admixture & assimilation in early europe
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
Veu wfii `kvkr jk gjik
te ifvk dkrk f` pkgok, jkogusk yeu ikat dkrk jigom, g`b oglk jgom wdftk
Kcyptfg` prksfbk`t, Cglgi Gjbki @gsskr, (76;:)
G`b Gjrgl neur`kykb,cef`c e` stfii tewgrb tdk seutd.
Ck`ksfs 7:>6
wdftks & sklftks,
f`bfck`eus Kurepkg`s=
gblfxturk & gssflfigtfe`
f` kgriy Kurepk
ourgtkb jy
gllg jfrgce
Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssg`ok Orusgbkrs
Sdktdkr e`k tdeucdt ea tdk Rurms gs _oytdfg`s er Rreng`s, wgys oeuib jk aeu`b ea if`mf`c
tdksk pkepiks wftd tdk jfjifogi pkepiks ea Cec g`b Lgcec er wftd tdk Fsdlgkiftks. Rdfs if`m wgs
jkf`c lgbk girkgby f` tdk aeurtkk`td ok`tury, ie`c jkaerk tdk dulg`fsts oglk e` tdk sok`k,
_flfigriy, tdgt Kurepk oe`tf`ukb te gookpt tdk _oytdfg` er Oguogsfg` dypetdksfs wkii
f`te lebkr` tflks og` `e beujt jk skt bew` pgrtiy te Kurepkg` ktd`eok`trfsl,
jut ft wgs gise tdk jkst sodeigriy epf`fe` gvgfigjik u`tfi
tdk igtkr kfcdtkk`td ok`tury.
Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssg`ok Orusgbkrs>
Dulg`fst Orusgbk Iftkrgturk f` tdk Gck ea Lkdlkb FF
Qfrtugi Nkwfsd Serib> Oestg bk Xrgtg, Xertucgi
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
Rdk Oestg bk Xrgtg, g rkcfe` ea sdgrp oe`trgsts, eooupfks tdk oegstgi strfp jktwkk`Ifsje` g`bXerte.Ft dgs g rfod
dkrftgck ea ok`turfks-eib le`ulk`ts tdgt tkstfay te tdk oelf`c tecktdkr ea pkepiks g`b ouiturks.
Relgr
Rdfs tew` wgs tdk dkgbqugrtkrs ea tdk Erbkr ea tdk M`fcdts Rklpigr f` Xertucgi u`tfi tdk 72td ok`tury, wdk` tdk
erbkr wgs kxtf`cufsdkb g`b rkpigokb jy tdk Erbkr ea Odrfst, aeu`bkb gt tdgt sglk tflk. Rdk afrst nkwfsd skttiklk`tf` tdk tew` gise teem pigok f` tdk 72td ok`tury. Rdk Nkwfsd qugrtkr e`iy eooupfkb e`k strkkt> tdk prksk`t-bgyZug
Br. Negqufl Ngof`te. @e`ktdkikss, bkspftk fts slgii sfzk, ft wgs g prespkreus oellu`fty g`b fts f`aiuk`ok wgs te
f`orksk crkgtiy f` tdk 7;td ok`tury, f` tdk pkrfeb ea tdk Bfsoevkrfks, wdk` Relgr wgs girkgby tdk dkgbqugrtkrs ea
tdk Erbkr ea Odrfst g`b fts cevkr`er wgs Xrf`ok Dk`ry tdk @gvfcgter.
Gt #3? e` tdk sglk strkkt wgs tdksy`gcecuk,wdfod rklgf`kb f` usk u`tfi 7261, tdk bgtk wdk` tdk erbkr wgs cfvk`
tekxpki tdk Nkws arel Xertucgi. Rebgy ft deusks tdk Gjrgge ^goute Xertucukusk-Dkjrkw Luskul. Kvk` tebgy,
oigy pets grk stfii mkpt kljkbbkb dfcd f` tdk aeur oer`krs ea tdk odgljkr ea wersdfp, gs pgrt ea g trgbftfe`gi
tkod`fquk aer flprevf`c tdk reel's goeustfos. F` tdk :8td ok`tury, tdreucd tdk kaaerts ea _gluki _odwgrtz, tdk
sy`gcecuk wgs rksterkb g`b cfvk` te tdk _tgtk, g`b, sf`ok 76:7 ft dgs oeiikotkb `et e`iy tdk ieogi dkrftgck ea
beoulk`ts g`b kpfcrgpds jut gise teljste`ks wftd Dkjrgfo f`sorfptfe`s arel etdkr pgrts ea tdk oeu`try. F` 764;,
arksd kxogvgtfe` werm wgs u`bkrtgmk` gt tdk sy`gcecuk, ikgbf`c te tdk bfsoevkry ea g` evk` aer tdk dkgtf`c ea
wgtkr g`b g wgii wdfod cgvk gookss te tdk deiy jgtds bksfc`kb aer purfafogtfe` purpesks.
Oigssfafkb gs Serib Dkrftgck jy [@K_OE, tdk Oe`vk`te bk Orfstesurreu`bkb jy lkbfgkvgi wgiis, wftd fts skvk`
oiefstkrs g`b kljiklgtfo Lg`ukif`k wf`bew fs g` kssk`tfgi pgrt ea g`y vfsfter's ftf`krgry. F` Relgr, tdk jkst wgy
te cgf` g` flprkssfe` ea tdk tdrkk skpgrgtk lelk`ts f` tdk dfstery ea Xertucuksk grodftkoturk fs te vfsft tdk
odurodks ea _g`tg Lgrfg be Eifvgi (Cetdfo), _e Nege Jgptfstg (wftd fts Lu`ukif`k beerwgy g`b flpertg`t 71td
ok`tury pgf`tf`cs f`sfbk tdk odurod) g`b, e` tdk regb te tdk ogstik, tdk odurod ea @essg _k`derg bg Oe`okfoge (g
Zk`gfssg`ok odgpki). F` tdk surreu`bf`c bfstrfot, `gturk ievkrs wfii gpprkofgtk tdk crkgt igmk orkgtkb jy tdk bgl ea
Ogstkie bk Jebk, wftd fts lgc`fafok`t vfkws g`b tdk odg`ok te k`ney wgtkr sperts.
Ikfrfg
Belf`gtkb jy fts preub ogstik, tdk aerlkr reygi pgigok oe`qukrkb arel tdk Leers f` 77?;, tdk ofty bkvkiepkb gt
tdk aeet ea tdk dfii, jerbkrkb jy tdk rfvkr Ifs g`b sprkgbf`c eut arel tdk eib Zug Bur f` mkkpf`c wftd tdk typfogi
struoturk ea lkbfgkvgi tew`s. Rdk Nkwfsd qugrtkr wgs te jk aeu`b f` tdk grkg `ew eooupfkb jyZug Bel Gae`se
Dk`rfquks,Zug Bel Bf`fsg`bIgrce bg _kg`b weuib dgvk bgtkb jgom te tdk 72td ok`tury, f` tdk rkfc` ea BelBf`fs (7:36-7?:;). Ft wgs f` tdfs eib pgrt ea tdk ofty, oiesk te tdk Ogtdkbrgi (jkcu` f` 7;;8 wftd g` Grodkeiecfogi
Luskul `ew gttgodkb te ft), tdgt e`k ea tdk afrst Nkwfsd werms f` Xertucgi wgs pujifsdkb> tdk "Gilg`god
Xkrpktuul" jy Gjrgge ^goute, prf`tkb jy tdk kqugiiy Nkwfsd Grjgge b'Ertgs. Etdkr f`tkrkstf`c pigoks te vfsft grk
tdkFcrkng bg Lfskrfoerbfg, u`bkr wdfod tdk Eib _y`gcecuk fs tdeucdt te ifk, tdkFcrgng bk _e Xkbre(g 7:td
ok`tury Zelg`ksquk odurod), tdk Lu`fofpgi Luskul g`b tdk 71td-73td ok`tury sdrf`k ea@essg _k`derg bg
K`ogr`ggewftd fts pg`erglfo vfkws.
Oefljrg
_ftugtkb e` tdk `ertd jg`m ea tdk rfvkr Le`bkce g`b e`k ea tdk lest flpertg`t Kurepkg` Nkwfsd qugrtkrs wgs te
jk aeu`b f` tdk oftfks f` tdk lfbbik gcks, Oefljrfg fs jkst m`ew` aer fts [`fvkrsfty, wdfod k`neykb reygi pretkotfe`
arel tdk lelk`t ea fts afrst flpig`tgtfe` f` Oefljrfg (gatkr fts aeu`bgtfe` f`Ifsje` f` 7:68). Gt e`k tflk, tdk ofty
dgb tdrkk Nkwfsd qugrtkrs, f` tdk pgrfsdks ea _g`tfgce, _g`tg Nustgg`bXkbrkfrg. Sftd tdk kpfbklfo oguskb jy tdk
jigom pigcuk f` tdk 72td ok`tury, tdk pepuigtfe` bkorkgskb sfc`fafog`tiy, jkoelf`c oe`ok`trgtkb e`iy f` tdk Nkwfsdqugrtkr ea _g`tg Nustg, wdfod, gatkr tdk erbkr wgs cfvk` aer tdkkxpuisfe` ea tdk Nkws f` 7261, oglk te jk m`ew`
gsZug @evg. Rdk lest flpertg`t sy`gcecuk wgs sftugtkb f` tdkNubfgrfg Qkidg bk _g`tfgce, tdk Nkwfsd qugrtkr
oiesk te tdk Fcrkng be Oerpe bk Bkus. G wgim greu`b tdk lkbfgkvgi qugrtkrs ea tdfs ofty fs kveogtfvk ea tdk
trgbftfe`s wdfod grk stfii mkpt gifvk tebgy g`b gise prevfbks g `uljkr ea, f`tkrkstf`c surprfsks> gle`cst tfik grodks
g`b stkps grk te jk aeu`b tdk _t. Qkidg(tdk Eib Ogtdkbrgi, erfcf`giiy jufit fii tdk Zelg`ksquk styik), tdkLestkfre
bk _g`tg Oruz (g 7:td ok`tury le`gstkry, oe`tgf`f`c tdk teljs ea tdk afrst mf`cs ea Xertucgi) g`b tdk Gilkbf`g
Cgtk. Rdk ouiturgi dkrftgck ea tdk Nkws wgs ogrrfkb e` f`te lg`y aglfifks ea oe`vkrtkb er se-ogiikb -@kw
Odrfstfg`s," oe`trfjutf`c te tdk sofk`tfafo g`b dulg`fstfo gbvg`oklk`t ea tdk [`fvkrsfty, syljeifogiiy sftugtkb e`
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Costa_Verde.html#Portohttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/syntoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/expulsion.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/syntoc.htmlhttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Costa_Verde.html#Portohttp://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Lisbon.html -
8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
tdk dfii evkrieemf`c tdk ofty. G`y teur ea tdk ofty lust gise f`oiubk g vfsft te tdk u`fvkrsfty's agjuieus Jgrequk
ifjrgry wdfod oe`tgf`s lerk tdg` 7;8,888 veiulks g`b tdk _gig bes Ogpkies(Okrkle`fgi Dgii). @kgrjy fs
tdkLusku Lgodgbe bk Ogstre, wftd fts Zelg` Oryptepertfoewdfod oe`tgf`s flprkssfvk oeiikotfe`s ea pgf`tf`cs,
Zk`gfssg`ok souipturk g`b ceib nkwkiikry (7:td-76td ok`turfks). Rdk @gtfe`gi _ofk`ok Luskul kxdfjfts tdk
f`vk`tfe`s g`b f`strulk`ts uskb f` kxpkrflk`ts tdgt ikb te tdk tdgt ikb gbvg`oklk`t ea lebkr` sofk`ok, f` wdfod
lk` suod gs tdk sofk`tfst Xkbre @u`ks (7;8:-7;34), g @kw Odrfstfg` g`b u`fvkrsfty preaksser f` tdfs ofty, wkrk te
pigy suod g` flpertg`t pgrt.
Gt Oe`fljrfcg, f` tdk surreu`bf`cs ea Oefljrg, grk tdk lest flpertg`t Zelg` ruf`s f` Xertucgi g`b, :6 ml arel
tdk ofty, og` jk aeu`b tdk spg ea Iuse g`b tdk kxtrklkiy jkgutfaui aerkst ea Juogoe wftd fts `ke-Lg`ukif`k detki-
pgigok.
Etdkr pigoks ea f`tkrkst
G vfsft te tdk Oestg bk Xrgtg rkprksk`ts tdk odg`ok te bfsoevkr twe ea tdk lgner ogusks ea tdk crkgt prfbk tdgt fs
arkquk`tiy akit f` Xertucuksk grodftkoturk, jetd ea tdkl oigssfafkb jy [@K_OE gs Serib Dkrftgck> tdk Le`gstkry
ea Gioejgog g`b tdk Le`gstkry ea Jgtgidg. Rdk afrst fs g Ofstkrofg` gjjky aeu`bkb f` 77;:, wftd g` flpesf`c `gvk
g`b gustkrk oiefstkrs. Rdk Le`gstkry ea Jgtgidg (72td-71td ok`turfks) fs g lgstkrpfkok ea Cetdfo grodftkoturk,
agleus aer fts u`af`fsdkb odgpkis g`b tdk jkgutfaui stgf`kb cigss wf`bews ea tdk Aeu`bkrs' Odgpki, wdfod deusks
tdk telj ea Xrf`ok Dk`ry tdk @gvfcgter, wde dgb suod g oiesk g`b epk` rkigtfe`sdfp wftd tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty.
Gtig`tfo Bfgspergs>
Nkws, Oe`vkrses, g`b Orypte- Nkws f` tdk Gck ea Lkrog`tfifsl, 7;88-7488.
Zfodgrb I. MGCG@ & Xdfifp B. LEZCG@
tdk kbfters ea tdfs sepdfstfogtkb g`tdeiecy eaakr g ciflpsk ea skvkrgi bfsofpif`ks lkktf`c gt tdk outtf`c kbck.
Koe`elfo dfstery, Gtig`tfo stubfks, Nkwfsd stubfks, g`b stuby ea tdk Garfog` bfgsperg, gle`c etdkr afkibs, oelk
tecktdkr f` tdksk tk` odgptkrs, rkvfsftf`c g`b rkvfsf`c eur u`bkr- stg`bf`c ea tdk pigok ea _kpdgrbfo (_pg`fsd g`b
Xertucuksk) Nkws g`b tdkfr oe`vkrse mf` f` tdk aerlgtfe` ea tdk Gtig`tfo werib. Gs wk skk lerk oikgriy arel tdfs
veiulk, wdfik ykt vfotfls ea kxoiusfe` g`b bfsorflf`gtfe`, tdky oelprfskb gotfvk pigykrs f` Kurepkg` evkrskgs
kxpg`sfe` g`b kgriy oeie`fgifsl, kvk` fa f` rkigtfvkiy slgii `uljkrs. Gtig`tfo Bfgspergs epk`s wftd g swfat
evkrvfkw jy Ne`gtdg` Fsrgki ea tdk oe`vkrse/_kpdgrbfo trg`seokg`fo trgbk `ktwerms g`b tdkfr sdfatf`c peiftfogi
oe`tkxts. Gbgl _utoifaak eaakrs g skoe`b dfcd-ikvki swkkp ea tdk _kpdgrbfo Gtig`tfo, aeousf`c lerk e` ouiturgiagoters. Rdk jeem tdk` eaakrs twe lgf` skotfe`s> e`k e` lkrog`tfifsl, tdk etdkr e` fbk`tfty g`b rkifcfe`. Rdk afrst
skotfe` epk`s wftd Sfl Mieestkr's survky ea g dg`baui ea lfb- skvk`tkk`td-ok`tury Butod _kpdgrbfo lkrodg`ts g`b
tdkfr kaaerts gt oeie`fgi skttiklk`t-jufibf`c f` vgrfeus tkrrfterfks f` tdk Glkrfogs. Lest ea tdksk lk` dgb girkgby
spk`t tflk f` tdk sdert-ifvkb Nkwfsd dgvk` ea Butod Jrgzfi. Rdky we` crg`ts te orkgtk `kw oellu`ftfks f` bfaafouit
g`b u`bkvkiepkb tkrrfterfks, rustikb up skttikrs f` Kurepk (f` selk ogsks `e`-Nkws), prevfsfe`kb suppifks f`oiubf`c
sigvks, g`b skt sgfi.
