a tigre on the moon timing italian gamma ray experiment
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A TIGRE on the Moon Timing Italian Gamma Ray Experiment
E. Costa, Y. Evangelista, M. Feroci, M. Rapisarda(*), P. SoffittaINAF – IASF Rome
(*) ENEA Frascati
P. Battaglia, L. Pagan ALCATEL ALENIA SPACE - ITALIA, Vimodrone
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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The Lunar Scenario
• The Moon offers a wide and stable surface
Large Area & Long Duration Experiments• The Moon rotates
Wide Field and Transit Experiments• Transportation to the Moon will limit size and weight
Modular approach for multiple deliveries
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Mid- and Near-future observational advancements in X-ray Astronomy are expected in the field of:– High resolution spectroscopyHigh resolution spectroscopy (e.g., Con-X, XEUS)
– Hard X-raysHard X-rays (e.g., Simbol-X, NEXT)
Not much is expected for TimingTiming, where significant improvements require passing from the current (RXTE PCA) 0.5 m2 to collecting areas in the range of 50-100 m2.
The Science Scenario
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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To observe individual cycles of QPO emission and directly study the accretion of matter onto the blak hole from the innermorst stable orbit of the accretion disk, where the strong field gravity operates and the motion of matter is directly related to fundamental parameters of the system. (see also ASI-INAF 2004 study on perspectives for High Energy Astrophysics)
1.1. Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in Galactic X-ray Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in Galactic X-ray BinariesBinaries
Why a 100 m2-class Experiment?
GRBsGRBs: in both the Hypernova and Merging stars models, in the very early phases (i.e., first milliseconds) the orbiting matter is expected to cause fast pulsations of the emission, possibly the only chance to directly observe the properties of the GRB inner engine and of the parent objects.
MagnetarsMagnetars: transient ~30-100 Hz QPOs have been detected for the brightest flares, most likely originated by the seismic motions of the compact star.
2. 2. High Resolution Timing of Bursts and Flares fromHigh Resolution Timing of Bursts and Flares from Gamma Ray Bursters and MagnetarsGamma Ray Bursters and Magnetars
3.3. Survey of X-ray PulsarsSurvey of X-ray PulsarsThe class of radio-quiet isolated neutron stars (e.g., Geminga-like) is far less populated than radio-loud pulsars (~10 vs ~1500). This difference is not yet understood, whether it is due to real quenching of the radio emission or it is due to a transient nature. An unprecedently deep X-ray pulsar survey will likely compensate observational selection effects bring to the discovery of several Geminga-like pulsars and assess this issue, constraining pulsar models
4.4. and then Flares from Black-hole candidates, type-I and then Flares from Black-hole candidates, type-I bursters, INSs, bursting pulsar, rapid burster, bursters, INSs, bursting pulsar, rapid burster, supergiant fast X-ray transients, RRATs, ….supergiant fast X-ray transients, RRATs, ….
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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TIGRE in words: the AssemblyThree interchangeable operative modes:
A)A) Open fieldOpen field of view for unpredictable events (e.g., GRBs, SGRs, ..) and Survey of Pulsars
B)B) Slit collimatedSlit collimated for gross localization
C)C) CCodedoded MaskMask (collimatedcollimated) for Source Localization and Monitoring
Alto-azimuthalAlto-azimuthal orientation capability.
ModularityModularity and independence of modules (or sets of modules), for operative mode, orientation and power supply.
