. tis-aik H, dis-shauk Csit down) k1iIayk DLOhe's sitting down. /rfssaowkl CW (also means 'he's at home')he sat down. /kwissiyka. FWthere he sits.O /kwac' kw!ssik SShe sits up, resting one hand on the ground. kwii kitcwits D487he sits with his hands clasped over his knees. I'.`wkwiya D487
six. tahaia HH, tcho-at-a-hah R, s'cha-um-mo-ka-ka-i-huk C,cham-a-kok-ehb-heh-hoi H, chilwa taha' Ho341, /c'tuwate*(h)ai
sixteen. tcho-et-a-ha R(cf. 'six'), 'achahlwi, 'chimi chiwa t5ha' Ho341,/ieccah6.wi tuk ct'uwateeha'. keheh&i SS
sixty. hfichkihis Ho341, /xackihios SS
six hundred. chdwatiruok achihis Ho341
skin (of person). /ifcka
skinning, he's. /kw6imiki*k CW
skink (Eumeces sp.) . am'-mah-cho -what, am'-mah-cho'-what; - --too'-hook-a-si-te (all M)
skunk, large (Mephitis spo). mah -nah-tsah', mon-naht-sah' M;wanao tsax DLO, /manacax
44
skunk, little spotted (Spilogale sp.). mah'-nah-tsah he-ah, te'-neetch,i tcho'-e-no-ta-ko io'-ah (all M)
s1y. wukine HH, kwa-ho-wa C, c-pah'-ko H
slapped him, he. /kWecu->ik NW
sleep, to: kich-miis-si C, titch-nu-che Hgo to sleepI /kicmasf SShe's sleeping. /rfcmasa~kal CW, FW
sleepy: I'm sleepy. /sAkkarik CWhe's sleepy. /kWgkkarik CW
sliced off, anything. guisditaxiswa Ho343
slug. /Clfioktii
small . at-tok C., uto-tu P. ut-o-kwo i H. /ifit luk; xia Ho342, /-xi x
smell, to:he smelled it. /kummaik CW, NWit smells bad. /kRumatfk'ii-kit smells good. /kuImarf-?ik OW, FN
smiling, he's. /rupeo*xweyaeka COW
smoke. /k'uoca
smoke (tobacco), to:smoke ! /kdppa" SSI'm smoking. /suppik FWhe's smoking. kIrp-ik DLO, /k6ppik CW, FWhe smokes. kwa'okwahir D487
smoke brush (Ceanothus cuneatus). e-too'-h6, it'-te-ho, it-too'-h MN
smokehole. /kWawe wax SS
smooth. /"isc'umu CW, /ficta.ntu SS
snail. /ca nfkkWax SS
snake. /nu(h)usu (also translated 'blue racer snake')
snake, gopher or bull (Pityophis sp.). 6-hi'-sg-si-ket, 6-hi'-s'e-sek-kit,e-she-shao-kit M; ihisist kit DLO, /ri-sisekkir
snake, king (black and white). qataxnit DLO, /ifittaxnir SS
snake, king (with red marks) (Ophibolus boyli). no-we-tah'ch M,nuwitax DLO, /nuwi'tax
snake, water (Eutaenia sp.). mah'-tah-tah-how', mah'-ti-ta--how,hoom'-mah-ten-to M; matataha' wa DLO
snatie sp. /voanicmakfare6yax
snow. khal NH, kau C, kh'ow H., /k'aw
snowing, it's. /kAaw ku6ccik CW
soaproot (Chlorogalum pomeridianum). hahr', hah'tr M
son. me-tu-gut-yah H, yu-po otta C; akwi G35, /la.kwil
son following death of one of parents, or one of speaker's children.akwipsi G36
son-in-law. /we'psinax SS
song, Coyote's. an'ni sa'wi na DM19
song, Grizzly Bear's war-cry. anst5*weyu DM20
song, man's. kunoniu hunu DM20'
song, turtle's. oxiwicnikwiki DM13
songs, war-cry. hennuhr'yo, kelehuku'nnami DM20
soot. /maseyl
sorcerer. purowan V238 ('lights seen around cemetery, supposed to beghosts'), /9a°piiruwa.n SS (from Karok iapurtvaen)
sound of Coyote. atii -tii-tui DM35
sour. /'ic'uxuyweyi Cr (also translated 'bitter')
sour berry (Rhus trilobata). oo'ch-o-ht', o-ho'-ho M
spaniel. o6piteqteq DLO (said to refer to falling ears)
sparrow spp. ahp'-se-ko-pis-tah'-kah; tse-re'-ke-ke; chah'-ne-tas'-sah,chah'-ne-tah'-sah (all M)
speak,to. te-how-see H. san-han-sik C, ti'-l-sah P
spear itl /kiac'us CWhe's spearing. /kuc'usi k CW
spider. ho-ri', hoo-ri' M; /xuor'a6y
spider, large. /"ao klyaxa CW