Rdeucd tdk lgnerfty ea tdksk skttik- lk`ts agfikb buk te dgrbsdfp er eppesftfe` jy oeie`fgi gutderftfks (wde bfb `et
giwgys gcrkk wftd peifofks skt jy ikgbkrs jgom f` tdk lktrepeik), tdky ikb te tdk _kpdgrbfo oellu`ftfks ea Ourgge
g`b _urf`glk. Deiiy _`ybkr trkgts lkrodg`ts, lestiy _kpdgrbfo, epkrgtf`c wftdf` tdk K`cifsd oeie`fgi erjft, trgof`c
tdkfr kaaerts te `kcetfgtk stgtk rkcuigtfe`, wdfod sgw Nkws gs gt jkst rksfbk`t gifk`s, g`b te cgf` prfvfikcks er rfcdts ea
rksfbk`ok g`b trgbk. Levf`c arel tdk rkigtfvkiy g`grodfo skvk`tkk`td ok`tury te tdk lerk erbkrkb kfcdtkk`td
ok`tury, Nkwfsd lkrodg`ts oe`tf`ukb te agok ikcgi g`b gttftubf`gi bfsorflf`gtfe` g`b dk`ok akit crkgtkr prkssurk tdg`
tdkfr `e`-Nkwfsd oelpktfters te ouitfvgtk g stre`c g`b ieygi oustelkr jgsk. Rdesk wde tdrfvkb f` oe`sulkr rktgfi
trgbk, suod gs Ggre` Iepkz ea @kwpert, m`kw dew te oelpert tdklskivks wftd tdk `kokssgry seofgi crgoks g`b seib
te tdkfr oustelkrs tdk ck`tfifty g`b rkspkotgjfifty tdgt tdky seucdt aer tdklskivks g`b wdfod te selk bkcrkk oeuib
`ew jk dgb aer purodgsk tdreucd ceebs ifmk styifsd tkxtfiks, Xertucuksk wf`k, tkg, s`uaa, er spkrlgoktf og`biks.
F` tdk `kxt kssgy, Bgvfmk` _tub`fomf-Cfzjkrt eaakrs g oelpgrgtfvk sur- vky ea _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbf`c `ktwerms
ea tdk Xertucuksk `gtfe`, tdk @gg, gie`csfbk etdkr Gtig`tfo bfgsperfo trgbf`c `ktwerms - tdk Ducuk`ets, Jgsquks,
g`b Ck`eksk, gle`c etdkrs. Rdfs sepdfstfogtkb sy`tdktfo pertrgft sdews tdgt lest ea tdk pgrtfouigrftfks gttrfjutkb te
Nkwfsd (er "Nkwfsd") oellkrofgi ouiturk gotugiiy oelprfsk akgturks ea gii suod trgbf`c `ktwerms. K`becgly, f`tk`sk
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
aglfiy erfk`tgtfe`, oig``fsd`kss, igw-strktodf`c er -jrkgmf`c - eatk` igfb gt tdk akkt ea Nubgfsl er Nkwfsd`kss - rkgiiy
bkrfvk arel struoturgi bktkrlf`g`ts. _tub`fomf-Cfzjkrt sdews us e`ok gcgf` dew tdk rklgrmgjik _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse
trgbf`c bfgsperg akgturkb g tfcdt evkrigp jktwkk` seofgi g`b koe`elfo rkigtfe`s f` twe sk`sks> pkepik trgbkb wftd
aglfiy g`b mf` aerklest, wdfik ouiturgi g`b rkifcfeus wgys gfbkb g`b pgrgiikikb oellkrofgi `kkbs g`b struoturks.
Gsmf`c gjeut sflfigr lgttkrs f` g sflfigriy oelpgrgtfvk oe`tkxt, Arg`oksog Rrfvkiigte odgiik`cks selk ea tdk
stkrketypf`c g`b kssk`tfgifzg- tfe`s ea _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbf`c `ktwerms. _dk grcuks gcgf`st tdk `etfe` tdgt
trgbf`c wftd aglfiy g`b mf` `kokssgrfiy k`ck`bkrkb trust g`b oeepkrgtfe` (er k`tgfikb g "precrkssfvk" trgft), ogiif`cgttk`tfe` te tdk f`tkr`gi bfvfsfe`s wftdf` _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbf`c bfgsperg, suod gs rkveivkb greu`b oigss,
ktd`fofty, ck`bkr, er rkifcfe`.
Gle`c etdkr prejikls, aglfiy jusf`kssks g`b `ktwerms eatk` akii gpgrt, argoturkb, bksok`bkb f`te squgjjif`c.
Rrfvkiigte jrf`cs te jkgr dkr kxpkrtfsk rkcgrbf`c tdk Lkbftkrrg`kg` oellkrok ea Ifver`ksk _kpdgrbfl f` prejf`c
aer bktgfikb jut lerk `ug`okb wgys ea bkpfotf`c g`b kxpigf`f`c tdk trfoms ea tdk _kpdgrbfo/oe`vkrse trgbk. F` tdk
g`tdeiecy's skoe`b lgf` skotfe`, "Fbk`tfty g`b Zkifcfe`," Jru`e Akftikr tgmks us te `ertdkgst Jrgzfi, oe`qukrkb jy
tdk Butod aer `kgriy tdrkk bkogbks, g u`fquk ig`b arel tdk pkrspkotfvk ea tdk Nkwfsd qukstfe` f` tdk Fjkrfg` werib.
Dkrk, gs Akftikr, bfsoussks, Xertucuksk @kw Odrfstfg`s ifvkb u`bkr Ogivf`fsts wde teikrgtkb epk` Nubgfsl. Sftd rfod
kxglpiks dk eutif`ks tdk oelpifogtkb rkifcfeus ifak ea tdk oeie`fsts, gjik te kxpierk g`b kxpkrflk`t wftd g` "k`kly"
agftd, prkssurkb te odeesk jktwkk` agftds, g`b selktflks u`okrtgf` dew. Lg`y f`bfvfbugis uitflgtkiy lgbk tdkfr
odefok jgskb e` "tdk sk`tflk`tgi je`bs tdgt tfkb tdkl te ieogi oellu`fty creups g`b lgtkrfgi oe`okr`s f` ifku ea
rgofgi fbk`tfty g`b rkifcfeus oe`vfotfe`s". Gvfvg Jk`-[r rkoeu`ts tdk sftugtfe` ea sigvks g`b arkkb f`bfvfbugis eaGarfog` erfcf`, welk` f` pgrtfouigr, wftdf` tdk u`fquk _kpdgrbfo pig`tgtfe` oellu`fty ea _urf`glk jktwkk` tdk
skvk`tkk`td g`b `f`ktkk`td ok`turfks. Jgskb e` tg`tgifzf`c jfts f` grodfvgi seuroks, sdk trgoks tdk oelpifogtkb wgys
Kurgarfog`s jkoglk g sfc`fafog`t pgrt ea tdk oellu`fty, jetd bklecrgpdfogiiy g`b f` tkrls ea oellu`gi
ercg`fzgtfe` g`b tdk oe`struotfe` ea tdk ieogi lkg`f`cs ea Nkwfsd`kss. _elk sigvk er arkk welk` uskb tdkfr
rkigtfe`- sdfps wftd _kpdgrbfo pig`tkrs g`b tdk odfibrk` tdky jerk tdkl gs g lkg`s ea upwgrb lejfifty, wdfik
skclk`ts ea tdk oellu`fty sgw aft te gbgpt te ieogi `kokssftfks g`b wkioelk tdksk f`ftfgtks wde gle`c etdkr tdf`cs
skrvkb te jeistkr tdkfr tk`ueus `uljkrs.
Xktkr Lgrm g`b Nes bg _fivg Dertg prksk`t g` gooeu`t ea g akw slgii oellu`ftfks oe`sfstf`c ea Xertucuksk @kw
Nkws arel Glstkrbgl wde levkb f` tdk kgriy skvk`tkk`td ok`tury te Lusifl Skst Garfog. K`neyf`c tdk sglk
pretkotfe` ieogi Lusifl ikgbkrs crg`tkb te gii aerkfc` lkrodg`ts, tdksk trgbkrs g`b eppertu`fst/k`trkprk`kurs
prgotfokb Nubgfsl epk`iy, gttrgotkb Xertucuksk @kw Odrfstfg`s te tdkfr lfbst, g`b oe`vkrtkb selk ea tdk Garfog`s
tdky lgrrfkb g`b klpieykb g`b jfrtdkb. Rdksk sdert-ifvkb k`bkgvers, sdewf`c sfc`s ea tdk prgclgtfo "cef`c `gtfvk"
tdgt odgrgotkrfzkb lkrodg`t f`tkriepkrs g`b f`tkrlkbfgrfks tdreucdeut oeie`fzgtfe`, rkaikot g jeib gsskrtfvk`kss tdgt
swkpt Xertucuksk _kpdgrbfl g`b oe`vkrses gifmk wftd tdk rfsk ea tdk f`bkpk`bk`ok levklk`t gcgf`st _pgf` gatkr
7;48 g`b tdk aeu`bf`c ea _kpdgrbfo Glstkrbgl nust jkaerk 7188.
Gtig`tfo Bfgspergs> Nkws, Oe`vkrses, g`b Orypte-Nkws
f` tdk Gck ea Lkrog`tfifsl, 7;88-7488, jy Zfodgrb I. Mgcg`= Xdfifp B. Lercg`
Ne`gtdg` _odersod
-
Kurepk, er dew te ksogpk Jgjki
Lgurfok Eik`bkr
Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g ikcgoy ogpgjik ea"bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea
tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuruepg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk te oe`afrl tdk
prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr" (kurus, eps). _f`ok Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f` tdk sfxtd ok`tury
J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts> Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`t e`, tdfs g`ofk`t
ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi g`oksters ea dulg`fty. Oeljf`f`c tdksk strgtkcfks ea
gppreprfgtfe` ea eib jfjifogi prelfsks wftd tdk bksfrk te f`tkcrgtk pgcg` m`ewikbck g`b lytds f` erbkr te jkttkr
gssflfigtk tdkl, tdk kgriy Odurod rkoec`fzkb tdk tdrkk se`s ea @egd - _dkl, Dgl, g`b Ngpdktd -u`bkr tdk `glks
Ore`es, Rftg`, g`b Ngpdktd. Ngpdktd, tdk lest jkiifoesk ea tdk se`s ea [rg`us (smy) g`b Cgfg (kgrtd), preck`fter ea g
if`k ea rkjkis, tdkrkgatkr pursukb dfs ogrkkr gs g` k`krcktfo pfe`kkr.
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
_f`ok Sfiifgl Ne`ks g``eu`okb tdk mf`sdfp ea _g`smrft g`b tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, g lgssfvk jeby ea sodeigrsdfp
dgs fiiulf`gtkb tdk bkvkieplk`t ea tdk se-ogiikb "F`be- Kurepkg`" ig`cugck creup. Rdfs `kw dfsterfogi pdfieiecy
dgs k`erleus tkod`fogi godfkvklk`ts te fts orkbft. Jut gilest arel tdk stgrt, ft jkoglk k`tg`cikb wftd prknubfoks
g`b lytds - wftd kaaerts te rkorkgtk `et e`iy tdk iest ig`cugck, jut gise tdk iest - g`b supkrfer - ofvfifzgtfe` ea tdk
F`be-Kurepkg` g`oksters. Rdfs brfvk te bktkrlf`k tdk fbk`tfty g`b `gturk ea tdk afrst ig`cugck ea dulg`fty wgsbkkpiy reetkb f` jetd `kgr kgstkr` g`b wkstkr` trgbftfe`s.
Rdk Jfjik bksorfjkb tdk pkrakot, trg`spgrk`t ig`cugck ea Gbgl g`b aeiiewkb fts bkck`krgtfe`, oguskb jy dulg` sf`,
f`te tdk luitfpik, epgquk ig`cugcks ea igtkr `gtfe`s. Rdk tdrkk se`s ea @egd jkoglk, aer Nkwfsd g`b kgriy Odrfstfg`
wrftkrs, tdk aeu`bkrs ea tdrkk bfstf`ot dulg` creups. Jy tdk sfxtd g`b skvk`td ok`turfks, dfsterfg`s jkcg` te lgc`fay
tdk bkkbs ea okrtgf` igtkr pkepiks, suod gs tdk _oytdfg`s g`b Cetds, g`b te oe``kot tdkl wftd tdk jfjifogi ck`kgiecy
ea ig`cugcks g`b rgoks. G`b f` tdk Zk`gfssg`ok, spkouigtfvk dfsterfogi ktyleiecy teem reet g`b aieurfsdkb, gs
`gtfe`gi prfbk ikb Kurepkg` f`tkiikotugis te gsskrt tdgt tdkfr ew` lebkr` ig`cugcks - aer kxglpik, Aiklfsd - kftdkr
oeuib jk fbk`tfafkb wftd tdk erfcf`gi e`k er eaakrkb tdk oieskst survfvf`c gpprexflgtfe` te ft. Ngpdktd, @egd's
agverftk se` g`b tdk aerkagtdkr ea tdk Kurepkg`s, klkrckb gs tdk dkre wde dgb prkskrvkb tdk erfcf`gi ig`cugck f` fts
purfty. G `kw dfstery ea tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks bkvkiepkb, e`k wdfod trgokb tdkl jgom te tdk ig`cugck ea tdk
jgrjgrfg` _oytdfg`s g`b klpdgsfzkb tdk oe``kotfe`s jktwkk` Xkrsfg` g`b Kurepkg` ig`cugcks. Ft oglk te skkl
flpigusfjik tdgt tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks bkrfvkb arel Dk-jrkw. Jy tdk kfcdtkk`td ok`tury, f` sdert, gii tdkprkoe`bftfe`s wkrk prksk`t aer g bfsoevkry tdgt tdk g`oksters ea tdk Kurepkg`s, ifmk tdk oelle` g`okster ea tdkfr
ig`cugcks, dgb jkk` f`bkpk`bk`t ea _klftfo f`aiuk`ok. G lebkr` sodeigriy tdksfs wdesk peiftfogi g`b f`tkiikotugi
oe`skquk`oks grk stfii wermf`c tdklskivks eut rkvkgis tdk oe`tf`uf`c flpgot ea g lfiik``fgi trgbftfe` ea spkouigtfe`
gjeut ig`cugck g`b dfstery.
NGXDKRDFO K[ZEXK
Ngpdktdfs e`k ea tdkse`s ea @egd f` tdkGjrgdglfotrgbftfe`.
F`Grgjfo oftgtfe`s, dfs `glk fs `erlgiiy cfvk` gs Vgaktd jf` @ud("Ngpdktd, se` ea @egd").
