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Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
8th Discovery Vitality Wellness and Fitness Convention
Johannesburg, 24 August 2012
PROJECTVOORSTELLING
(SPORT)HOTEL 13 november 2006
A sport psychology perspective on career
development and career transitions
Paul Wylleman
Paul.Wylleman@vub.ac.be
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Optimal 1
2
3 AGE
22
14
18
10
Talent development
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
10 15 20 25 30 35
Athletic development Mastery
Develop-ment Initiation
AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
Disconti-nuation
(Reints, Wylleman & Dom, 2008; Wylleman, Reints & Dom, 2007)
Initia- tion
Deve-lop-ment
Mastery Discontinuation 15 elite judoplayers
Initiation Develop-
ment Mastery 10 elite fencers
Initia- tion
Deve-lop-ment
Mastery 3 elite swimmers
Athletic development
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
(Australian Sports Commission, 2003)
10 15 20 25 30 35
Mastery Develop-
ment Initiation Athletic development
AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
Disconti-nuation
-Duration 2,1 y -14% very-40% quite difficult -Obstacles: 1. 26% money 2. 19% repeated illness/injury 3. 18% self-doubts physical/
physiological attributes
Jun Sen
Elite level at both jun & sen 64% competed in junior WC 33%
Junior-to-Senior
Junior-senior transition
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Free of Injuries
(Australian Sports Commission, 2003)
Injuries & cont’d part
Injuries & discont’d part
Mastery Develop-
ment Initiation Athletic development
AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
Disconti-nuation
Importance to progress
Ability to motivate
Teaching ability
Confident & relaxed style
Insistence on perfection
Detailed knowledge sport.
Junior-to-Senior
Junior-senior transition
Injuries
Coaching style
10 15 20 25 30 35
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
(Reints, 2011)
Mastery Develop-
ment Initiation Athletic development
AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
Disconti-nuation
Junior-to-Senior
Junior-senior transition
Junior to senior level
Integration into senior
level
10 15 20 25 30 35
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Mastery Develop-
ment Initiation Athletic development
AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
Disconti-nuation
Career retirement
Retirement
(Reints, Wylleman, & Dom, 2008)
15 Flemish retired judokas
Mastery
8/15 Image post-athletic career
Discontinuation
14/15 Image post-athletic career
7/15 Problems (e.g., increase
responsibilities, financial situation, lack goal-oriented work, fixed hours)
10 15 20 25 30 35
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Mastery Develop-
ment Initiation Athletic development
AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
Disconti-nuation
Career retirement
20 25 30 AGE 40 35
Average age disconti-nuation
34
28-29 Diving
Swimming Ice skating
30
24 Gymnastics
40
49-56 Golf
Equestrian Shooting
41 Sailing
Retirement
(North & Lavallee, 2004)
10 15 20 25 30 35
1. Females earlier than males 2. Disabled athletes earlier than able-bodied athletes
1. More likely finalizing academic career or no academic career in favor of sport
2. More likely new career
1. More likely finalized academic career 2. Less likely new career.
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
(North & Lavallee, 2004; Stephane, 2003)
35 25 30 AGE 40
3-5 yrs 30%
1-2 yrs 13% 21% no plans
79% plans
+6 yrs 57% 55% no plans
45% plans
27% likely less training
31% find work
72% likely more training
31% enter education
Disconti-nuation
Up to 5 months: crisis
6-11 months: adjustment
±12 months: stabilization
Considering to discontinue within:
Career retirement
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
(Fernandez et al., 2006; Reints, 2011)
Career retirement
Decision to retire or postpone retirement influenced by: • Push factors: negative considerations in current situation pushing
athletes out of athletic career • Pull factors: positive reflections in future situation pulling athletes out
of their career • Anti-push factors: positive considerations within athletic career • Anti-pull factors: negative factors in post-athletic career
Athletes’ Retirement Decision Inventory (ARDI)
24 Flemish former elite athletes.
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
(Reints, 2011)
Career retirement
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
(Reints, 2011)
Career retirement
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
(Reints, 2011)
Career retirement
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Mastery Develop-
ment Initiation Athletic development
AGE
10 15 20 25 30 35
Disconti-nuation
Career retirement
Retirement
(Reints, 2011)
Planning career end
Athletic retirement
Start post-athletic career
Reinte-gration into
society
10 15 20 25 30 35
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Psychological development Adulthood Adoles-
cence Pu- berty
Child- hood
10 15 20 25 30 35
(Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004)
Readiness • Motivational: interest • Cognitive: abstract reasoning understanding roles
1. Childhood
Identity formation • Athletic identity • Identity foreclosure
2. Puberty Adolescence
Role formation • Partner • Societal role
3. Adulthood
10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE
Athletic development Mastery
Develop-ment Initiation
Disconti-nuation
Psychological development
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Psychological development
39% effort & perseverance 16% self-belief 13% quality coaching
29% love sport 20% natural abilities 12% quality coaching 12% family encouragement
23% effort & perseverance 21% quality coaching 14% amount practice 10% self-belief
AGE 10 15 20 25
Mastery Develop-ment
In
(Australian Sports Commission, 2003)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Psychological development AGE 10 15 20 25
Mastery Develop-ment
In
26% financial support (≠family) 21% self-belief 11% quality coaching
20% quality coaching 18% training facilities 14% amount practice 13% physical characteristics 10% self-belief
25% self-belief 18% physical characteristics
(Australian Sports Commission, 2003)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
10 15 20 25 30 35
Psycho-social
development
Partner Coach
Family (Coach) Peers
Peers Coach
Parents
Parents Siblings Peers
Psychological development
10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE
Athletic development Mastery
Develop-ment Initiation
Disconti-nuation
Adulthood Adoles-cence
Pu- berty
Child- hood
Psychosocial development
(Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Vocational profession Professional athlete
Primary educa-tion
Higher education
Secondary education
10 15 20 25 30 35
Academic/ Vocational development
Psycho-social
development
Partner Coach
Family (Coach) Peers
Peers Coach
Parents
Parents Siblings Peers
Psychological development
10 15 20 25 30 35 AGE
Athletic development Mastery
Develop-ment Initiation
Disconti-nuation
Adulthood Adoles-cence
Pu- berty
Child- hood
Academic/Vocational Development
(Semi-) Professional career Higher ed
(Semi-) Professional career
(Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
Development athlete determined by different developmental levels and their interaction
3
Conclusions
Each career stage has own developmental characteristics
2
Development of athletic career characerized by stages and transitions
1
Developmental and holistic nature athletic career requires also developmental perspective performance psychology
4
Vrije Universiteit Brussel - P Wylleman 2012
• Wylleman, P., & Reints, A. (2010). A lifespan perspective on the career development of talented and elite athletes: Perspectives on high-intensity sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20 (Suppl. 2), 101–107.
• Wylleman, P., De Knop, P., & Reints, A. (2011). Transitions in competitive sports. In N. L. Holt & M. Talbot (Eds.), Lifelong Engagement in Sport and Physical Activity (pp. 63-76). New York, NY: Routledge.
• Wylleman, P., De Knop, P., Verdet, M-C., & Cecic-Erpic, S. (2006). Parenting and career transitions of elite athletes. In S. Jowett and D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social psychology of sport (pp. 233-247). Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics.
• Wylleman, P., Harwood, C., Elbe, A-M., Reints, A., & de Caluwé, D. (2009). A perspective on education and professional development in applied sport psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 435–446.
• Wylleman, P., Reints, A., & Van Aken, S. (2012). Athletes’ perceptions of multilevel changes related to competing at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 687-692.
References
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