46
spirit ("pain"). aheki K302, axe ki D470, axafki Ho326, /iaxekki
spirit, water (dog-shaped). xaseyauwat Ho327
spitting, he's. /keepxutik FW
spoon (aboriginal type). /EiskWey SS
spoon (modem type). /,f!rayu kWir
springtime. et'-na C, eet-ee-nu6h H. it na' Ho342, /9i'tnaO SS,/vii*cnaoi CW
sprouting, it's. /re.wappawa" FW
squaw cabbage. 66we DLO
squirrel, gray (Sciurus fossor). choot-tah, ch&o-tah, cho'-kah M;6u-?ta DLO, /c'uitta
squirrel, ground (Citellus douglasi) D ah'-chuk, ot'-tuk, ahto-chukA M;acak DLO, /laccak
squirrel, pine. ko'°-nahch, koo'-nahch, koo'-nah M
stand, to, tok-ok H, duk-ka-wa Chets standing. /rfk'awa." CM, FW
star. kautch-chi-e-mo C, huk-weh-soot H. /xakkwgosur
stays overnight, he. /kwepxummikta, SS
steelhead. chash, tsahso, tahs M; cvas DLO, /c',as
stepfather. arodsa G36 (also 'man's stepchild'). See "uncle."
stepmother. anidi G36 (also 'woman's stepchild'). See "aunt."t
step-parent's father. kuya G36 (also 'mants child's stepchild'). See"great-uncle."
step-parent's mother. amaki G36 (also 'woman's child's stepchild').See "great-aunt. If
sticks for gambling game, plain. ak D441
sticks for gambling game, spindle-shaped. a'nninai D441
stinkweed, blue (Trichostoma sp.), atch-a-kah'-whahA M
stop9 to. it-ska P
string. /lassa
47
'striped around' (a man's name). irah6'xdkwrd D456
strong. ke-ti-ho-kum-ma C; /xfmmi SS (see also 'tough')
sucked at it, he. /kWkmpaik FW
sucker (fish)0 kooo=ah, koo-wah, koo'-wah M; kla DLO, /k6wa
sugar. /taoca'wey (originally 'sugar pine juice')
sumac berries. 6xwiS DLO
summer. ot-ti-he C. atahi Ho342, /iata.(h)f@
sun0 tsoare HH, it-chi-wut C, chu'-wat P, cho'wat H, tchuar Ho342,/c 'uwar
sunrise0 tchiar gtiitsits Ho342
sunset0 gitchuwaha Ho3h2
supernatural beings living in mountains. hiRiv6 EC
supper. /kWaorak'ayruk CW
swallow it' /k'ukaka'ii' CWJhe swallowed ito /k'ukaka'?Ioma CW,9 FW
swallow, barn (Hirundo sp.). tah-bach-ah-rah'-rah M
swallow, cliff (Petrochelidon sp.). chuk-kah-rum'-dah M
swan (Olor buccinator). kowo-kah-tio-kit M
sweating, he'so /kWkccakaoma FW
sweating himself (in a sweathouse), he's. /k6stuwik CW
sweathouseq men'so wak'wa V186, wi'i'kwu Ho307, /wakkwax
sweathouse, women's0 kustukhambi V187, /k'lustikhampik SS
swim, to- I'm swimming. /sfpukw CWhe's swimming. /kWfpukw CW; also /rdmpakao CW, FW
syringa (Philadelphus spo)o ahch-nook, /?aoXnurwk' CW, /sa xnuikWt SS
T
tableo /"ickukniweour CW (lito., something like "what they eat on")
tail0 /9i(h)fwa
48
talk, to. ka'hosa Ho301he's talking. /kWa(h)usi*khe's talking about him behind his back. /k iyakni k SS,
/kWi.k' payruk SS
tanager, mountain (Piranga ludoviciana). ho'-kwah M, chahks-chah' -kah M
taste, to: he tasted it. /ki6iuM.ouk:. CWA, FWit tastes bad. /kautfk'i.k CA, FNit tastes good. /kaurf-?i.k CW, FW
tear: he tore it. /kWa".Eatitimpa., FW
ten. etshelewi HH, tchS-he-wi R, e-cha-he-wa C, etch-e-heh-ye-heh-haiH, 6chah~wi Ho341, /ieccahe'wi"
that. k6ch-chil-it-um-ma H; in-na-ka C, in-na 'they' C, in-na 'he' H,hina BH 'he', /innao 'that one'
that over there. /'um*wa*tu9 CW
there. tuk Ho34l, /mi ttkW SS; /linnaxa' C(W
there, over. /'7u`waoxa
they. /kWaok'aoi COW
thigh. /xaoti *s
thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus). hah-dah'-dah he-ho' M
thinking, he's. /kWfya caci k C!