F` Jfjifogi gs wkii gs Wurg`fo trgbftfe`, Ngpdktd fs oe`sfbkrkb te jk tdk preck`fter ea Kurgsfg`
Xkepiks.]:\]?\]2\ Rdk trfjksCec g`b Lgcec grk gise rkcgrbkb gs bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd.];\]1\
Arel tdk Aieeb te Jgjki, g`etdkr dulg`fty fs put f` pigok= @egd fs fts `kw g`okster, wftd dfs tdrkk se`s jy wdel
"tdk wdeik kgrtd wgs pkepikb" (Ck`.6. 7). F` Ck`ksfs, tdk luitfpifogtfe` ea ig`cugcks oerrkspe`bs te tdk ckecrgpdfo
bfstrf-jutfe` ea `gtfe`s "gatkr tdkfr aglfifks, gatkr tdkfr te`cuks, f` tdkfr ig`bs, g`b gatkr tdkfr `gtfe`s" (Ck`. 78.?7).
Rdfs crkgt dulg` bfgsperg fs ercg`fzkb go-oerbf`c te g ckecrgpdy ea lgikbfotfe` g`b jk`kbfotfe` oieskiy gsseofgtkb
wftd @egd's sdglkikss bru`mk``kss. Dfs se` Dgl beks `et dksftgtk, gooerbf`c te tdk Odrfstfg` kxkcktks f`spfrkb jy
Xdfie ea Gikxg`brfg, te kxpesk pujifoiy dfs Agtdkr's ejsok`fty jy igucdf`c g`b lgmf`c au` ea dfs `ubfty. Dgl
tdkrkaerk skks dfs ourskb bksok`bg`ts jkoelk "skrvg`t ea skrvg`ts . . . u`te dfs jrktdrk`" (Ck`.6.:;)= tdk Odurod
Agtdkrs, wde dgb rkgb Neskpdus, gttrfjutk tdk pkepif`c ea Garfog te dfl. Re dfs twe jretdkrs wde "wk`t jgomwgrb,
g`b oevkrkb tdk `gmkb`kss ea tdkfr agtdkr= g`b tdkfr agoks wkrk jgomwgrb, g`b tdky sgw `et tdkfr agtdkr's `gmkb`kss"
(Ck`.6.:?), trgbftfe` crg`ts twe etdkr oe`tf`k`ts. _dkl, lgrmkb f` Ck`ksfs jy dfs prfvfikckb if`m te tdk ktkr`gi
Kiedfl, rkokfvks Gsfg. Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss,"6 tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g
ikcgoy ogpgjik ea "bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk.
Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuru-
epg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk te oe`afrl tdk prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr"
(kurus, eps). _f`ok Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f` tdk sfxtd ok`tury J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts>
Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`t e`, tdfs g`ofk`t ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi
g`oksters ea dulg`fty. Oeljf`f`c tdksk strgtkcfks ea gppreprfgtfe` ea eib jfjifogi prelfsks wftd tdk bksfrk te
f`tkcrgtk pgcg` m`ewikbck g`b lytds f` erbkr te jkttkr gssflfigtk tdkl, tdk kgriy Odurod rkoec`fzkb tdk tdrkk se`s
ea @egd - _dkl, Dgl, g`b Ngpdktd -u`bkr tdk `glks Ore`es, Rftg`, g`b Ngpdktd. Ngpdktd, tdk lest jkiifoesk ea tdk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah -
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
se`s ea [rg`us (smy) g`b Cgfg (kgrtd), preck`fter ea g if`k ea rkjkis, tdkrkgatkr pursukb dfs ogrkkr gs g` k`krcktfo
pfe`kkr. Rdus wk k`oeu`tkr dfl gcgf` f` tdk Odrfstfg` Kurepk ea tdk igst ok`tury gt tdk dkgb ea g ofvfifzgtfe`
oeljf`f`c twe strgf`s ea lklery, "_klftfo" g`b "Gryg`" er "Ngp(d)ktdfo," tdk f`kqugifty ea wdesk vgik`oks fs
kxgokrjgtkb wdk` Zk`g` gsseofgtks tdk tftg`fo afcurk ea Ngpdktd wftd tdk vfotery ea Xrecrkss. F` Neskpdus, tdk
bksok`bg`ts ea _dkl ce aertd g`b pepuigtk "Gsfg te tdk F`bfg` Eokg`"= tdk se`s ea Ngpdktd gbvg`ok "f` Gsfg te tdk
rfvkr Rg`gfs (tdk Be`) g`b f` Kurepk te Cgbkfrg (Ogbfz)."
G akw bkogbks igtkr Fsfberk bksorfjkb tdk Cetds gs g prflerbfgi "`gtfe`" jkogusk dk oe`sfbkrkb tdkfr trfjk te jk jer`
ea tdk afrst bfvfsfe` ea pkepiks gatkr tdk Aieeb. Dk tdk` gssurks us tdgt tdk _oytdfg`s g`b Cetds "bkrfvk tdkfr erfcf`"
arel Lgcec, tdk skoe`b se` ea Ngpdktd. Fsfberk strkssks gcgf` tdgt tdk bksok`-bg`ts ea Ngpdktd "pesskss tdk lfbbik
pgrt ea Gsfg g`b gii ea Kurepk te tdk Jrftg``fo Eokg`." Rdfs `gtfe`gi m`ewikbck ea pkepiks g`b tdkfr ig`cugcks, tdfs
wgy ea lgc`fayf`c Cetdfo g`oksters, trg`saerlf`c tdkl f`te pgrk`ts ea g `kw jfjifogi du-lg`fty, `e beujt f`spfrkb
lerk tdg` e`k if`cufstfo oe`struotfe` f` lkbfkvgi g`b lebkr` Kurepk.
Rdus, wdk` tdk bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd k`oeu`tkrkb tdkfr oeusf`s rktur`f`c arel Jgjki g`b wkrk `e ie`ckr gjik te
u`bkrstg`b tdkl, tdky bksfc`gtkb tdkfr pfbcf` te`cuk jy tdk vkrj "jgjkik`,"' wdfod f` Aiklfsd lkg`s "cfjjkrfsd."
Jy lkg`s ea ktyleiecfogi preeas g`b ckecrgpdfogi, dfsterfogi, g`b if`cufstfo grculk`ts, sodeigrs klpdgsfzkb tdk
`e`-erfk`tgi bflk`sfe` ea tdk erfcf`s ea Kurepk."
Ngpdktd wgs jetd tdk lytdfogi pgtre` g`b tdk oe`okptugi teei, sf`ok ft wgs dk wde, tdg`ms te tdk oe`ausfe` ea Jgjki,pkrlfttkb tdk oe`okptugifzf`c ea tdk dfstery ea g letdkr te`cuk wdfod trg`saerlkb ftskia evkr tflk f`te f``ulkrgjik
bfgikots. Aer tdesk wde gttklptkb dk`okaertd te oelpgrk g`b g`giyzk tdkl, te dfcdifcdt tdkfr oelle` struoturk,
tdksk fbfels jkgr g aglfiy rkskljig`ok> tdky gii jkgr tdk "Ngpdktdfo" stglp wdfod, f` fts sogrokiy dfsterfofzkb
vkrsfe`, rkokfvkb tdk `glk "_oytdfg`" - g ig`cugck oiesk te eib Frg`fg`, jut gjeut wdfod gilest `etdf`c kisk wgs
tdk` m`ew`. Gs aer tdk _oytdfg`s, g jgrjgreus pkepik kxfstf`c e` tdk lgrcf`s ea ofvfifzkb dulg`fty, Dkrebetus e`iy
m`kw ea tdkl "jy dkgrsgy." Rdk _oytdfg`s, Gsfgtfo `elgbs wde fc`erk tdk are`tfkrs jktwkk` Kurepk g`b Gsfg- twe
oe`tf-`k`ts e`ok k`trustkb te tdk "wkstkr`" se` ea @egd - wkrk gise gsseofgtkb wftd tdk Oguogsfg` prevf`oks oiesk te
Leu`t Grgrgt, wdkrk tdk jfjifogi Grm fs suppeskb te dgvk ru` gcreu`b.
Kvk` gs Neskpd Nustus _ogifckr, f` dfs Bfgtrfjg bk Kurepgkrerul if`cufs, vfcereusiy eppeskb tdk _oytdfg`
dypetdksfs g`b tdkrkaerk gise eppeskb tdk fbkg ea g sf`cik erfcf` aer gii Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, kvkrywdkrk f` Arg`ok,
K`cig`b, _pgf`, tdk Iew Oeu`trfks, _og`bg`gvfg, tdk rkcfe`s wdfod weuib igtkr lgmk up Ftgiy g`b Ckrlg`y, g`b
kiskwdkrk gs wkii, tdk bkjgtks oe`tf`ukb. _odeigrs trfkb jetd te kvgiugtk tdk rkskljig`oks g`b bfaakrk`oks gle`c
tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, g`b te bktkrlf`k tdk survfvf`c kiklk`ts ea tdk erfcf`gi Dkjrkw f` tdk pest-Jgjki bfgikots.Rdus, u`bkrif`f`c tdk oe`oerbg`oks jktwkk` tdk fbfels jer` ea _oytdfg`, Agtdkr Rdelgssf` nustfafkb tdkl jy
"rkbuof`c" gii ig`cugcks te Dkjrkw. F` dfs Lkftdebk, pujifsdkb f` 7168, dk wg`tkb te bkle`strgtk tdgt tdk
prexflfty jktwkk` Dkjrkw g`b Ark`od fs suod tdgt "e`k og` trutdauiiy sgy tdgt tdky grk au`bglk`tgiiy tdk sglk
ig`cugck."
Sdk` Ikfj`fz, dkfr te g trgbftfe` lerk tdg` e`k du`brkb ykgrs eib, gsskrtkb tdk kxfstk`ok ea g Ngp(d)ktdfo k`tfty e`
tdk jgsfs ea g if`cufstfogiiy u`ftkb Kurepk, dk u`bkrif`kb tdk bkle`strgtfvk vgiuk ea g` kxpig`gtery lebki ea tdk
if`cufstfo gaaf`ftfks bfsokr`fjik f` se lg`y fbfels skpgrgtkb jy tflk g`b spgok. _pkgmf`c ea tdk g`ofk`t "_oytdfg`s,"
dk bfb `et dksftgtk te rkogii tdgt ft fs g qukstfe` ea g "ck`krfo tkrl" bksfc`gtf`c "tdksk bfstg`t jgrjgrfg`s." Ifttik
lgttkr> pgssfe` aer tdk letdkr te`cuk, se eatk` f`tkrtwf`kb wftd tdgt aer tdk `gtfe`, f`oftkb kvk` Ikfj`fz- wde wgs
etdkrwfsk quftk oeslepeiftg` f` eut-ieem - te kqugtk f` 7163 "tdk erfcf` ea tdk pkepiks g`b tdk ig`cugcks ea Kurepk"
wftd "tdk grodgfo Ckrlg` ig`cugck."
Jkcf``f`c wftd tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury, lerk g`b lerk systklgtfo oelpgrfse`s jktwkk` Ckrlg`fo g`b Xkrsfg` tkrls,
g`b tdk rgppreodklk`ts ea tdk ig`cugcks ea F`bfg, Crkkm, g`b Igtf`, bkvkiepkb f` tdk wgmk ea tdk spfok trgbk g`b tdk
preskiytfzf`c kaaerts ea tdk Nksufts. E`k ea tdkl, prebuokb jy Agtdkr Cgste` Oekurbeux f` f`vkstfcgtf`c tdk
struoturgi oerrkspe`bk`oks jktwkk` Crkkm, Igtf`, g`b _g`smrft, prepeskb g Ngpdktdfo seiutfe` wdfod dk`okaertd
jreucdt tecktdkr Kurepk g`b g `kw Kgst. F` g lklefr wrfttk` f` 7313, m`ew` te tdk lkljkrs ea tdk Gogbflfk
Zeygik bks F`sorfptfe`s kt Jkiiks Ikttrks jut `et pujifsdkb u`tfi 7484, Oekurbeux wretk> Ngpdktd, kibkst se` ea
@egd, ikat tdk pigf` ea _df`gr, jrf`cf`c wftd dfl g tdfrb ea dulg`fty, g`b dkgbkb tewgrb tdk Skst, wdfod wgs dfs
sdgrk. Dfs skvk` odfibrk` `e beujt jkoglk tdk dkgbs ea gs lg`y crkgt aglfifks, kgod e`k ea wdfod lust dgvk spemk`
e`k ea tdk `kw erfcf`gi ig`cugcks, suod gs Igtf`, Crkkm, _igve`fo, kto. Lgy F jk pkrlfttkb te gbb te tdksk _g`smrft
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
(sglsmreutgl)= ft fs gs bkskrvf`c gs g`y etdkr ig`cugck, cfvk` fts kxtk`sfvk rkgod, te jk `uljkrkb gle`c tdk
prflftfvk ig`cugcks. Rdk suppesftfe` tdgt F gl lgmf`c wfii pkrdgps igtkr jkoelk g rkgifty."
Veu wfii `kvkr jk gjik
te ifvk dkrk f` pkgok, jkogusk yeu ikat dkrk jigom, g`b oglk jgom wdftk
Kcyptfg` prksfbk`t, Cglgi Gjbki @gsskr, (76;:)
G`b Gjrgl neur`kykb,
cef`c e` stfii tewgrb tdk seutd.
Ck`ksfs 7:>6
wdftks & sklftks,
f`bfck`eus Kurepkg`s=
gblfxturk & gssflfigtfe`
f` kgriy Kurepk
Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssg`ok Orusgbkrs
Sdktdkr e`k tdeucdt ea tdk Rurms gs _oytdfg`s er Rreng`s, wgys oeuib jk aeu`b ea if`mf`c
tdksk pkepiks wftd tdk jfjifogi pkepiks ea Cec g`b Lgcec er wftd tdk Fsdlgkiftks. Rdfs if`m wgs
jkf`c lgbk girkgby f` tdk aeurtkk`td ok`tury, ie`c jkaerk tdk dulg`fsts oglk e` tdk sok`k,
_flfigriy, tdgt Kurepk oe`tf`ukb te gookpt tdk _oytdfg` er Oguogsfg` dypetdksfs wkii
f`te lebkr` tflks og` `e beujt jk skt bew` pgrtiy te Kurepkg` ktd`eok`trfsl,
jut ft wgs gise tdk jkst sodeigriy epf`fe` gvgfigjik u`tfi
tdk igtkr kfcdtkk`td ok`tury.
Nglks Dg`mf`s, Zk`gfssg`ok Orusgbkrs>
Dulg`fst Orusgbk Iftkrgturk f` tdk Gck ea Lkdlkb FF
Ngpdktdfs e`k ea tdkse`s ea @egd f` tdkGjrgdglfotrgbftfe`.F`Grgjfo oftgtfe`s, dfs `glk fs `erlgiiy cfvk`
gs Vgaktd jf` @ud("Ngpdktd, se` ea @egd"). F` Jfjifogi gs wkii gs Wurg`fo trgbftfe`, Ngpdktd fs oe`sfbkrkb te jk tdk
preck`fter eaKurgsfg` Xkepiks.]:\]?\]2\Rdk trfjksCec g`b Lgcec grk gise rkcgrbkb gs bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd.];\]1\
Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g ikcgoy ogpgjik ea
"bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea
tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuruepg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk te oe`afrl tdk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah -
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr" (kurus, eps). _f`ok Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f` tdk sfxtd ok`tury
J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts> Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`t e`, tdfs g`ofk`t
ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi g`oksters ea dulg`fty.
@e u`jfgsskb ktd`eiecfst wfii qukstfe` tdk agot tdgt tdk Nkwfsd pkepik grk g `gtfe` ea dyjrfbs= tdgt ck`tfik jieeb ealg`y mf`bs dgs jkk` f`auskb f`te tdk pkepik f` igrck prepertfe`s f` tdk oeursk ea tflk. F`-bkkb, `e`k ea tdk pkepiks
ea Odrfstk`bel dgs jkk` lerk u`rklfttf`ciy kxpeskb te dyjrfbfzgtfe`, f` spftk ea gii tdk stfaa oe`vk`tfe`gi
prkogutfe`s tdgt dgvk jkk` tgmk` te mkkp tdk jrkkb purk.
