absolute monarchs may be stable and powerful, but rarely do they recognize the importance of...

Absolute monarchs may be stable and powerful, but rarely do they recognize the importance of individual rights.

A revolution that brings positive changes has a global impact.

Popular sovereignty – idea that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, or abolish government (N)

Federal System – government where the power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states (N)

Separation of Powers – assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government (N)

Checks and Balances – measures designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others (N)

Rulers must obey the lawsPeople had gained rights through:

The Magna Carta – 1215The English Civil War – 1642-1649The Glorious Revolution (1688) led to the

English Bill of Rights and adoption of Constitutional Monarchy – 1689

Additional RightsWilliam Wilberforce

Member of British ParliamentPromoted religion, morality, and

educationLed the movement to abolish slavery in

Britain 1807 – the Slave Trade ended1833 – Slavery abolished in most of the

British empire

British citizens had more rights than anyone else in the world

Ruler has absolute power and seeks to control all aspects of society

Society was divided into classes called “estates”First Estate – ClergySecond Estate – NoblesThird Estate – the bourgeoisie and the

peasants

Criticisms Monarchs were often insensitive

Marie AntoinetteMonarchs were wasteful

ex) Construction of Versailles

Criticisms, Cont.Louis XIV forced people to convert to

Catholicism, but the Church was less powerful and had less support

Nobles had special privileges, such as being exempt from many taxes

The Third Estate was highly taxed

Nobles had special privilegesTax exemptHigh positions

Monarchs were insensitive to Third Estates struggles

Did not accept Divine RightRousseauIdeas from the Declaration of

IndependenceBasic rights“Liberty, property, security…”

Third Estate was heavily taxedBorrowed money to finance wars

Ex)American RevolutionKing could no longer obtain loansWanted nobles to help Crown pay debts

National AssemblyNobles thought they could control the votesThird Estate was larger and elected twice

as many delegatesMay 1789 – Third Estate declared

themselves to be a National Assembly

“Abuses to Suppress”

June 17 - National Assembly formed by Third Estate

July 14 - an angry mob stormed the Bastille (a Paris prison)

Aug 26 - The Declaration of the Rights of ManModeled after the U.S. Declaration of Independence

Gave all French men equal rights

"Mr. de Lafayette, Commander of the Paris National Guard, Receives the City’s 'Sword for the Defense of Liberty'"

“With the Help of Mr. de la Fayette, the French Nation Defeats Despotism"

Oct-Dec – The Great FearPeasants broke into and burned nobles’ houses.

A mob of women angry about bread prices marched to Versailles, but the king and queen fled.

“Vanguard of Women Going to Versailles”

The King (and his family) attempts to flee France but is captured

• Louis depicted as a pig.

• Marie Antoinette depicted as a reptile.

“The King and Queen as a Two-Headed Monster”

September Constitution creates a constitutional monarchy

Austria and Prussia declare war on France

The Second French RevolutionRadical mobs attack the Legislative Assembly and take the King prisoner

Kings from other countries sent soldiers to France to restore Louis XVI to the throne.

"March of the Powers Allied against France"

Louis was tried for treason, convicted, and beheaded.

“Son of Saint-Louis going up to heaven….”

“Louis arrives in Hell”

Robespierre became the leader of France and began the Reign of Terror.

He led the Committee of Public Safety, which tried and put to death thousands of “enemies of the republic”

“An Ordinary Guillotine: Good Support for Liberty”

“Summoning to Execution”

Robespierre was executed.Moderate leaders created a less revolutionary plan of government.

“The Death of Robespierre”

The Revolution resulted in social and economic reorganization

“What do the French Revolution and the American Revolution have in common?”Who was fighting against who?Why were they fighting?What was the standard of living in both places?What type of fights took place? (organized

battle or mob terror)

Napoleon became a hero after defeating Austria.

France was still in social and political disorder from the Revolution.

Napoleon and his supporters staged a coup d’état and seized power.

“The Saving of France”

Tried to end a slave revolt in Haiti.

Made First Consul for life.

“Napoleon , First Consul, Putting Away His Sword After the General Peace”

Sold Louisiana Territory to U.S. (Louisiana Purchase)

Crowned himself Emperor in Notre Dame Cathedral.

“A Grateful France Proclaims Napoleon the First Emperor of the French”

Prepared to invade Britain, but was defeated by the British Navy in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Napoleon’s Navy was not very strong

Took over much of Europe.

“Sire, they are my sons and my wife”

Ordered a blockade of Britain, but the British formed their own blockade and weakened the French economy.

Tried to conquer Russia. Russians used the scorched-earth policy (burned their fields and killed their livestock)

Reached Moscow, but winter forced his retreat.

(Returned with only 10,000 of his 400,000 soldiers.)

Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Austria formed an alliance and defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig.

“Napoleon is Unable to Digest Leipzig”

“Triumph of the Year 1813”

“Debris of the French Army Returning to the Fatherland in June 1813”

Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba.

Louis XVIII took the throne in Paris, but quickly became unpopular.

Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France.

He raised an army and took power.

Napoleon was defeated by the rest of Europe at the battle of Waterloo (Belgium)

“The Day After Waterloo”

“The Song of the End”

Napoleon was sent to the island of St. Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

Napoleon died.

“Celebrating Napoleon’s Birthday on the Island of St. Helena”

“His Monument”

“The Exorcism: Ridding France of the Devil Napoleon”

“The Great Heroism of the Nineteenth Century”

“The Great Man”

“This is my dear son – Napoleon as the child of the devil”