thirsty, Itm. /sewa-kattakai FW
thirteen. hut-ske-ka-ha R, /Ieccaheowi tuk xAcki kahehapi SS
thirty. hoch7ka-a-cha-he-wa C, kot-ski-etch-e-heh-ye H.'ch'ahis 'chfmi achahawi Ho341, /c'ehi-s tuk ieccahe6wi kehehfi SS
this. o-pai-look H. we-ka C, /we ne*.e CW
thousand. kchahawihis Ho341
thread. /'mtwir
three. hatski HH, hotch-ka C, kots'-ki H, hutski R, hachki Ho341,/xicki
three hundred. hachkiu achihis Ho341, /xackli "e-c6hi.s. SS
throw: I threw it. /sAppi ma FWhe's throwing it. /kw'ppi-ma CW
49
thunder. did-eh'-woo-ko-hoo H, ha-dop-sit C; ik-i-am'-mi P,fkhtmu DLO, /9{kyammeo
tick. /cao*ca*t SS, /ca*cao*t CW
tied it, I. /sfruti-k FR
tired, I'm. /sfyak'a-xnaka" CW
tit, tufted (a bird Baeolophus sp che-de-ow'-wut M
toad. choom-pah'-he yu'-rot M
toad, horned (Phrynosoma sp.). nan-nr'-wis-sik M
toad, small green tree. cho-ho-net'-te M
toadstool spp. /gannaot SS, /iexxa.(h)Ai CW
tobacco. tcho-wahr R; o-wa' C, o-wa H; o-wah, oo'-ah M, /'Iowa
tobacco, wild (Nicotiana attenuata). she'-tah-oo'-ah M
today. ut-chi C, kah-o-uk-chai H, atct4i'tsu (Ho342,./k'i.u. Oaccey? CW(lit., "now day")
tomorrow. ai-ok-hee H, ai-a'-hye C, /'a yaxi.
toes. o-tos H. A-hush-ik C
tongue. ip-huah R; a-ha-na C, ah-heh'noo H, ehena HH, Ohtna DLO,/96(h)ena
tooth. itsh-on H, it-chukg R, ikh-chau C, ich'-o P., itsau HH, M~oDLO, /Ifc'aw
touch, to. ich-i-ki P whe touched it. /k fruta ni k
tough. itch-kuk H, /'ickak' (also translated 'strong')
towhee (Pipilo maculatus). choo-wai-h.-ng'-roo M, koo-w~h'ch-e M
traded, he. /kWfcu-timpa*#, FW
trail. /9fcca. (also translated 'road')
traveling. tach-a-ree B131
tree. cho-ko-to-kook H, su'-nakh P. ush-sho-ne C; ugaha Ho341,/a~kta, -(h)a
tree, dead. utchasusi Ho341
tribe around Applegate, Oregon. /"icka*ta *we'y SS (probablyAthabaskan)
tribe downstream from Medford, Oregon. /kta tukIW SS (probablyTakelma)
tribe upstream from Medford. /'nu harawfs SS (Athabaskan?)