Rdk F`tkiikotugi Xrk-Klf`k`ok ea Nkws f` Lebkr` Kurepk
Rderstkf` Qkjik`
-
Fvg` C. Lgrous, Dfstery, _tery g`b Oeiikotfvk Lklery>
@grrgtfvfty f` Kgriy Gsdmk`gzfo Ouiturk
Oress-jrkkbf`c oelle`iy rksuits f` g cgf` te tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty rgtdkr tdg` oe`vkrskiy= g`b tdk dyjrfbeaasprf`c fs g odfib ea Fsrgki rgtdkr tdg` ea tdk ck`tfiks. F` kaakot, tdkrkaerk, ft fs tdk oe`trfjutfe` ea tdfs Nkwfsd-dyjrfb
pkepik te tdk ouiturk ea lebkr` Kurepk tdgt fs f` quks-tfe`. Rdk lk` ea tdfs Nkwfsd kxtrgotfe` oeu`t aer lerk tdg`
tdkfr prepertfe`gtk sdgrk f` tdk f`tkiikotugi ifak ea wkstkr` ofvfifzgtfe`= g`b tdky oeu`t pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk
vg`cugrb, tdk pfe`kkrs, tdk u`kgsy cfib ea pgtdaf`bkrs g`b foe`eoigsts, f` sofk`ok, sodeigrsdfp g`b f`stftutfe`gi
odg`ck g`b crewtd. E` fts agok ft gppkgrs gs fa g` f`ausfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb, kvk` f` selk bkcrkk ea dyjrfb
gttk`ugtfe`, wkrk tdk e`k bkofsfvk agoter f` tdk ogsk= g`b selktdf`c ea tdgt sert lgy wkii jk giiewkb, te gvefb
grculk`t fa aer `e lerk sujstg`tfgi rkgse`.
RDK NKS_ F@ XEZR[CGI AZEL 733? RE 761:
NGXDKRDFO K[ZEXK
Ngpdktdfs e`k ea tdkse`s ea @egd f` tdkGjrgdglfotrgbftfe`.F`Grgjfo oftgtfe`s, dfs `glk fs `erlgiiy cfvk`
gs Vgaktd jf` @ud("Ngpdktd, se` ea @egd"). F` Jfjifogi gs wkii gs Wurg`fo trgbftfe`, Ngpdktd fs oe`sfbkrkb te jk tdk
preck`fter eaKurgsfg` Xkepiks.]:\]?\]2\Rdk trfjksCec g`b Lgcec grk gise rkcgrbkb gs bksok`bg`ts ea Ngpdktd.];\]1\
Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g ikcgoy ogpgjik ea
"bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea
tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuruepg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk te oe`afrl tdk
prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr" (kurus, eps). _f`ok Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f` tdk sfxtd ok`tury
J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts> Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`t e`, tdfs g`ofk`t
ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi g`oksters ea dulg`fty.
Arel tdk Aieeb te Jgjki, g`etdkr dulg`fty fs put f` pigok= @egd fs fts `kw g`okster, wftd dfs tdrkk se`s jy wdel
"tdk wdeik kgrtd wgs pkepikb" (Ck`.6. 7). F` Ck`ksfs, tdk luitfpifogtfe` ea ig`cugcks oerrkspe`bs te tdk ckecrgpdfo
bfstrf-jutfe` ea `gtfe`s "gatkr tdkfr aglfifks, gatkr tdkfr te`cuks, f` tdkfr ig`bs, g`b gatkr tdkfr `gtfe`s" (Ck`. 78.?7).
Rdfs crkgt dulg` bfgsperg fs ercg`fzkb go-oerbf`c te g ckecrgpdy ea lgikbfotfe` g`b jk`kbfotfe` oieskiy gsseofgtkb
wftd @egd's sdglkikss bru`mk``kss. Dfs se` Dgl beks `et dksftgtk, gooerbf`c te tdk Odrfstfg` kxkcktks f`spfrkb jy
Xdfie ea Gikxg`brfg, te kxpesk pujifoiy dfs Agtdkr's ejsok`fty jy igucdf`c g`b lgmf`c au` ea dfs `ubfty. Dgl
tdkrkaerk skks dfs ourskb bksok`bg`ts jkoelk "skrvg`t ea skrvg`ts . . . u`te dfs jrktdrk`" (Ck`.6.:;)= tdk Odurod
Agtdkrs, wde dgb rkgb Neskpdus, gttrfjutk tdk pkepif`c ea Garfog te dfl. Re dfs twe jretdkrs wde "wk`t jgomwgrb,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magoghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-Nationalism_1800.2C_p._29-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah -
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
g`b oevkrkb tdk `gmkb`kss ea tdkfr agtdkr= g`b tdkfr agoks wkrk jgomwgrb, g`b tdky sgw `et tdkfr agtdkr's `gmkb`kss"
(Ck`.6.:?), trgbftfe` crg`ts twe etdkr oe`tf`k`ts. _dkl, lgrmkb f` Ck`ksfs jy dfs prfvfikckb if`m te tdk ktkr`gi
Kiedfl, rkokfvks Gsfg. Ngpdktd, wdesk Dkjrgfo `glk kvemks "jkguty" gs wkii gs "epk``kss," tdk "wfbk spgok" ea g
ikcgoy ogpgjik ea "bfigtfe`" g`b "kxpg`sfe`," wfii jk tdk agtdkr ea Kurepk. Aer tdk rkgbkrs ea tdk _kptugcf`t, tdk
Crkkm trg`sigtfe` ea tdk Eib Rkstglk`t, tdk ktyleiecfogi afotfe` ea g "Kuruepg," lkg`f`c "wfbk vfsfe`," oeuib skrvk
te oe`afrl tdk prevfbk`tfgi gljftfe` ea tdfs oe`tf`k`t wdfod "skks agr" (kurus, eps). _f`ok Dkogtgkus ea Lfiktus f`
tdk sfxtd ok`tury J.O. tdk Crkkms dgb bfvfbkb tdk werib f`te tdrkk pgrts> Garfog, Gsfg, g`b Kurepk. Arel tdfs pef`te`, tdfs g`ofk`t ckecrgpdy wgs Odrfstfg`fzkb tdg`ms te tdk `kw jfjifogi g`oksters ea dulg`fty. Oeljf`f`c tdksk
strgtkcfks ea gppreprfgtfe` ea eib jfjifogi prelfsks wftd tdk bksfrk te f`tkcrgtk pgcg` m`ewikbck g`b lytds f` erbkr
te jkttkr gssflfigtk tdkl, tdk kgriy Odurod rkoec`fzkb tdk tdrkk se`s ea @egd - _dkl, Dgl, g`b Ngpdktd-u`bkr tdk
`glks Ore`es, Rftg`, g`b Ngpdktd. Ngpdktd, tdk lest jkiifoesk ea tdk se`s ea [rg`us (smy) g`b Cgfg (kgrtd),
preck`fter ea g if`k ea rkjkis, tdkrkgatkr pursukb dfs ogrkkr gs g` k`krcktfo pfe`kkr. Rdus wk k`oeu`tkr dfl gcgf` f`
tdk Odrfstfg` Kurepk ea tdk igst ok`tury gt tdk dkgb ea g ofvfifzgtfe` oeljf`f`c twe strgf`s ea lklery, "_klftfo" g`b
"Gryg`" er "Ngp(d)ktdfo," tdk f`kqugifty ea wdesk vgik`oks fs kxgokrjgtkb wdk` Zk`g` gsseofgtks tdk tftg`fo afcurk
ea Ngpdktd wftd tdk vfotery ea Xrecrkss. F` Neskpdus, tdk bksok`bg`ts ea _dkl ce aertd g`b pepuigtk "Gsfg te tdk
F`bfg` Eokg`"= tdk se`s ea Ngpdktd gbvg`ok "f` Gsfg te tdk rfvkr Rg`gfs (tdk Be`) g`b f` Kurepk te Cgbkfrg
(Ogbfz)."
G akw bkogbks igtkr Fsfberk bksorfjkb tdk Cetds gs g prflerbfgi "`gtfe`" jkogusk dk oe`sfbkrkb tdkfr trfjk te jk jer`
ea tdk afrst bfvfsfe` ea pkepiks gatkr tdk Aieeb. Dk tdk` gssurks us tdgt tdk _oytdfg`s g`b Cetds "bkrfvk tdkfr erfcf`"arel Lgcec, tdk skoe`b se` ea Ngpdktd. Fsfberk strkssks gcgf` tdgt tdk bksok`-bg`ts ea Ngpdktd "pesskss tdk lfbbik
pgrt ea Gsfg g`b gii ea Kurepk te tdk Jrftg``fo Eokg`." Rdfs `gtfe`gi m`ewikbck ea pkepiks g`b tdkfr ig`cugcks, tdfs
wgy ea lgc`f-ayf`c Cetdfo g`oksters, trg`saerlf`c tdkl f`te pgrk`ts ea g `kw jfjifogi du-lg`fty, `e beujt f`spfrkb
lerk tdg` e`k if`cufstfo oe`struotfe` f` lkbfkvgi g`b lebkr` Kurepk.
Rdus, wdk` tdk bksok`-bg`ts ea Ngpdktd k`oeu`tkrkb tdkfr oeusf`s rktur`f`c arel Jgjki g`b wkrk `e ie`ckr gjik te
u`bkrstg`b tdkl, tdky bksfc`gtkb tdkfr pfbcf` te`cuk jy tdk vkrj "jgjkik`,"' wdfod f` Aiklfsd lkg`s "cfjjkrfsd."
Jy lkg`s ea ktyleiecfogi preeas g`b ckecrgpdfogi, dfsterfogi, g`b if`cufstfo grculk`ts, sodeigrs klpdgsfzkb tdk
`e`-erfk`tgi bflk`sfe` ea tdk erfcf`s ea Kurepk.2"
Ngpdktd wgs jetd tdk lytdfogi pgtre` g`b tdk oe`okptugi teei, sf`ok ft wgs dk wde, tdg`ms te tdk oe`ausfe` ea Jgjki,
pkrlfttkb tdk oe`okptugifzf`c ea tdk dfstery ea g letdkr te`cuk wdfod trg`saerlkb ftskia evkr tflk f`te f``ulkrgjik
bfgikots. Aer tdesk wde gttklptkb dk`okaertd te oelpgrk g`b g`giyzk tdkl, te dfcdifcdt tdkfr oelle` struoturk,
tdksk fbfels jkgr g aglfiy rkskljig`ok> tdky gii jkgr tdk "Ngpdktdfo" stglp wdfod, f` fts sogrokiy dfsterfofzkb
vkrsfe`, rkokfvkb tdk `glk "_oytdfg`" - g ig`cugck oiesk te eib Frg`fg`, jut gjeut wdfod gilest `etdf`c kisk wgs
tdk` m`ew`. Gs aer tdk _oytdfg`s, g jgrjgreus pkepik kxfstf`c e` tdk lgrcf`s ea ofvfifzkb dulg`fty, Dkrebetus e`iy
m`kw ea tdkl "jy dkgrsgy." Rdk _oytdfg`s, Gsfgtfo `elgbs wde fc`erk tdk are`tfkrs jktwkk` Kurepk g`b Gsfg- twe
oe`tf-`k`ts e`ok k`trustkb te tdk "wkstkr`" se` ea @egd -wkrk gise gsseofgtkb wftd tdk Oguogsfg` prevf`oks oiesk te
Leu`t Grgrgt, wdkrk tdk jfjifogi Grm fs sup-peskb te dgvk ru` gcreu`b.
Kvk` gs Neskpd Nustus _ogifckr, f` dfs Bfgtrfjg bk Kurepgkrerul if`cufs, vfcereusiy eppeskb tdk _oytdfg`
dypetdksfs g`b tdkrkaerk gise eppeskb tdk fbkg ea g sf`cik erfcf` aer gii Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, kvkrywdkrk f` Arg`ok,
K`cig`b, _pgf`, tdk Iew Oeu`trfks, _og`bg`gvfg, tdk rkcfe`s wdfod weuib igtkr lgmk up Ftgiy g`b Ckrlg`y, g`b
kiskwdkrk gs wkii, tdk bkjgtks oe`tf`ukb. _odeigrs trfkb jetd te kvgiugtk tdk rkskljig`oks g`b bfaakrk`oks gle`c
tdk Kurepkg` ig`cugcks, g`b te bktkrlf`k tdk survfvf`c kiklk`ts ea tdk erfcf`gi Dkjrkw f` tdk pest-Jgjki bfgikots.
Rdus, u`bkrif`f`c tdk oe`oerbg`oks jktwkk` tdk fbfels jer` ea _oytdfg`, Agtdkr Rdelgssf` nustfafkb tdkl jy
"rkbuof`c" gii ig`cugcks te Dkjrkw. F` dfs Lkftdebk, pujifsdkb f` 7168, dk wg`tkb te bkle`strgtk tdgt tdkprexflfty jktwkk` Dkjrkw g`b Ark`od fs suod tdgt "e`k og` trutdauiiy sgy tdgt tdky grk au`bglk`tgiiy tdk sglk
ig`cugck."
-
G`cie-Nkwfsd _ofk`tfsts
Rebb L. K`bkilg`
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
F` Skstkr` g`b Ok`trgi Kurepk, tdk jkstewgi ea oftfzk`sdfp wgs prkbfogtkb e` tdk gssulptfe` tdgt Nkws `e ie`ckr
oe`stftutkb g bfstf`ot `gtfe`, tdgt tdky wkrk g rkifcfeus oellu`fty wdesk lkljkrs bfaakrkb arel tdkfr akiiew
oftfzk`s e`iy f` tkrls ea tdkfr jkifkas g`b lg``kr ea wersdfp. Rdk prejikl wgs tdgt tdfs aerluig wgs g pgtk`tiy
agisk bksorfptfe` ea tdk rkgiftfks ea Nkwfsd ifak kvkrywdkrk f` tdk Skst f` tdk `f`ktkk`td g`b twk`tfktd ok`turfks.
_giglg` wgs jeib k`eucd te sgy se. Dk rkgifzkb tdgt wdgt jeu`b G`cie-Nkws tecktdkr wgs lerk oelpikx tdg`
rkifcfe`. F` tdk agok ea crewf`c f`bfaakrk`ok te rkifcfeus ejskrvg`ok, ft wgs dgrb te bkaf`k tdk oellu`fty gs
prflgrfiy rkifcfeus f` `gturk. Rdk gppkgi ea tdk ig`cugck ea rgok, wftd fts klpdgsfs e` jfeiecfogi bksok`t, sdgrkbsk`tflk`ts, g`b aglfiy tfks, wgs tdgt ft jkttkr bksorfjkb wdgt jeu`b Nkws te kgod etdkr tdg` tdk ig`cugck ea rkifcfe`.
Ft teem `etfok ea akkif`cs ea oelle`gifty g`b jkie`cf`c tdgt ifjkrgi f`tkcrgtfe`fst fbkeiecy rkauskb te gom`ewikbck
g`b rkoec`fzkb tdgt klg`ofpgtfe` agfikb te bfsseivk tdk seofgi g`b kletfe`gi tfks ea Nkwfsd`kss. Rdk wfbksprkgb,
ogsugi, kvkrybgy usk ea rgofgi ig`cugck jy Jrftfsd Nkws jkaerk tdk rfsk ea @gzfsl sdews dew f`gbkqugtk tdk
f`tkcrgtfe`fst vfkw ea Nkwfsd`kss wgs. _giglg`, dewkvkr, u`ifmk etdkr G`cie-Nkwfsd sofk`tfsts, wgs tee f`vkstkb f`
ck`ktfos te aerswkgr oelpiktkiy tdk ig`cugck ea rgofgi bksok`t kvk` gatkr @gzfsl bkle`strgtkb fts petk`tfgi aer
bkgbiy gjusk. Sdfik dk lebfafkb dfs vfkws g`b `e ie`ckr trulpktkb tdkl f` oellu`fty aeruls, dk `kvkr
gjg`be`kb dfs jkifka f` g jfeiecfogi oelpe`k`t te Nkwfsd`kss.
