achieving no net loss for people and biodiversity · sustainable livelihood 1 000 000 ugx / year 1...

AchievingNoNetLossforpeopleand

biodiversity

VictoriaGriffiths

DPhilStudent

OxfordUniversity

VicGriffiths1

• ExpandNNLtoincludepeople’ssocialandculturalvaluesassociatedwithbiodiversity

• NNLforbothpeopleandnature?

• NNLpolicies:achieveaNNLofbiodiversityandasocialNNL

Researchaim

Researchquestions

1. Conceptualising‘socialNNL’

2. Perceivedimpactstowellbeing&lossofaccesstonature

4. Compensatingforlostculturalheritage

3. Preferredoffsetpolicies

http://www.thesafaricompany.co.za/Map_Uganda.htm

Casestudies

Casestudies

EuropeanInvestmentBank©EIBPhotolibrary

Bujagali HPP(250MW)

• Completedin2012• PredominantlyWorldBankfunded• FloodedBujagali Falls

Isimba HPP(183.2MW)

• DownstreamofBujagali• Underconstruction(2018)• ChineseandUgandanGovernments

http://english.cwe.cn/show.aspx?id=2992&cid=132

Casestudies

Kalagala Offset

• Offsetincludes:

• Kalagala Falls& Itanda Rapids

• Nopowergenerationactivities

• Developtourismactivitiesatthefalls

• Conserve Mabira &6otherCFRs

• Isimba impact?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabira_Forest

LakeVictoria

Mabira CentralForestReserve

This image cannot currently be Isimba Dam(2)

Itanda Rapids

Kalagala Falls

Bujagali Dam(1)

KalagalaOffsetCatchment

Studyarea

Rapids,Rafting,Bujagali &Isimba dams

Agriculture

Studyarea

Fishing

Studyarea

Sandmining

Brickmaking

Studyarea

CentralForestReserves(CFRs)

Studyarea

Culturalandspiritualvalues

Studyarea

METHODS1. Scopingtrip:April/May2016

2. Datacollection:September2016- February2017

LakeVictoria

B-West(Kikubamutwe)

B-East(Kyabirwa)

K-West(Kalagala)

K-East(Bubogo Bugobi)

I-West(Nampaanyi)

I-East(Bwase Buseta)

Kalagala Offsetextent

Methods

• FocusGroupDiscussions(FGD)

• FGD1:

• Livelihoodactivities• Useofnaturalresources• Environmental&socialactivities

• FGD2:

• Changeinwellbeing

Methods

• FGD3:

• Spiritualsites

• Importanceofculturalheritage

• Importanceofculturalheritagetowellbeing

12FGDspervillage

Methods

• Householdsurveys

– Approx.1300– HH’srandomlyselected– Piloted

Methods

Researchquestions

1. Conceptualising‘socialNNL’

2. Perceivedimpactstowellbeing&lossofaccesstonature

4. Compensatingforlostculturalheritage

3. Preferredoffsetpolicies

• Perceptionsinfluenceattitudesandacceptance

• Includelocalpeopleinthedecision-makingprocess!

• StakeholderengagementintheESIAprocess

• Preferencesforoffsetactivitiescaninfluenceitssocialacceptabilityandsustainability

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

Choice card 5

Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

Sustainablelivelihood 1000000UGX

/year

1000000UGX

/year

500000UGX

/year

Employment 70

140 140

Tourismrevenuesharing

0revenuesharing

Treeplantingand

removalofalientrees

Accesstospiritualsites

Visitors– 1000UGX

Residents– 500UGX

Visitors– 0UGX

Residents– 0UGX

Visitors– 1000UGX

Residents– 500UGX

Choice:

ChoiceExperiment

Questions:

1. Whatsocialactionsnaturalresource-dependentpeopleinadevelopingcountrypreferaspartofabiodiversityoffset

2. Whethersocio-demographicvariablesinfluencethesepreferences

3. Whetherthesepreferencesdifferbetweengeographicallyseparatevillages

4. Whetherpreferencesdifferbetweenvillagesexperiencingdifferentdegreesofeconomicdevelopment

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

• Offsettingactivitiesthatimprovedsocialoutcomesfor:

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

http://www.brendansadventures.com

Wholevillage

VS

Individuallytargetedactivities

• Somesocialbenefitswerefavouredoverothers

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

1. Tourismrevenuesharing–investmentincommunitydevelopment

Highpopulationgrowthrate&highlevelsofpovertyinUganda

=

needformoredevelopmentandimprovementofservices

Wholevillage

• ImprovingthedegradedCFRs

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

3. Treeplantingprogramme

2. Tourismrevenuesharing– restorationandmanagementofCFRs

3. Respondentsopposedclearing

• Approx.85%ofUganda’sruralpopulationisreliantonnaturalresources

Wholevillage

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

4. Paymenttoaccessspiritualsites

• Negativeattitudestowardsfreeaccessforeveryone

Wholevillage

Questions:

1. Whatactionsnaturalresource-dependentpeopleinadevelopingcountrypreferaspartofabiodiversityoffset

2. Whethersocio-demographicvariablesinfluencethesepreferences

3. Whetherthesepreferencesdifferbetweengeographicallyseparatevillages

4. Whetherpreferencesdifferbetweenvillagesexperiencingdifferentdegreesofeconomicdevelopment

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

Preferenceheterogeneity:

Results

Education:

• Attitudestowardsrevenuesharing

• Moreeducatedtheperson,themorenegativetheywere

Gender:

• Attitudestowardsrevenuesharing

• Comparedtothebaseline,men’spreferenceforinvestmentinCFRswasgreaterthanthatofwomen

Questions:

1. Whatactionsnaturalresource-dependentpeopleinadevelopingcountrypreferaspartofabiodiversityoffset

2. Whethersocio-demographicvariablesinfluencethesepreferences

3. Whetherthesepreferencesdifferbetweengeographicallyseparatevillages

4. Whetherpreferencesdifferbetweenvillagesexperiencingdifferentdegreesofeconomicdevelopment

4.Preferencesforoffsetactivities

B-West

B-East

K-West K-East

I-WestI-East

MethodsResults– individualvillages

Geographicvariability:

Tourismrevenuesharing

B-WestB-East

K-West K-East

I-WestI-East

MethodsResults– individualvillages

Geographicvariability:

$$$No$$$

Researchquestions

1. Conceptualising‘socialNNL’

2. Perceivedimpactstowellbeing&lossofaccesstonature

4. Compensatingforlostculturalheritage

3. Preferredoffsetpolicies

Preliminaryfindings

Howimportantisculturalheritagetowellbeing?

B-WestB-East

K-West K-East

I-WestI-East

Preliminaryfindings

Howimportantisculturalheritagetowellbeing?

Preliminaryfindings

Howdoyoufeelaboutthelossofsacredsitesinyourvillage?

Thelesspoorpeopleare,thelesssadtheytheyareaboutthedestructionofthesacredsites

Preliminaryfindings

• Spirits

“Heunderstandsculturalheritagethroughspirits.Hehasshrineswithhisfamilyspiritsathishousehold”

(Kikubamutwe (B-West),men’sFGD)

ThematicAnalysis:

Preliminaryfindings

• Nature

Preliminaryfindings

ThematicAnalysis:

• Medicinalherbs

• Totems

• Sacredsites

• Barkcloth

“Whenachildisborn,itissusceptibletomanysicknesses,soitisgivenandbathedindifferentherbstopreventandcurethevariousdiseases.Therearecertaindiseasesthatcanonlybecuredwithherbs”

(Bubugo Bugobi,women’sFGD)

• Culturalheritagechanging

• Changedfortheworse• Becomelessimportanttopeople

• Religion• Westernculture• Modernity• Developmentprojects

“Eversincethedamwasconstructed,everythinggotspoilt.Itdestroyedthefallsandtreesandothersacredsites”

(Kyabirwa,men’sFGD)

Preliminaryfindings

ThematicAnalysis:

Thingstostillthinkabout…..

• CulturalheritageassessmentsinESIAprocess

• Lostculturalheritage:

• Relocation?

• Compensation?

• NNLofbiodiversity,culturalheritage &SocialNNL

Preliminaryfindings

Thankyouandquestions?

Acknowledgements:

• E.J.Milner-Gulland(Oxford)• JosephBull(WildBusiness)• JuliaBaker(BalfourBeatty)• Dilys Roe(IIED)• NEMA• NatureUganda• WCSUganda• NickHanley• OlegSheremet VicGriffiths1

Email:victoria.griffiths@bnc.ox.ac.uk