troublesome. /ie-ruxfcii CW (also translated 'mean')
trout. ah-kut, ah'-gut M; urk-ka H 'fish', a~qat DLO, /9a.k'ar
tulee, big round (Scikpus lacustris). hah'-pah-ris M
tule, flat (cat-tail, Typha latifolia). ook'-toor, hook'-toor M
tule, small (Scirpus sp.). koo'-pah-rahch
tule, three-rib (Sparganium sp?). che-rik-kik'-e-ho M
turtle. cha-ha-di-ni C, cha-kah-reh-ee H (both translated 'tortoise'),6aexarftay DLO; chaw'-hah-re-ri, chah'-hah-re'-ri,chah-hah-re'-ni, chaw'-hah'-re, chaw'*-hah'-ri M;/ca.xarfre- Cir, /ca-xari-na6i. SS
twelve. hou-quah-ka-ha R, eh-cha-he-wa-ho-kwa-ke-a-he C, achahawi tuakhudk'wa gahaha Ho341, /ieccahe*wi tuk xdkkwai kehehfo SS
twenty. ho-kwoit-etch-e-ye H; tche-hehsh' R, che-ish C, 'chahisHo341, /c 'eo(h)i oS
twenty-one. 'chahis 'chfmi 'chaa, or 'chzAhis tuk 'chwa g5hwaha Ho341;/c'ehi-s tuk c'ao.'ai kehehao SS
twilight. dJapia Ho342
twins. /xukkwa kikkdi SS
two. ho-quoi H. ho-kwa C, ho-kah R, hoka HH, hiuk'wa Ho341,/x~dkkwa-7
two hundred. huk'wait Achihis Ho341, /xuk a9.r 'eoc6ihi-s SS
U
ugly. kun-eh-kwoit H (cf. /klarikwkcci9 'bad')
uncle, maternal. apaki G35, uvppuvk Ho343, /sappak (also means 'man'ssister's child'); vocative /fappaka.naa SS
uncle, maternal, dead. gegepaki G37
uncle, paternal. arodsa G35, I'ts Ho343, /<ar- c'i1 SS (also means'man's brother's child, mother's sister's husband, wife'ssister's child'); vocative /baru-c'axaPna.
uncle, paternal, dead. gegerotsi G37
uncle (father's sister's husband). kuya G36 (also means 'wife'sbrother's child')
uncle (father's sister's husband), dead. kuyaki G37
unmarried man. su'kwahapsi Ho343
unmarriedwoman. giaxhfapsi Ho343
up. gwaiyaga Ho342
up-creek. /1asu6* ra, SS,, /fukkwahu.ru"- SS
uphil11. /wahatdi CW
upper corner. kwikwaiaga Ho301
upriver (referring to the Klamath). wlruhikwi Ho301,/9fruhi.kwa.9 SS
upstream. /m * kwa- tdv
V
valley. hote-e-ter H, /ba(h)utt'iraq
vine spp. (Lonicera californica). hah-ni-ah ker-rits-wek, an-ne'-ah-ker-ritswa-ka -ah M; (Lonicera interrupta) ah'-te-de -d6 M
vomiting, he's. /kwfyu-kik FW
W:
wagon. /ga-weyru-ma. CW (lit., 'hauling')
waist,. /-7iya c 'ic 'i *k CW
waited for him, he. /kwe piru FW
wake up: he woke up. /kw ppakimpai FW (also translated 'he's openinghis eyes')
walk, to. ta-shanri P, kut-ehko-is-ak H, cha-da-chis-ik CwalkA/kattak SShe's walking. /rattaka'- CW
warrior. kwish-mem-pa C, e-nee-hook-a-ni=c'h-tiic'h H
washing his face, he's. /kWiccukWire.ma FW
washing it, he's. /kWkccukWik CWiJ, FW
wasp. /'1tika-xao SS, /'atikaoxa. CW; /Iawassu9 SS
wasp, big black. te'-tso M
water. it-sah H, ut-sha' C, at-shah R, at'-sha P. a'tsa HH;atsa, atsya DLO; /?acca
water, sacred, which gave power. qipakehermpik C
water, towards. /9u.wak' ir6
water spirit. hika Ho327
waterdog (Triturus torosus). top'-kah, tap'-kah M; /tapka