Ea eur ikck`bs.
Ea eur ikck`bs fs ft `et kvk` sgfb5 Ft fs sgfb.
Aer fs ft `et m`ew` tdgt Ikvg`t fs tdk jfrtdpigok ea Kurepg5Kvk` [repg. [repg, gise Ikvg`t, g`b Ryrk5
F skk tdfs `et gs g vfok jut gs g vfrtuk. [`ikss wk grk prkpgrkb te lgmk selk
jeib prepesgis, tdk @kg`bkrtdgi bkjgtk wfii sflpiy ce e` f` kvkr-bkorkgsf`c
ofroiks, ikgbf`c te tdk f`kvftgjik oe`oiusfe`.
@kw Lebkis g`b Lktgpders aer tdk @kg`bkrtdgi Bkjgtk
Xgui Crgvks
E`k rkgse` aer tdk kvk`tugi "g`tf-_klftfo" aeous e` Nkws
wgs tdgt lebkr`, flpkrfgi Kurepk wgs gt ikgst gs ejsksskb wftd
fts ew` erfcf`s gs wftd bfsoeursk e` tdk oeie`fzkb Etdkr.
Rdk Lfssf`c Mkywerb> Zkgbf`c Eik`bkr's Zk`g`
Ne`gtdg` Jeygrf`
Jy lfb-ok`tury, Jgye``k g`b Xkyrk-dergbk, e` wdfod wk aeous dkrk, wkrk `ebks ea g wfbk-rg`cf`c rkcfe`gi
koe`ely tdgt kxtk`bkb arel tdk jerbkr tew`s ea Iks Ig`bks g`b tdk Xyrk`kks-Gtig`tfquks tdreucd tdk Jfsogyg`
pert ea Jgye``k, e`wgrb te Jerbkgux g`b etdkr f`ig`b tew`s f` Gquftgf`k, g`b arel tdkrk te ok`trgi g`b `ertdkr`
Arg`ok. Rdgt rkcfe`gi koe`ely wgs ftskia pgrt ea g igrckr, trg`s`gtfe`gi systkl ea trgbk tdgt if`mkb tdk Fjkrfg` rkgilste tdk oellkrofgi g`b lg`uagoturf`c ok`tkrs ea `ertdkr` Kurepk, kspkofgiiy te Glstkrbgl, g af`g`ofgi g`b
lkrog`tfik ogpftgi ea tdk skvk`tkk`td ok`tury. Gs dfsterfg`s ea tdk Nkws m`ew wkii, g akw tdeusg`b Xertucuksk g`b
_pg`fsd oe`vkrses skttikb f` Glstkrbgl tdreucdeut tdk 7188s, qufomiy jkoelf`c g by`glfo kiklk`t f` tdk Butod
trg`sgtig`tfo koe`ely.
Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f` kgriy Lebkr` Arg`ok>
Beoulk`ts e` Nkwfsd oellu`fty-jufibf`c f` skvk`tkk`td-ok`tury
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
Jgye``k g`b Xkyrkdergbk
Bgvfb Crgfzjerb
Gooerbf`c te Oestg kt gi., tdk aeur lgner Gsdmk`gzf lgtkr`gi if`kgcks g`b lest ea tdk lf`er lgtkr`gi if`kgcks dgb g
prkdfsterfo Kurepkg` seurok, rgtdkr tdg` g @kgr Kgstkr` er Oguogsfg` e`k. Gooerbf`c te tdk stuby tdksk af`bf`cs'pef`t te g sfc`fafog`t reik aer tdk oe`vkrsfe` ea welk` f` tdk aerlgtfe` ea Gsdmk`gzf
oellu`ftfks' .
G sujstg`tfgi prkdfsterfo Kurepkg` g`okstry
gle`cst Gsdmk`gzf lgtkr`gi if`kgcks
L. B. Oestg kt gi.
G stuby jy Dgjkr kt gi. (:87?) `etkb tdgt wdfik prkvfeus stubfks ea tdk Ikvg`t, wdfod dgb aeouskb lgf`iy e`
bfgsperg Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`s, sdewkb tdgt tdk "Nkws aerl g bfstf`otfvk oiustkr f` tdk Lfbbik Kgst", tdksk stubfks bfb
`et lgmk oikgr "wdktdkr tdk agoters brfvf`c tdfs struoturk weuib gise f`veivk etdkr creups f` tdk Ikvg`t". Rdk
gutders aeu`b stre`c kvfbk`ok tdgt lebkr` Ikvg`t pepuigtfe`s bksok`b arel twe lgner gppgrk`t g`okstrgi
pepuigtfe`s. E`k skt ea ck`ktfo odgrgotkrfstfos wdfod fs sdgrkb wftd lebkr`-bgy Kurepkg`s g`b Ok`trgi Gsfg`s fs
lest prelf`k`t f` tdk Ikvg`t gle`cst "Ikjg`ksk, Grlk`fg`s, Oyprfets, Bruzk g`b Nkws, gs wkii gs Rurms, Frg`fg`sg`b Oguogsfg` pepuigtfe`s". Rdk skoe`b skt ea f`dkrftkb ck`ktfo odgrgotkrfstfos fs sdgrkb wftd pepuigtfe`s f` etdkr
pgrts ea tdk Lfbbik Kgst gs wkii gs selk Garfog` pepuigtfe`s. Ikvg`t pepuigtfe`s f` tdfs ogtkcery tebgy f`oiubk
"Xgikstf`fg`s, Nerbg`fg`s, _yrfg`s, gs wkii gs @ertd Garfog`s, Ktdfepfg`s, _gubfs, g`b Jkbeuf`s". Oe`okr`f`c tdfs
skoe`b oelpe`k`t ea g`okstry, tdk gutders rklgrm tdgt wdfik ft oerrkigtks wftd "tdk pgttkr` ea tdk Fsiglfo
kxpg`sfe`", g`b tdgt "g prk-Fsiglfo kxpg`sfe` Ikvg`t wgs lerk ck`ktfogiiy sflfigr te Kurepkg`s tdg` te Lfbbik
Kgstkr`krs," tdky gise sgy tdgt "fts prksk`ok f` Ikjg`ksk Odrfstfg`s, _kpdgrbf g`b Gsdmk`gzf Nkws, Oyprfets g`b
Grlk`fg`s lfcdt succkst tdgt fts sprkgb te tdk Ikvg`t oeuib gise rkprksk`t g` kgrifkr kvk`t". Rdk gutders gise aeu`b
g stre`c oerrkigtfe` jktwkk` rkifcfe` g`b gppgrk`t g`okstry f` tdk Ikvg`t>
"gii Nkws (_kpdgrbf g`b Gsdmk`gzf) oiustkr f` e`k jrg`od= Bruzk arel Leu`t Ikjg`e` g`b Bruzk arel Leu`t
Ogrlki grk bkpfotkb e` g prfvgtk jrg`od= g`b Ikjg`ksk Odrfstfg`s aerl g prfvgtk jrg`od wftd tdk Odrfstfg`
pepuigtfe`s ea Grlk`fg g`b Oyprus pigof`c tdk Ikjg`ksk Lusifls gs g` eutkr creup. Rdk prkbelf`g`tiy Lusifl
pepuigtfe`s ea _yrfg`s, Xgikstf`fg`s g`b Nerbg`fg`s oiustkr e` jrg`odks wftd etdkr Lusifl pepuigtfe`s gs bfstg`t gs
Lereooe g`b Vklk`."]?7\
G`etdkr :87? stuby, lgbk jy Bere` L. Jkdgr ea tdk Zgljgl Dkgitd Ogrk Oglpus f` Fsrgki g`b etdkrs, succksts
tdgt> "Ouluigtfvkiy, eur g`giysks pef`t stre`ciy te g`okstry ea Gsdmk`gzf Nkws prflgrfiy arel Kurepkg` g`b Lfbbik
Kgstkr` pepuigtfe`s g`b `et arel pepuigtfe`s f` er `kgr tdk Oguogsus rkcfe`. Rdk oeljf`kb skt ea gppregodks
succksts tdgt tdk ejskrvgtfe`s ea Gsdmk`gzf prexflfty te Kurepkg` g`b Lfbbik Kgstkr` pepuigtfe`s f` pepuigtfe`
struoturk g`giysks rkaikot gotugi ck`ktfo prexflfty ea Gsdmk`gzf Nkws te pepuigtfe`s wftd prkbelf`g`tiy Kurepkg`
g`b Lfbbik Kgstkr` g`okstry oelpe`k`ts, g`b igom ea vfsfjik f`trecrkssfe` arel tdk rkcfe` ea tdk Mdgzgr Mdgcg`gtk
- pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk `ertdkr` Qeicg g`b @ertd Oguogsus pepuigtfe`sf`te tdk Gsdmk`gzf oellu`fty."]27\
@e Kvfbk`ok arel Ck`elk-Sfbk Bgtg ea g Mdgzgr Erfcf` aer tdk Gsdmk`gzf Nkws
Bere` L. Jkdgr.
LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__.
Rdk Nkws f` tdk Serib ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok.
Rdfs werm wgs afrst pujifsdkb f` Dkjrkw f` 76;;. Rdk prksk`t K`cifsd tftik fs g lfs`elkr, sf`ok tdk jeem bkgis e`iy
wftd tdk Nkws ea Ftgiy f` tdk pkrfeb 7?88-7188, g`b `et wftd tdk Nkws ea tdk ck`krgi Kurepkg` Zk`gfssg`ok. Lesks
G. _duivgss' seifb stuby sdews dew tdk Ftgifg` Nkwfsd oellu`fty bkvkiepkb arel g rkig- tfvkiy f`bfck`eus e`k
ok`tkrkb f` Zelk te g lfxkb e`k, gs rkauckks aiewkb f` arel Arg`ok, Ckrlg`y, _pgf`, g`b tdk Ikvg`t. Crgbugiiy
tdrkk lgner oellu`ftfks bkvkiepkb> Ftgifg`, Gsdmk`gzfo, _kpdgrbfo. Ieogi sftugtfe`s pius tdk vgrfgtfe`s f` tdk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#cite_note-plosgenetics.org-31 -
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
trgbftfe`s g`b prgotfoks ea tdk creups ikb te bfaakrk`t mf`bs ea oellu`ftfks, wftd bfaakrk`t koe- `elfo gotfvftfks,
Nkwfsd ercg`fzgtfe`s, if`cufstfo prgotfoks, kto. _duivgss cfvks g bktgfikb g`b eatk` agsof`gtf`c pfoturk ea wdgt Nkwfsd
ifak wgs ifmk gt tdfs tflk, wdgt fts ouiturgi godfkvklk`ts wkrk, g`b dew Nkws f`tkrgotkb wftd Ftgifg` seofkty.
Ck`krgiiy, tdfs stuby aeousks e` tdk Nkwfsd oel- lu`ftfks tdklskivks (_duivgss kstflgtks tdk Nkw- fsd pepuigtfe`
greu`b 71ee gt ?;,888) wftd vkry ifttik klpdgsfs e` tdk kaakot eaNubgfsl e` tdk `e`-Nkwfsd werib greu`b ft g`b e`
tdk klkrcf`c arkk Nkwfsd werib f` tdk @ktdkrig`bs. _duivgss `etks tdk flpgot ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok e` tdk trgbftfe`gi
rkifcfeus oellu`ftfks g`b sdews dew tdksk oel- lu`ftfks lg`gckb te rktgf` tdkfr ertdebexy bks- pftk tdkf`aiuk`oks ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok. Sdgt dgs jkoelk lerk f`tkrkstf`c aer f`tkiikotugi dfsterfg`s ea tdk pkrfeb-tdk
f`aiuk`ok ea Nkwfsd, g`b tdk aerlkriy Nkwfsd wrftkrs g`b tdf`mkrs e` tdk ck`- krgi Zk`gfssg`ok g`b Zkaerlgtfe`
ourrk`ts-fs dgrbiy trkgtkb. Dk beks `et lk`tfe` Nkwfsd Gvkrrefsl. @er beks dk kxglf`k tdk reiks ea tdk Nkwfsd
dulg`fsts greu`b Xfoe g`b Afof`e er ea Gjrgdgl bk Jgilks f` rktrg`sigtf`c Grgjfo tdeucdt. Eaa-jkgt Nkwfsd
levklk`ts, suod gs tdgt ikb jy Bgvfb Zkujk`f grk ifmkwfsk kxoiubkb, gs grk tdk reiks ea vgrfeus Nkwfsd wrftkrs ifmk
Ike`k Kjrke g`b dfs agtdkr, Be` Fsggo Gjgrjg`ki, pius selk ea tdk oe`vkrts, e` Lkssfg`fo g`b Lfiik`g- rfg`
levklk`ts ea tdk tflk. Af`giiy, tdk peiklfogi wrftf`cs ea selk ea tdk Lgrrg`es, ifmk Kifngd Le`tgite, tdgt wkrk te
jk se flpertg`t aer Glstkrbgl Nkwry (wdesk odfka rgjjf, _gui Ikvf Lertkfrg, oglk arel Ftgiy) grk `et bfsousskb.
Rdk gutder's stuby bkgis prflgrfiy, g`b gilest kxoiusfvkiy, wftd `erlgtfvk Nubgfsl g`b dew ft prkskrvkb ftskia f` tdk
Ftgifg` oe`tkxt. Gs suod, tdk werm fs rfod f` bktgfi. Rdesk f`tkrkstkb f` dew Nubgfsl g`b dktkrebex Nkwfsd tdf`mkrs
gaakotkb tdk wfbkr werib g`b oe`trfjutkb te gspkots ea tdk Ftgifg` Zk`gfssg`ok, dewkvkr, wfii dgvk te ieem kiskwdkrk.
ZFODFGZB D. XEXMF@ N'gsdf`cte` [`fvkrsfty
Rdk Nkws f` tdk Serib ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok jy Lesks G. _duivgss= Kivf` F. Mesk
Zfodgrb D. Xepmf`, Rdk Glkrfog` Dfsterfogi Zkvfkw
Lesks G. _duivgss' seifb stuby sdews dew tdk Ftgifg` Nkwfsd oellu`fty bkvkiepkb arel g rkig- tfvkiy f`bfck`eus
e`k ok`tkrkb f` Zelk te g lfxkb e`k, gs rkauckks aiewkb f` arel Arg`ok, Ckrlg`y, _pgf`, g`b tdk Ikvg`t.
Crgbugiiy tdrkk lgner oellu`ftfks bkvkiepkb> Ftgifg`, Gsdmk`gzfo, _kpdgrbfo. Ieogi sftugtfe`s pius tdk vgrfgtfe`s
f` tdk trgbftfe`s g`b prgotfoks ea tdk creups ikb te bfaakrk`t mf`bs ea oellu`ftfks, wftd bfaakrk`t koe`elfo gotfvftfks,
Nkwfsd ercg`fzgtfe`s, if`cufstfo prgotfoks, kto. _duivgss cfvks g bktgfikb g`b eatk` agsof`gtf`c pfoturk ea wdgt Nkwfsd
ifak wgs ifmk gt tdfs tflk, wdgt fts ouiturgi godfkvklk`ts wkrk, g`b dew Nkws f`tkrgotkb wftd Ftgifg` seofkty.
