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The Truth…
About Stalls
Great Lakes Aviation Conference 2014
Thomas P. Turner
Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
www.mastery-flight-training.com
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
www.eaglegroupusa.com
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Today’s lesson:
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Today’s lesson:
Don’t Stall
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Today’s lesson:
Don’t Stall…unless you mean to
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Loss of Control
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Stall Scenarios
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Type of Stalls
• Power OFF• Power ON• Accelerated
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Type of Stalls
• Power OFF• Power ON• Accelerated
• Flaps UP• Flaps DOWN• Flaps
PARTIALLY EXTENDED
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Critical Angle of Attack
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
High AoA on Final Approach
10°
16°17°
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
High AoA on Missed Approach/Go-Around
10°
16°17°
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
10° 16° 17°
High AoA on Takeoff/Initial Climb
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Critical AoA
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Critical AoA
Maximum Lift
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Critical AoA
Maximum Lift
Best Rate of Climb
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Effect of G-Load
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Effect of G-Load
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Bank Angle During Descent
• LITTLE to NO increase in G-load
Therefore…
• LITTLE to NO increase in stall speed
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
To make an airplane stall,you (or the autopilot or the trim)
must actively resist the airplane’s tendency to descend.
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
My CFI Experience• A36 pilot very nervous about stalls• Told him we’d just slow the plane down and
see how it handles
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Pre-Stall Indications
• Pulling on the yoke
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Pre-Stall Indications
• Pulling on the yoke• Right rudder to maintain heading
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Pre-Stall Indications
• Pulling on the yoke• Right rudder to maintain heading• Decreasing noise
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Pre-Stall Indications
• Pulling on the yoke• Right rudder to maintain heading• Decreasing noise• Decreasing indicated airspeed
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Pre-Stall Indications
• Pulling on the yoke• Right rudder to maintain heading• Decreasing noise• Decreasing indicated airspeed
Release the back pressure to reduce the AoA
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Angle of Attack Indicators
• Sense and display actual AoA
• Automatically account for changes in airplane weight
• More visual display of maximum-performance “speeds”
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
AoA Indications (Alpha Systems display)
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
AoA Indications (Alpha Systems display)
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
AoA Indications (Alpha Systems display)
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
AoA Indications (Alpha Systems display)
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
• Slower than “normal” speeds• Individually calibrated: no consistency from
one airplane to the next• Single sensor: only accurate in coordinated
flight• No consistent training standard
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
NTSB Data 2003-2012
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
NTSB Cross-Section
C172 PA28 BE23Bonanza Cirrus Duchess
C310 Seneca BaronPC-12 TBM700/850 PA46
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
47%
13%
39% Fatal
Serious
None
Severity of Injury
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
17%
83%
Power Loss
Other
Power Loss
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Takeoff
Cruise
/Man
euverin
g
Balked/M
issed
IFR Circ
ling
Landing
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%Phase of Flight
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
72%
28%
Power On
Power Off
Power ON vs. Power OFF
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Today’s lesson:
• Stall For Proficiency• Fly to Avoid Stalls
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• The airplane will not stall unless you (or the trim) are actively increasing back pressure on the elevators
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• The airplane will not stall unless you (or the trim) are actively increasing back pressure on the elevators
• Banking when under G-load increases the speed at which the wing reaches critical AoA
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• The more flap, the more dynamic the stall
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• The more flap, the more dynamic the stall• A mush is as bad as a stall
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• The more flap, the more dynamic the stall• A mush is as bad as a stall• Uncoordinated flight increases the AoA on
the low wing, and may not provide stall warning or AoA indications
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• Power ON stall crashes outnumber power OFF crashes THREE to ONE
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• Power ON stall crashes outnumber power OFF crashes THREE to ONE
• 55% of all stalls happen on takeoff, go around or missed approach
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
The Truth About Stalls
• Power ON stall crashes outnumber power OFF crashes THREE to ONE
• 55% of all stalls happen on takeoff, go around or missed approach
• 20% of stalls occur during a loss of engine power—many of those fuel management-related
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
Mitigations
• Fuel• Be prepared so sensations are instinctive
if an engine quits• Regular practice on stalls and high AoA• Density altitude• Pitch attitudes• Trim for the missed
©2014 Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
www.eaglegroupusa.com
The Truth…
About Stalls
Free FLYING LESSONS Weekly e-newsletter
Thomas P. Turner
Mastery Flight Training, Inc.
www.mastery-flight-training.com
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