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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TIGRE in words: the Experiment
ModularModular
Favourable (Area) / (Read-out electronics) ratio
Energy Range: 1-10/20 keV,
Good Position Resolution (0.1-3 mm),
Good Energy Resolution (<1 keV)
Current detector choice: Silicon Drift DetectorsSilicon Drift Detectors, possibly in their Controlled Drift DetectorControlled Drift Detector configuration
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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TIGRE in numbers (1)
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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TIGRE in numbers (2)
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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TIGRE in images: our view
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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TIGRE Operating Modes
Silicon detector
Slit CollimatorSlit Collimator
Orthogonal Transit for gross localization of sources
Parallel Transit to reduce background
MaskMask: for fine localization of sourcesOpen SkyOpen Sky for
Unknown Pulsars or Bursting events
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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The Silicon Drift Detector (SDD)
The collecting anode capacitance is
very small (~ 0.1 pF) and independent
from the device area
very low noise readout
Energy Range: 1-30 keV
Active area 10 mm2
Si thickness 300 mm
JFET embedded
E threshold 0.6 keV
E resolution @ 20°C 5% FWHM @5.9 keV(0.5 sec sh. time) 0.9% FWHM @ 60 keV
Noise (ENC) 45 e- rms @ 20°
241Am55Fe
(C. Labanti et al., IASF-Bo)
(Gatti & Rehak 1984)
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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The Controlled Drift Detector
“Evolution” of SDD: multi-linear SDD detector with longitudinal coordinate derived by charge drift time (T0 from backside electrode).
Noise performance comparable to SDD, position resolution ~100 m, read-out electronics for multi-linear SDD only (N vs N2), room temperature operation.
Effective low energy threshold and single detector area to be assessed. (A. Castoldi et al., 2003)
Developed at INFN-Milano / Politecnico di Milano (A. Castoldi, E. Gatti, C. Guazzoni, L. Struder, et al., 2001+).
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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TIGRE in images: seen from AAS-IDetectors
ArraySlit Collimator
Mask Collimator
Service Module
Solar Array
Star Sensor
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Observation Modes
Open Field Slit or Mask Collimator
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Alto-Azimuthal Orientation
North
South
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Independent Operation of Adjustable Sets of Modules
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Launch and Deployment (AAS-I)
2060 mm
1590 mm
The release mechanism could be spring-loaded
with pyro-bolts.
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Multi-Module Communication
Large antenna
module
module
module
module
module
module
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Mass Budget (AAS-I) Q.ty Unit mass [kg] total [kg] 30% contingency [kg]
CDD 49 0.01 0.35 0.46
FE electr. 49 0.10 5.00 6.50 FE radiator 1 0.16 0.16 0.21
Detector structure 1 39.20 39.20 50.96
Slit collimator 1 47.00 47.00 61.10 Mask collimator 1 3.60 3.60 4.68
Collimator housing 2 28.70 57.40 74.62
Star sensor 1 3.00 3.00 3.90 motor 4 2.50 10.00 13.00
Shaft+Gear box 1 2.25 2.25 2.93
Science elect. Box 2 6.87 13.74 17.86 Bus elect. Box 2 6.60 13.20 17.16
front panel 2 0.72 1.44 1.87
Lateral panel 2 0.74 1.48 1.92 Shear panel 2 0.69 1.38 1.79
Top panel 1 1.87 1.87 2.43
service module str. 1 2.10 2.10 2.73 service module top panel 1 0.72 0.72 0.94
Main radiator 2 3.20 6.40 8.32
Battery pack 4 100.00 400.00 520.00 Ground baseplate 1 22.10 22.10 28.73
Antennas 1 1.20 1.20 1.56
Solar array 2 33.30 66.60 86.58 Clamp panel 2 28.70 57.40 74.62
TOTAL [kg] 754.39 984.87
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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Power Budget (AAS-I)
[W] CDD 49
Eletctronics 50 5 motor 15
star sensor 10
panels 5 antenna 0.5
FE heaters 24.8
DC/DC 31 TOTAL [W] 185.3
This budget includes large solar arrays to recharge batteries while the module is operating.
Batteries have been dimensioned to give the needed power continuously for a period of 14 days (336 hours).
The FE heaters power consumption has been considered in the night only operational configuration.
TIGRE TeamIASF Rome
Observation of the Universe from the Moon Frascati – 7 May 2007
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… fly me to the moon …
♬♬ ♬♬
♬♬
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