Ck`krgiiy, tdfs stuby aeousks e` tdk Nkwfsd oel- lu`ftfks tdklskivks (_duivgss kstflgtks tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`
greu`b 71ee gt ?;,888) wftd vkry ifttik klpdgsfs e` tdk kaakot ea Nubgfsl e` tdk `e`-Nkwfsd werib greu`b ft g`b e`
tdk klkrcf`c arkk Nkwfsd werib f` tdk @ktdkrig`bs. _duivgss `etks tdk flpgot ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok e` tdk trgbftfe`gi
rkifcfeus oellu`ftfks g`b sdews dew tdksk oel- lu`ftfks lg`gckb te rktgf` tdkfr ertdebexy bks- pftk tdk
f`aiuk`oks ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok. Sdgt dgs jkoelk lerk f`tkrkstf`c aer f`tkiikotugi dfsterfg`s ea tdk pkrfeb-tdk
f`aiuk`ok ea Nkwfsd, g`b tdk aerlkriy Nkwfsd wrftkrs g`b tdf`mkrs e` tdk ck`krgi Zk`gfssg`ok g`b Zkaerlgtfe`
ourrk`ts-fs dgrbiy trkgtkb.
Rdk m`ewikbck ea g`tfqufty
gle`c tdk Ftgifg` Nkws ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok
LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__.
Ngoej Juromdgrbt, tdk crkgtkst dfsterfg` ea tdk Ftgifg` Zk`gfssg`ok lgf`tgf`s tdgt tdk rkbfsoevkry ea tdk werib g`b
lg` tecktdkr wftd tdk rkprebuotfe` ea tdk oigssfogi werib, aerl tdk prf`ofpgi oe`tk`ts ea tdk ouiturk ea tdkZk`gfssg`ok. F dgb eoogsfe` kiskwdkrk' te spkgm ea tdk Nkws' f`oif`gtfe` tewgrbs tdk ouiturk ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok f`
ck`krgi. Rdfs f`-oif`gtfe` jkoelks ejvfeus gs see` gs e`k kxglf`ks tdk gttftubk ea tdk Nkws te tdk vgrfeus spdkrks ea
tdfs ouiturk. E`k og` gise af`b f` tdk seuroks preea ea tdk f`tkrkst ea tdk Nkws f` tdk g`ofk`t Crkkm-Zelg` werib.
Rdfs f`tkrkst lg-`fakstkb ftskia f` twe wgys> Ft aeu`b fts kxprkssfe` f` g pesftfvk gttftubk te tdk ouiturgi trgbftfe` ea
tdk g`ofk`t werib, g`b f` g` kaaert te goqufrk tdk pkrokptfe` ea tdfs werib. Rdeucd tdk Ftgifg` Nkws lgf`tgf`kb quftk
g bkaf`ftkiy orftfogi gttftubk tewgrbs tdk rkifcfeus trgbftfe` ea Odrfstfg`fty, tdky bfspigykb g pre`eu`okb f`tkrkst f` tdk
lytdeiecfogi trgbftfe` ea tdk prk-Odrfstfg` werib. Rdfs og` jk `etfokb f` tdkfr k`bkgver te goqufrk tdk m`ewikbck ea
jetd oigssfogi ig`cugcks, Igtf` g`b Crkkm, g`b te lgstkr prepkriy tdk Crkkm g`b Igtf` iftkrgturk, tdk Dfstery ea
G`tfqufty, fts rkifcfe`, lytdeiecy g`b seofgi lebk ea ifak. Rdk kvfbk`t f`tkrkst f` tdk g`ofk`t werib g`b fts ouiturk fs
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13/39
oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
vkrfafkb jy lg`y preeas arel tdk Dkjrkw Iftkrgturk ea tdk pkrfeb ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok. Rdk agleus werm ea Gjrgdgl
Xertgike`k ft aur`fsdks us wftd suod bktgfikb bksorfptfe`s ea tdk g`ofk`t werib, tdgt tdky yfkib g rgtdkr oikgr pfoturk
ea ft g`b fts wgy ea ifak. Jksfbks, e`k lust `et aerckt tdgt tdfs werm -gs tdk gutder gssurks us - fs g` got ea pk`g`ok,
g`b ft gfls te f`tkrrupt tdk sofk`tfafo gotfvfty ea tdk wrftkr f` tdk skouigr afkib.
Rdk gjevk lk`tfe`kb agots oe`afrl tdk flprkssfe` wk ckt wdk`kvkr wk piu`ck f`te tdk seuroks ea tdfs kpeod> Rdk
f`oif`gtfe` tewgrbs tdk Zk`gfssg`ok g`b tdk vgrfeus jrg`odks ea fts ouiturk fs lerk tdg` f`ofbk`tgi. Ft wgs aeu`bkbe` g ck`uf`k f`tkrkst g`b e` rkgi kaaerts gotugiiy te goqufrk tdfs ouiturk. Jut tdk Nkws bfb `et ckt tetgiiy gjserjkb f`
tdk pursufts ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok, gs bfb okrtgf` pgrts ea tdk Odrfstfg` pepuigtfe`. Rdk Nkws rklgf`kb afrliy e` tdk
creu`b ea Nubgfsl, g`b tdky e`iy gbeptkb tdk ouiturk ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok f` g "lebkrgtk" aerl. Gjrgdgl Xertgike`k
trfkb te aurtdkr tdk m`ewikbck ea tdk g`ofk`t ofvfifzgtfe` gle`c tdk sodeigrs tdreucd dfs wrftf`cs, wdfik Ckbgifgd bfb
tdk sglk aer tdk sflpik lg` f` dfs _dgisdkikt. Rdk sodeigr g`b tdk sflpik lg` g`swkrkb tdfs odgiik`ck f` g pesftfvk
wgy, g`b eut ea tdkfr m`ewikbck ea G`tfqufty tdky oe`trfjutkb te tdk belf`gtfe` wdfod tdk Zk`gfssg`ok dkib evkr
tdk ifak ea tdk Ftgifg` Nkws.
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Rdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` rk`gfssg`ok Ftgiy
LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__. Zk`gfssg`ok Ftgiy (7?88-7188)
_tgtfstfos e` tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` g`y pkrfeb usugiiy prksk`t g bfaafouit prejikl aer dfsterfg`s. Rdk bgtg gvgfigjik
aer ogiouigtf`c tdk sfzk ea g pepuigtfe` f` g bfstg`t pkrfeb grk pgrtfouigriy oelpifogtkb wdk` tdky rkakr te g
pkrskoutkb lf`erfty, wdfod fs `et tdk lgstkr ea fts ew` agtk. Gs agr gs tdk f`vkstfcgtfe` ea stgtfstfos e` tdk Nkws ea
Ftgiy fs oe`okr`kb, tdkrk grk f` agot aurtdkr bfaafouitfks te jk evkroelk. [`tfi tdk igst qugrtkr ea tdk `f`ktkk`td ok`tury
Ftgiy oelprfskb g luitfpifofty ea stgtks, igrck g`b slgii, tdk trkgtlk`t ea tdk Nkws vgrfkb wfbkiy= wdfik tdesk f` e`k
grkg k`neykb g lkgsurk ea arkkbel tdkfr oe`tklpergrfks f` g`etdkr suaakrkb epprkssfe`. Ft fs, tdkrkaerk, `kokssgry te
kxglf`k tdk bgtg jkgrf`c e` tdk f`bfvfbugi rkpujifos, buodfks g`b tew`s.
Ft wgs burf`c tdksk ok`turfks tdgt skpgrgtk creupf`cs bkvkiepkb wftdf` tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`. E` tdk tdrksdeib ea
tdfs gck jkcg` tdk lgss fllfcrgtfe` arel Ckrlg`y, g`b twe du`brkb ykgrs igtkr oglk tdk rkauckks arel _pgf` g`b
Xertucgi. Creups arel tdk sglk oeu`trfks oe`tf`ukb te grrfvk burf`c tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury, tdk k`b ea wdfod sgw tdk
fllfcrgtfe` ea tdk Ikvg`tf`k Nkws, pgrtfouigriy te tdk flpertg`t ok`tkr gt Ikcder`.
G sflfigr ourvk lgy jk pkrokfvkb f` tdk ogsk ea tdk _pg`fsd Nkws wde f` 726: wk`t te Xertucgi, wdfod prksk`tiy
bkorkkb tdkfr aerofjik oe`vkrsfe`. Rdreucd-eut tdk k`tfrk sfxtkk`td ok`tury tdkrk wgs g stkgby strkgl ea lgrrg`e
aglfifks, grrfvf`c sf`ciy er f` creups arel tdk Fjkrfg` pk`f`suig, wde tdrkw eaa tdk oiegm ea Odrfstfg`fty f` Ftgiy. F`
7;7? tdkrk oglk arel _fofiy gie`k 288 lgrrg`es, pgrt ea tdk pepuigtfe` wdfod dgb `et aikb f` 726:. _flfigriy, Nkws
arel Arg`ok oe`tf`ukb te lfcrgtk te Ftgiy aer ykgrs gatkr tdk lgf` creup ea fllfcrg`ts gppkgrkb. Rdk pgrtfgi
kxpuisfe` arel Xrevk`ok f` 7267 jreucdt fllfcrg`ts gs agr seutd gs Xgikrle (_fofiy). G ogsk ea g Xrevk`ogi Nkw,
skttikb f` Lg`tug, eoours gs igtk gs 7;11.
F` tdk seuroks aer eur pkrfeb, f`bfvfbugis dgfif`c arel gii pgrts ea tdk Lkbftkrrg`kg` werib (Oerau, Ru`fs, Zgcusg,
Rrfpeif, Jgikgrfo Fsiks) grk lk`tfe`kb, f`bfogtf`c g slgii jut stkgby fllfcrgtfe` f` gbbftfe` te tdk flpertg`t wgvks
bfsousskb gjevk. F` tdk lfbbik ea tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury, tdk Ikvg`tf`k skoter ea tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe`, oe`sfstf`c ea
fllfcrg`ts arel Xgikstf`k g`b etdkr pgrts ea tdk @kgr Kgst, jkcg` te godfkvk prelf`k`ok, g`b f` tdk aeiiewf`c
ok`tury tdfs `kw kiklk`t gssulkb oe`sfbkrgjik flpertg`ok. F` Qk`fok, tdk Ikvg`tf`ks gttgf`kb tdkfr prelf`k`ok gs
kgriy gs tdk afrst dgia ea tdk sfxtkk`td ok`tury.
_elk f`orkgsk f` pepuigtfe` gise rksuitkb arel tdk rg`self`c ea Nkwfsd ogptfvks jreucdt te Ftgiy. Rdfs gotfvfty
aerls e`k ea tdk jrfcdtkst odgptkrs f` tdk seofgi ifak ea Ftgifg` Nkwry, g`b ft weuib rkqufrk g` kxtk`sfvk oeiikotfe` ea
lgtkrfgi te sdewv fts auii soepk. Dkrk wk og` e`iy tgmk f`te gooeu`t tdk agot tdgt evkr tdk ok`turfks tdk ifjkrgtkb
ogptfvks tetgiikb lerk tdg` g `kcifcfjik gbbftfe` te tdk pepuigtfe`. G akw kxglpiks lgy jk oftkb. F` 7;86 gii ea tdk
Nkws ogpturkb jy tdk _pg`fgrbs f` Rrfpeif wkrk trg`spertkb te @gpiks. @e beujt lg`y ea tdkl suoouljkb te dgrsd
trkgtlk`t, jut tdk survfvers rklgf`kb f` Ftgiy. Sdk` Odgriks Q gttgomkb Ru`fs f` 7;?;, Nkwfsd ogptfvks wkrk
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
14/39
oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
jreucdt te Ck`eg g`b @gpiks, wdkrk 7;8 wkrk rg`selkb.8 Sdk` G`brkg Berfg teem tdk Crkkm tew`s ea Lebe`,
Oere` g`b Xgtrgs f` 7;??, pgrt ea dfs lg`y ogptfvks wkrk gise rg`selkb f` Ftgiy."' Rdk agoters wdfod agverkb tdk
upwgrb pepuigtfe` trk`b wkrk k`tfrkiy oeu`tkrjgig`okb jy vgrfeus oe`trgry agoters. Re jkcf` wftd, tdk kxebus arel
tdk Mf`cbel ea @gpiks, wdfod oe`tf`ukb aer selk bkogbks, lust dgvk rkbuokb tdk `uljkr ea Nkws, kvk` tdeucd
selk ea tdk rkauckks crgbugiiy aeu`b g dgvk` kiskwdkrk f` Ftgiy. Gpgrt arel suod ogsks, Nkws eatk` klfcrgtkb arel
spkofafo ieogiftfks, wdk` tdk sftugtfe` lgbk ft `kokssgry. Rdus, f` 7;86, wdk` tdk wgr ea tdk Ikgcuk ea Ogljrgf
struom tdk igrck Gsdmk`gzfo ok`tkr, lg`y ea tdk Nkws f`bkkb wk`t te Lg`tug g`b Akrrgrg, "jut lg`y wk`t teCkrlg`y te ieem aer g pkgokaui pigok." Gcgf`, u`bkr tdk flpgot ea tdk destfik peifoy ea Xepk Xfus FQ, g`etdkr
rkbuotfe` eoourrkb g`b "tdk peer aeim sgfikb gwgy f` sdfps aer Rurmky." Gbbkb te tdfs wgs tdk lfcrgtfe` te Xgikstf`k,
wdfod resk te g dfcd ikvki u`bkr tdk strkss ea tdk pkrskoutfe` f` tdk Xgpgi _tgtks. F` oe`sfbkrf`c tdk kaakot ea
oe`vkrsfe`s te Odrfstfg`fty, wk lust `gturgiiy bfstf`cufsd f`bfvfbugi ogsks g`b igrck creups. Rdk iew rgtk ea
f`bfvfbugis aersgmf`c Nubgfsl fs gttkstkb jy tdk igrck oellu`fty ea Akrrgrg, wdkrk oe`vkrsfe` oigflkb `e lerk tdg`
62 pkrse`s f` g skvk`ty ykgr pkrfeb (7;?7-7188) .
Rdk f`aiux ea Nkws arel etdkr oeu`trfks odg`ckb tdk oelpesftfe` ea tdk pepuigtfe`, wdfod dgb jkk` ouiturgiiy
deleck`keus f` tdk prkokbf`c pkrfeb. _lgii gs tdk pepuigtfe` wgs, vgrfeus creups `ew ifvkb sfbk jy sfbk, Ftgifg`,
Ckrlg`, _pg`fsd, Ark`od g`b Ikvg`tf`k, tecktdkr wftd g sprf`mif`c arel tdk Crkkm fsig`bs g`b @ertd Garfog. Rdk
tdrkk creups wdfod skt tdk te`k ea oellu`gi ifak wkrk tdk Ftgifg`, tdk Ckrlg` g`b _pg`fsd Nkws. Rdk Ikvg`tf`ks
jkcg` te pigy g prelf`k`t reik e`iy gt tdk oiesk ea tdk Zk`gfssg`ok, wdfik tdk Ark`od creup iest fts fbk`tfty g`b ikat
e`iy selk aglfifks wftd g vgcuk lklery ea tdkfr erfcf`. Rdk f`aiux arel Ckrlg`y jreucdt fllfcrg`ts te Arfuifg`b igtkr te Fstrfg= kxpg`bf`c kgstwgrb, tdfs creup rk-kstgjifsdkb g Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` Bgilgtfg, tdk` g Qk`ktfg`
oeie`y. Oe`ourrk`tiy tdkrk gresk oellu`ftfks e` Qk`ktfg` tkrrftery, oieskr te tdk ogpftgi, g`b gs agr wkst gs Jrksofg
g`b Orkle`g. Rdk Ckrlg` Nkws oglk f`te oe`tgot wftd tdk kstgjifsdkb Nkwfsd creups te tdk seutdwkst ea Qk`fok, f`
tdk Xe Qgiiky. Ft wgs `et ie`c jkaerk tdk `kwoelkrs f`orkgskb te tdk pef`t ea puttf`c g` Gsdmk`gzfo stglp e` tdk
Nkwfsd sok`k gt Xgbug, g odg`ck agofiftgtkb jy tdk tklpergry suspk`sfe` ea tdk ieg`-jg`ms g`b tdk bkpgrturk ea tdk
Ftgifg`-Nkwfsd rksfbk`ts.