we. wa-ka C, hoak-wa H, /c'a-kao~ C, FW
weasel (Putorius sp.). wah'-ne M
west. u-chup'-chit P
wet. /viccawakka
what? /ku.c'a'
wheat flour. /iiktissu (orig. "dried seeds")
when? /tua.wia Ci
where? /kura-xAo CW
whippoorwill (Phalaenoptilus sp.). ko-yil-ko, ho-yu.-ko, ho-
whistling, he's, /kWf,psasuo ik FW
white, it-tai-yew H, it-tai-yo C, it-ai'-yo P., itaiu HH.,itgayo9 DLO, /ftlao;yu'
white earth for face-paint. /ift'ay SS
white man. /paestin (from Chinook Jargon "Boston")
who? suk-a C. tuk-a H, /taka. CW
-took' M
;
whole thing. tdjaahu6 Ho341, /c' a*ahu SS
why? /ku'c' .yawl CW
widow. watsetama G36 (also "widower,," or one who has lost a child)
wife. kahe G36. The word for '"woman" is commonly used: tar ixsi G36,yu-po ser-ri-chi C, tu-tritsh-a-ku-bit H., yapu tarI'chi Ho343,/yapui" tarfcti) SS Inzy wife'
wife, dead. kaheki, tarixsaiki G37
wildcat (Lynx fasciatus). itcho-wa, its'-wi' M; itchii B224, 16we DLO,/'ofcwey
wild parsley. /8axxayi
willow (Salix sp.). wah'-tak, wah'-ta, wah'-tah M; w6tte DLO, /watta9
wind. ais'-kah H. as-ka' C, as'-kah P. /"a&ska
wind's blowing. /kwa skik CW
wing. up-pah-choo-re H. aut-s'cho-di C (see 'feathers of eagle's wing')
winter. wah-kwe H, w~k-kwi C, wiikw! Ho342, /wakwl
Wintun Indian. /xatuk wi*wa
wolf (Canis sp.). che'wah, tse'-wah, itch-e'-wah M; it-chi-wa C,che-wah' H, {f.we DLO, /c'!Iwa
woman. kit-tai-kath-ya H. el'lich-a P. ser-ri-chi C, taritsi HH,tarl'chi Ho343, tarfEie DLO, /tarfc'i"; /-7&rapxa* (used withnames of nationality, e.g., /caniiarapxa'. 'Chinese woman')
wood. ee-nee C; awa DLO, /"aowa
woods. it-chi-ku-da-ho C
woodpecker, California (Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi). koo-ri'-tit M,/kureotat SS
woodpecker, Lewis (Asyndesmus torquatus). che'-taht M, /c'!tat
woodpecker, pileated (Ceophloeus sp.). tah'-koo-war'-rah, tahk-wah-kwahr M;/takkukwirv,
woodpecker, white-headed (Xenopicus sp.). choo'-too-so, cho'-tus M;/c 'uttussu
woodpecker scalp. /tarwoca
54
work, to. u'-ti-k Ik Phe's working, /kWrirakmake e CW, FW
worm. /c'uepir" SS
worm, acorn. /cfipi.s
worm, angle-. /6firmta-wa
wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris var. discolor). wasa Ho324
wren (Troglodytes sp.). ahch-tit'-tah-nah'-kah-kit M
Y
yawning, he's. /kW~ttirik FW
yellow. e-ho-tik C, ik-kwoi-too H
yellowhammer: see 'flicker'
yellowjacket. kee'-oo, ke'-yu M; ki-o C 'mosquito', /k'!.'-u.9
yellowjacket, small. /la.wassu? SS
yerba santa (Eriodiction glutinosum). mah'-poo'-wus M
yes. he-a C, ha'-a H. /hae.a. (both vowels nasalized)
yesterday. a'-duk C; kee-su H, /kf.sui
you (sg.). ma-yi P, mah'-i H, mai HH, /umhyvi* CWl
you (p1.). /ma kfi CW
your. me-mo C, /ma1mIo
youngo ut'-tu-kai-eh P., kai-ah-ho H., kai'-up-po C
Yreka. /kista
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