Rdk f`aiux ea `e`-Gsdmk`gzfo Nkws f`te Qk`fok, gttrgotkb jy tdk ofty's koe`elfo eppertu`ftfks g`b tdk ifjkrgi
rkcflk, oef`ofbks wftd tdk aifcdt ea suod Nkws arel `kgrjy Xgbug, wdfod wgs lk`tfe`kb gjevk. Rdk lgnerfty stgtus
ea tdk Ckrlg` Nkws bkoif`kb u`tfi tdk _pg`fsd g`b Ikvg`tf`k Nkws tecktdkr cgf`kb g lgnerfty f` tdk oellu`gi
kxkoutfvk oellfttkk, g trk`b wdfod oe`tf`ukb f` tdk sglk bfrkotfe` tdkrkgatkr.' Rdk bkvkieplk`t ea tdk _pg`fsd
Nkws' prkpe`bkrg`ok f` Akrrgrg fs kspkofgiiy `etkwertdy. Greu`b 7;88 tdfs wgs e`k ea tdk lest flpertg`t oftfks f`
Ftgiy, wftd g tetgi pepuigtfe` ea oiesk te 788,888 (gs oelpgrkb wftd ?8,888 gt prksk`t), g`b tdk ogpftgi ea g buody,
wdfod pigykb g prelf`k`t reik f` tdk peiftfos ea tdgt bgy. _e crkgt wgs tdk f`aiux ea Nkws arel _pgf` tdgt tdk ofty's
iflfts dgb te jk k`igrckb f` erbkr te gooellebgtk tdkl. Rdk `uljkr crkw aeiiewf`c tdk aifcdt ea lgrrg`es arel
Xertucgi, wdkrk tdk F`qufsftfe` wgs kstgjifsdkb f` 7;?7. Neskpd Dgmedk` rkigtks tdgt "lest ea tdkl rktur`kb te tdk
Ierb, Ceb ea eur agtdkrs, wde dgb lkroy e` tdkl, g`b tdky wersdfppkb tdk Ierb, Ceb ea Fsrgki, g`b Kroeik, Bumk ea
Akrrgrg, pkrlfttkb tdkl te bwkii f` dfs ig`b . ".... h
Rdkrk wkrk etdkr pigoks gs wkii f` wdfod tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f`oiubkb "'ouiturgi fsig`bs" f` gbbftfe` te tdk
prkbelf`g`t creup. Jut tdk trfpgrtftk oe`ok`trgtfe` ea tdk lgner ogtkcerfks, wdfod wgs f`bfogtkb gjevk, rklgf`kb
u`tfi tdk igst bkogbks ea Zk`gfssg`ok pkrfeb, wdk` tdk _pg`fsd Nkws iest tdkfr stre`cdeib f` tdk seutd. Rdkrkgatkr tdfs
creup aerlkb oelpgot u`fts kiskwdkrk f` Ftgiy= f` tflk, gs tdk Ikcder` oellu`fty jkoglk g aieurfsdf`c ok`tkr, tdk
Nkwry ea Rusog`y gs g wdeik teem e` g _kpdgrbfo oelpikxfe`.
Rdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` f` rk`gfssg`ok Ftgiy
LE_K_ G. _D[IQG__. Zk`gfssg`ok Ftgiy (7?88-7188)
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Rdk yeu`c Akrbf`g`b bk _gussurk lgbk `e lfstgmk f` wrftf`c, f` 7434> "tdkrk fs okrtgf`iy, gt tdk reet ea rkskgrod e`
tdk Gryg`s, f` bksorfptfe`s ea tdfs pkepik ea tdk ceibk` gck, rkvfskb g`b kljkiifsdkb jy tdk flgcf`gtfe`, tdk gilest
oe`sofeus brkgl ea g` fbkgi dulg`fty." Lerk tdg` g ok`tury gatkr tdk wrftf`c ea tdfs sk`tk`ok, suod "rkskgrod"
aeiiews fts u`f`tkrruptkb oeursk. Okrtgf` Gryg`-epdfiks ea tebgy gbb te ft tdk bk`fgi ea tdk kxfstk`ok ea tdk cgs
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
15/39
oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
odgljkrs g`b tdk mf`b ea bkgtd suaakrkb f` tdk @gzf kxtkrlf`gtfe` oglps.
Koeik bks Dgutks Ktubks k` _ofk`oks _eofgiks
trg`sigtkb jy Nerbg` Mkiilg`
Gssflfigtfe` g`b Oellu`fty>Rdk Nkws f` @f`ktkk`td-Ok`tury Kurepk.
Rdk kssgys f` tdfs oeiikotfe` aeous e` tdk bkogbks jktwkk` 747; g`b 7447. Jkogusk tdksk ykgrs grk tdereucdiy
u`agsdfe`gjik gle`c dfsterfg`s tebgy, tdfs fs g` krg rfpk aer kxpiergtfe`.
_ermf` grcuks tdgt Nkwfsd Ckrlg`s wkrk u`ftkb jy pgssfe` aer Jfibu`c, er ouiturgi ouitfvgtfe`. Letfvgtkb jy tdfs
sdgrkb skt ea vgiuks, `e`rkifcfeus Nkws gaafifgtkb f` oiujs, ercg`fzgtfe`s, g`b arfk`bsdfp ofroiks. Zkifcfeus prgotfoks
bkoif`kb, jut seofgi gaafifgtfe` wftd etdkr Nkws oe`tf`ukb. _ermf` aeousks e` tdk f`tkiikotugi trk`bs wdfod dk skkls te
igjki gs tdk ogusk ea tdksk gaafifgtfe`s. _ermf` beks `et skkm te rkoe`struot tdk Jfibu`c sujouiturk wftd seofgi dfstery
lktdebs. Rdus wk `kvkr ikgr` arel _ermf` wde jkie`ckb g`b wde bfb `et jkie`c te tdk Jfibu`c sujouiturk.
Agr te tdk wkst, f` tdk ikss terlk`tkb skttf`c ea kgriy `f`ktkk`td-ok`tury K`cig`b, Rebb K`bkilg` kikcg`tiy
bksorfjks tdk werib ea Nkwfsd Ckrlg`s wde dgb skttikb f` K`cig`b kgriy f` tdk ok`tury. K`bkilg` rkoe`struots dew
kgsy ft wgs aer lg`y ea tdksk fllfcrg`ts g`b tdkfr bksok`bg`ts te ikgvk Nubgfsl g`b kvk` Nkwfsd`kss jkdf`b tdkl.
[`ifmk tdkfr oeusf`s ikat jkdf`b f` Ckrlg`y, tdkfr bkakotfe`s bfb `et tk`b te jk sterly, g`b tdky bfb `et oe`struot
gitkr`gtfvk f`stftutfe`s te aestkr goouiturgtfe` jkaerk tdky ikat Nkwfsd ifak. K`bkilg` tdus puts g `gfi f` tdk jfpeigr
lebki arel tdk etdkr bfrkotfe`, jy sdewf`c dew seofgi f`tkcrgtfe` oeuib tgmk pigok wftdeut g` fbkeiecfogiiy skia-
oe`sofeus goouiturgtfe` preokss. F` g` kxtrklkiy sepdfstfogtkb kssgy, Zfodgrb Oedk` trg`sok`bs tdk jfpeigr lebki f`
ykt g`etdkr w gy. Oedk` sdews tdgt levf`c gwgy arel g` f`tgot trgbftfe`gi oellu`fty f`te ck`tfik seofkty wgs `e
sflpik lgttkr psyodeiecfogiiy er gkstdktfogiiy. Iessks wkrk selktflks kxprksskb f` `estgicfo werms ea grt, wdfod
rksterkb tdk lklery ea tdk iest ercg`fo wdeik`kss ea trgbftfe`gi oellu`fty ifak. Oedk`'s kxklpigry kssgy succksts
tdgt g sujtik bfgikotfo jktwkk` tdk eib g`b tdk `kw, tdk trfjgi g`b tdk f`bfvfbugifstfo, kveivkb gs f`bfvfbugis ikat tdk
ouiturgiiy f`tgot werib ea trgbftfe`gi Nubgfsl.
G mky tdklk tdreucdeut fs tdgt goress tdk peiftfogi spkotrul, Nkws tk`bkb te skk tdkfr Nkwfsd`kss gs g prfvgtk lgttkr.
Kvk` wdk` g`tf-_klftfsl jkoglk lk`gof`c, ft wgs gwmwgrb te bkak`b e`kskia er e`k's pkepik f` epk`iy ktd`fo
tkrls. Xuizkr fs `et u`fquk f` tdfs bfsoevkry, jut jkogusk dfs bksorfptfe`s grk se lg`faeib, tdk pef`t rkgiiy dfts delk.Xuizkr sdews wftd pg`godk tdk duck peiftfogi spifts wftdf` Nkwry, oigrfayf`c tdk dfcd vfsfjfifty ea tdk Ikat rgbfogi
Nkws gs wkii gs tdk oe`skrvgtfsl ea tdk wkgitdy jg`mkrs. Dk sdews us wdy Nkws f` Ckrlg`y tk`bkb te jk ieygi te
ifjkrgi, precrkssfvk, g`b seofgifst pgrtfks kvk` wdk` bef`c se bfb `et kxprkss tdkfr pgrtfouigr koe`elfo f`tkrksts.
Xuizkr's f`tkr`gifst peiftfogi stery survfvks tdk igom ea sdgrp odre`eiecfogi erbkrf`c jkttkr tdg` dfs kxtkr`gi stery
beks. Rdk rkvfvgis g`b bkoif`ks ea bfaakrk`t mf`bs ea g`tf-_klftfsl, mky te tdk kxtkr`gi stery g`b se oruofgi te g
`ug`okb oe`tf`ufty ea f`tkrprktgtfe`, rklgf` lurmy f` tdksk pgcks. _tfii g`b gii, Xuizkr dgs wrfttk` g seifb,
fllgouigtkiy rkskgrodkb veiulk, wdfod spkofgifsts wfii rkgb wftd pikgsurk. F wfsd tdk aeu`bkrs ea tdk levklk`t aer
Sfssk`sodgat bks Nubk`tuls ("M`ewikbck ea Nubgfsl") f` tdk Jkrif` ea tdk 74:8s, wde wkrk gvfb aer g jregb
dfstery ea Nkwry, oeuib rkgb tdksk twe veiulks arel tdk crgvk.
Bkjergd DKZR^
_tgtk [`fvkrsfty ea @kw Verm
Fvg` C. Lgrous, Dfstery, _tery g`b Oeiikotfvk Lklery>
@grrgtfvfty f` Kgriy Gsdmk`gzfo Ouiturk
Oress-jrkkbf`c oelle`iy rksuits f` g cgf` te tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty rgtdkr tdg` oe`vkrskiy= g`b tdk dyjrfb
eaasprf`c fs g odfib ea Fsrgki rgtdkr tdg` ea tdk ck`tfiks. F` kaakot, tdkrkaerk, ft fs tdk oe`trfjutfe` ea tdfs Nkwfsd-dyjrfb
pkepik te tdk ouiturk ea lebkr` Kurepk tdgt fs f` qukstfe`. Rdk lk` ea tdfs Nkwfsd kxtrgotfe` oeu`t aer lerk tdg`
tdkfr prepertfe`gtk sdgrk f` tdk f`tkiikotugi ifak ea wkstkr` ofvfifzgtfe`= g`b tdky oeu`t pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk
vg`cugrb, tdk pfe`kkrs, tdk u`kgsy cfib ea pgtdaf`bkrs g`b foe`eoigsts, f` sofk`ok, sodeigrsdfp g`b f`stftutfe`gi
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
odg`ck g`b crewtd. E` fts agok ft gppkgrs gs fa g` f`ausfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb, kvk` f` selk bkcrkk ea dyjrfb
gttk`ugtfe`, wkrk tdk e`k bkofsfvk agoter f` tdk ogsk= g`b selktdf`c ea tdgt sert lgy wkii jk giiewkb, te gvefb
grculk`t fa aer `e lerk sujstg`tfgi rkgse`.
Rdk F`tkiikotugi Xrk-Klf`k`ok ea Nkws f` Lebkr` KurepkRderstkf` Qkjik`
@e u`jfgsskb ktd`eiecfst wfii qukstfe` tdk agot tdgt tdk Nkwfsd pkepik grk g `gtfe` ea dyjrfbs= tdgt ck`tfik jieeb ea
lg`y mf`bs dgs jkk` f`auskb f`te tdk pkepik f` igrck prepertfe`s f` tdk oeursk ea tflk. F`-bkkb, `e`k ea tdk pkepiks
ea Odrfstk`bel dgs jkk` lerk u`rklfttf`ciy kxpeskb te dyjrfbfzgtfe`, f` spftk ea gii tdk stfaa oe`vk`tfe`gi
prkogutfe`s tdgt dgvk jkk` tgmk` te mkkp tdk jrkkb purk. Ft fs `et g qukstfe` ea g surrkptftfeus dyjrfb strgf`, suod gs
weuib sdew ftskia f` spergbfo rkvkrsfe`s te g` gifk` typk= jut rgtdkr ft fs g qukstfe` wdktdkr tdk Nkwfsd strgf` ftskia,
rgofgiiy spkgmf`c, og` gt gii rkgse`gjiy jk dkib te gooeu`t aer e`k-dgia ea tdk pkbfcrkk ea tdk Nkwfsd `gtfe` gs ft
stg`bs. Rdk dyjrfb g`tkokbk`ts ea tdk Odfibrk` ea Fsrgki grk `et g lkrk lgttkr ea jeemfsd rkoerb. Kvfbk`ok ea tdkfr
dyjrfb bk-sok`t fs wrfttk` gii evkr tdkl, wdkrkvkr tdky grk te jk lkt wftd, se tdgt f` tdfs rkspkot tdk Nkws ea Kurepk
grk f` tdk sglk ogsk gs tdk etdkr Kurepkg`s, wde grk gise u`fvkrsgiiy oress-jrkb. Ft weuib pkrpikx g`y
g`tdrepeiecfst te fbk`tfay g sf`cik f`bfvfbugi gle`c tdkl gii wde oeuib sgakiy jk skt bew` gs kljeby-f`c tdk
Nkwfsd rgofgi typk wftdeut gjgtklk`t.
Rdk vgrfgtfe`s f` gii tdk lkgsurgjik trgfts tdgt ce te fbk`tfay g`y f`bfvfbugi f` tdk sodkbuiks ea tdk g`tdrepeiecfsts
grk wfbk g`b ujfqufteus gs rkcgrbs jetd tdkfr pdysfogi g`b tdkfr spfrftugi trgfts, f` rkspkot ea g`tdrepelktrfo
lkgsurklk`ts gs wkii gs f` tklpkrglk`t g`b ogpgoftfks. G`b ykt, wdk` gii fs sgfb f` gjgtklk`t ea ft, tdk Nkwfsd
typk, ft lust jk gblfttkb, gsskrts ftskia wftd glgzf`c pkrsfstk`ok tdreucd gii tdk bfscufsks wftd wdfod ft dgs jkk`
evkrigfb f` tdk oeursk ea gck-ie`c dyjrfbfzgtfe`. Sdgtkvkr lgy jk aeu`b truk kiskwdkrk, f` tdkfr oe`tgot wftd etdkr
rgofgi typks tdg` tdesk ea Kurepk, ft stfii gppkgrs tdgt wftdf` tdfs Kurepkg` rgofgi k`vfre`lk`t tdk eutoelk cfvk` jy
g`y f`ausfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb f` tdksk oress-jrkb f`bfvfbugis fs selktdf`c wdfod og` jk fbk`tfafkb gs Nkwfsd. Oress-
jrkkbf`c oelle`iy rksuits f` g cgf` te tdk Nkwfsd oellu`fty rgtdkr tdg` oe`vkrskiy= g`b tdk dyjrfb eaasprf`c fs g
odfib ea Fsrgki rgtdkr tdg` ea tdk ck`tfiks. F` kaakot, tdkrkaerk, ft fs tdk oe`trfjutfe` ea tdfs Nkwfsd-dyjrfb pkepik te tdk
ouiturk ea lebkr` Kurepk tdgt fs f` qukstfe`. Rdk lk` ea tdfs Nkwfsd kxtrgotfe` oeu`t aer lerk tdg` tdkfr
prepertfe`gtk sdgrk f` tdk f`tkiikotugi ifak ea wkstkr` ofvfifzgtfe`= g`b tdky oeu`t pgrtfouigriy gle`c tdk vg`cugrb,
tdk pfe`kkrs, tdk u`kgsy cfib ea pgtdaf`bkrs g`b foe`eoigsts, f` sofk`ok, sodeigrsdfp g`b f`stftutfe`gi odg`ck g`b
crewtd. E` fts agok ft gppkgrs gs fa g` f`ausfe` ea Nkwfsd jieeb, kvk` f` selk bkcrkk ea dyjrfb gttk`ugtfe`, wkrk tdke`k bkofsfvk agoter f` tdk ogsk= g`b selktdf`c ea tdgt sert lgy wkii jk giiewkb, te gvefb grculk`t fa aer `e lerk
sujstg`tfgi rkgse`. Jut kvk` g ogsugi survky ea tdk gvgfigjik kvfbk`ok wfii ikgvk se jregb g oigfl f` beujt.
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Nkwfsd Dfstery g`b Ck`tfik Lklery>
Rdk Kxpuisfe` ea 726: Kbwgrb Xktkrs
Burf`c tdk kikvk`td, twkiatd, g`b tdfrtkk`td ok`turfks, tdk Odrfstfg` mf`cbels g`b prf`ofpgiftfks f` `ertdkr` Fjkrfg
kxtk`bkb tdkfr pewkr seutdwgrb. Rdky goqufrkb tkrrftery g`b pkepik tdgt, sf`ok tdk afrst qugrtkr ea tdk kfcdtd ok`tury,
dgb jkk` u`bkr Fsiglfo ruik. Rdk mf`cbels ea Ike`-Ogstfig, Grgce`, g`b Xertucgi (kspkofgiiy tdk aerlkr twe)
oe`tgf`kb crkgtkr `uljkrs ea `e`-Odrfstfg`s - Nkws g`b Lusifls - tdg` g`y etdkr Odrfstfg` tkrrftery f` wkstkr`
Kurepk. [`tfi tdk igtk aeurtkk`td ok`tury tdk mf`b ea pujifo ifak ikb f` tdksk stgtks wgs tkrlkb oe`vfvk`ofg,
"pkgokauiiy ifvf`c tecktdkr," g`b f` Nkwfsd usgck Fjkrfg wgs tkrlkb _kagrgb (Ejgbfgd :8> iftkrgiiy tdk agrtdkst`ertdkr` pef`t ea Nkwfsd lfcrgtfe` f` _yrfg= afcurgtfvkiy, g rkauck rkletk arel Xgikstf`k). Nkws pigykb g sujerbf`gtk
jut oruofgi reik f` tdksk mf`cbels, wdfod dgvk jkk` tkrlkb seofeiecfogiiy f`oelpiktk seofktfks, f.k., rkqufrf`c tdk
prksk`ok g`b skrvfok ea `e`-Odrfstfg`s aer selk cevkr`lk`tgi au`otfe`s - odfkaiy af`g`ofgi g`b preakssfe`gi - tdgt
Odrfstfg` sujnkots oeuib `et er weuib `et pkraerl. Gitdeucd Nkws wkrk `kkbkb, tdky wkrk gise kxoiubkb arel dfcd
pujifo eaafok, gs wkrk Nkws kiskwdkrk f` Odrfstfg` Kurepk. F` 7?67 g `uljkr ea rfets jremk eut f` bfaakrk`t pgrts ea
Fjkrfg, bfrkotkb gcgf`st Nkws. Gs g rksuit, gjeut dgia tdk Nkwfsd pepuigtfe` ea Fjkrfg oe`vkrtkb te Odrfstfg`fty. Rdfs
wgs g` kvk`t u`prkokbk`tkb f` dfstery - g`b e`k aer wdfod tdk Fjkrfg` odurod g`b seofkty, f`bkkb g`y oe`tklpergry
Odrfstfg` odurod g`b seofkty, wkrk uttkriy u`prkpgrkb.
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
G ck`krgtfe` er se igtkr, f` tdk 7228s, `kw g`tf-Nkwfsd levklk`ts jkcg` gcgf`, bfrkotkb tdfs tflk gise gcgf`st tdk
"@kw Odrfstfg`s," er oe`vkrses, gs tdky wkrk ogiikb. Rdk rkgse`s aer selk ea tdfs rksk`tlk`t gcgf`st oe`vkrses gs
wkii gs gcgf`st u`jgptfzkb Nkws lgy dgvk jkk` tdk suookss ea oe`vkrse f`bfvfbugis g`b aglfifks f` godfkvf`c dfcd
pujifo eaafok g`b f`tkrlgrryf`c wftd "Eib Odrfstfg`" aglfifks, k`tkrf`c jetd tdk `ejfifty g`b tdk odurod. Rk`sfe`
gle`c Eib Odrfstfg`s, @kw Odrfstfg`s, g`b Nkws f`orkgskb burf`c tdk aeiiewf`c bkogbks, wdfod wkrk gise
odgrgotkrfzkb jy crkgt peiftfogi f`stgjfifty. Akgr ea tdk rkoe`vkrsfe` te Nubgfsl ea tdk @kw Odrfstfg`s (g`b tdk
sog`bgi g`b u`okrtgf`ty tdgt tdfs lfcdt ogusk gle`c Eib Odrfstfg`s) ikb te tdk kstgjifsdlk`t ea g` f`vkstfcgterytrfju`gi, tdk _pg`fsd F`qufsftfe`, jktwkk` 7234 g`b 724?. Zksuits ea tdk F`qufsftfe`'s gotfvftfks f` tdk 7248s g`b
7268s gppkgrkb te oe`afrl tdksk akgrs, g`b stkps wkrk tgmk` te skcrkcgtk Nkws arel jetd Eib g`b @kw Odrfstfg`s gs
kgriy gs 7248. Jy Lgrod, 726:, tdk ruikrs ea Ogstfik g`b Grgce`, Fsgjkiig g`b Akrbf`g`b, oglk te tdk oe`oiusfe` tdgt
skcrkcgtfe` dgb `et wermkb. Rdky bkofbkb te tgmk g aurtdkr stkp, tdgt ea kxpkiif`c gii u`jgptfzkb Nkws arel tdk
mf`cbels ea Ogstfik g`b Grgce`.
Jksfbks tdk trg`saerlgtfe` ea Odrfstfg` rkifcfeus sk`sfjfifty f` tdk tdfrtkk`td g`b aeurtkk`td ok`tury g`b fts flpgot
upe` Kurepkg` Nkws ck`krgiiy, tdk kxpuisfe` ea 726: lust gise jk oe`sfbkrkb f` tdk ifcdt ea ikcgi dfstery,
pgrtfouigriy f` tdk oe`tkxt ea orflf`gi ikcgi tdkery g`b bfsoussfe`s ea tdk `gturk ea kgrifkr kxpuisfe`s g`b tdk ck`krgi
igw ea kxpuisfe` g`b kxfik ftskia. Rdk prejikl ea oe`vkrsfe` lust gise jk rkoe`sfbkrkb, pgrtfouigriy f` tkrls ea tdk
kxtk`sfvk sodeigriy bkjgtks gjeut tdk `gturk ea tdk _pg`fsd oe`vkrse pepuigtfe`, oe`vkrsfe` gs g rksuit ea jetd
lfssfe`fzf`c g`b seofe-peiftfogi prkssurk, g`b tdk qukstfe` ea tdk sfzk ea tdk _pg`fsd oe`vkrse pepuigtfe`. Rdk
oe`vkrse prejikl tdk` rgfsks qukstfe`s gjeut tdk seofgi g`b koe`elfo oe`bftfe` ea Ogstfik g`b Grgce` g`b tdkrkigtfe` ea tdfs te g`tf-Nkwfsd g`b kvk`tugiiy g`tf-oe`vkrse rfets g`b etdkr aerls ea destfifty. Rdksk kiklk`ts
oe`stftutk tdk `kw arglkwerm aer bfsoussf`c tdk kxpuisfe` ftskia. Burf`c tdk pgst skvkrgi bkogbks dfsterfg`s dgvk
grcukb tdgt tdkrk wkrk twe ok`trgi trg`saerlgtfe`s ea Odrfstfg` gttftubks tewgrb Nkws f` lkbfkvgi Kurepk. Rdk afrst
wgs tdk gppkgrg`ok ea g vfeik`t destfifty, gppgrk`tiy bkrfvf`c arel pepuigr rksk`tlk`t gcgf`st Nkws gs k`klfks ea
Ceb g`b Odrfstk`bel, sfc`giikb jy tdk lgssgorks prkiflf`gry te tdk Afrst Orusgbk f` tdk Zdf`kig`b f` 7861. Rdk
skoe`b wgs tdk klkrck`ok ea g `kw oe`okptfe` ea lkbfkvgi Nkws gs frrgtfe`gi g`b dkrktfogi jkogusk tdky dgb
aersgmk` tdkfr g`ofk`t dkrftgck rkprksk`tkb jy tdk Jfjik g`b cfvk` tdklskivks evkr te tdk Rgilub - tdgt fs, tdky wkrk
goouskb ea dgvf`c rksdgpkb Nubgfsl f` g wgy tdgt rklevkb tdk prfvfikcks tdgt Nkws dgb jkk` cfvk` jy kgrifkr
Odrfstfg` gutderftfks g`b f` g wgy tdgt kxprksskb bfrkot destfifty te Odrfstfg`fty. Rdk skoe`b ea tdksk trg`saerlgtfe`s
fs kxklpifafkb f` tdk Rgilub trfgis ea tdk tdfrtkk`td ok`tury, tdk odgrgotkrfzgtfe` ea Nkws g`b tdk afcurk ea "tdk Nkw"
f` skrle`s, gogbklfo trkgtfsks, tkxts ea bkjgtks jktwkk` Odrfstfg`s g`b Nkws, g`b tdk `kw lfssfe`gry iftkrgturk
gsseofgtkb wftd tdk Lk`bfog`t Erbkrs.
Nkwfsd Dfstery g`b Ck`tfik Lklery> Rdk Kxpuisfe` ea 726:Kbwgrb Xktkrs
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Iyetgrb jgsfogiiy rkpkgts _grtrk's tdksfs gjeut tdk prebuotfe` ea tdk Nkw jy tdk g`tf-_klftk> "Sdgt fs lest rkgi gjeut
rkgi Nkws fs tdgt Kurepk, f` g`y ogsk, beks `et m`ew wdgt te be wftd tdkl> Odrfstfg`s bklg`b tdkfr oe`vkrsfe`=
le`grods kxpki tdkl= rkpujifos gssflfigtk tdkl= @gzfs kxtkrlf`gtk tdkl. 'Rdk nkws' grk tdk ejnkot ea g bfslfssgi
wftd wdfod Nkws, f` pgrtfouigr, grk gaaifotkb f` rkgifty".
Bfgsperg> Ck`krgtfe` g`b tdk Creu`b ea Nkwfsd Fbk`tfty
Bg`fki Jeygrf` g`b Ne`gtdg` Jeygrf
Bfe Ogssfus> "F be `et m`ew tdk erfcf` ea tdfs `glk ]Nkws\, jut ft fs gppifkb te gii lk`,kvk` aerkfc`krs, wde aeiiew tdkfr oustels. Rdfs rgok fs aeu`b gle`c Zelg`s"
Ned` Cgckr, Rdk Erfcf`s ea G`tf-_klftfsl>
Gttftubks tewgrb Nubgfsl f` Xgcg` g`b Odrfstfg` G`tfqufty
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8/8/2019 admixture & assimilation in Early Europe
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oe`vkrse rksfbk`ts ea _gf`t-Ksprft jkifkvkb tdgt jkf`c" ea tdk Xertucuksk @gtfe`" wgs tg`tgleu`t te jkf`c "Nkwfsd." Jkoelf`c Nkwfsd f`
kgriy lebkr` Arg`ok.
ftfs kstf-lgtkb tdgt f` Ogstfik g`b etdkr _pg`fsd prevf`oks e`k-tdfrb oe`sfsts ea Lgrrg`es, tdgt fs, e`k-tdfrb ea tdesk wde grk jurcdkrs g`blkrodg`ts." Qfok`ze Wufrf`f, Qk`ktfg` gljgssgber te Ogstfik, 7;81
Rdk Flpgot ea tdk Orusgbks e` tdk Nkwfsd-Odrfstfg` Bkjgtk
Bg`fki N. Igsmkr Ft fs wkii m`ew` tdgt Nkwfsd ifak f` wkstkr` Kurepk bkoif`kb crkgtiy f` tdk Lfbbik Gcks, gs rkigtfvk
teikrg`ok aer Nkws g`b Nubgfsl bktkrfergtkb f`te pkrskoutfe`, lgssgorks, aerokb oe`vkrsfe`s, g`b kvk`tugi
kxpuisfe`s. Dfsterfogi kvk`ts, ea oeursk, be `et eoour f` g vgouul, g`b, tdkrkaerk, gttklpts dgvk jkk` lgbk te
kxpigf` tdfs odg`ck aer tdk wersk f` tdk Nkwfsd stgtus f` Kurepk.
Gs Jiulk`mrg`z klpdgsfzkb (Nufas kt Odrktfk`s, p. ?3;), tdk e`iy tdf`c tdgt skt Nkws gpgrt
f` tdk 77td ok`tury wgs tdkfr rkifcfe`. G`b kvk` f` rkcfe`s wdkrk tdkrk lgy dgvk jkk` akw fa g`y Nkws prfer
te tdk 77td ok`tury, `kcgtfvk fbkgs gjeut Nkws dgb ie`c jkk` f`trebuokb jy pkepik's Odrfstfg` jkifkas. Gs g`
kxglf`gtfe` ea tdk G`cie-_gxe` delfifks weuib rkvkgi, kvfi syljeifo Nkws wkrk girkgby prelf`k`t
f` tdk lf`bs ea lg`y `e`-Nkws jkaerk Nkws grrfvkb f` pkrse`.
Lkbfkvgi _tkrketypks g`b Lebkr` G`tfsklftfsl jy Zejkrt Odgzg`.
Zkvfkw jy Cgvf` F. Ig`clufr
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F` agot, Nkws wkrk kxoiubkb arel tdk jk`kafts ea tdk Ark`od Zkveiutfe` u`tfi @gpeike`'s rkfc` wdk`, bkspftk g igom
ea jfeiecfogi argtkr`fty, tdky wkrk af`giiy crg`tkb selk rfcdts ea ifjkrty g`b selk lkgsurk ea kqugifty. Ft fs
flpessfjik te skpgrgtk tdk purk jieeb igws arel tdk agot ea igrck sogik Nkwfsd oe`vkrsfe` te Odrfstfg`fty, aer tdksk
igws wkrk gppifkb e`iy te oe`vkrts g
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