advanced oai-pmh michael l. nelson mln@cs.odu.edu mln/ several slides from herbert van de sompel,...
Post on 25-Dec-2015
215 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Advanced OAI-PMH
Michael L. Nelsonmln@cs.odu.edu
http://www.cs.odu.edu/~mln/
Several Slides from Herbert Van de Sompel, Simeon Warner and
Xiaoming Liu
University of Southern California6/15/04
Outline• Guidelines, recommendations, best practices
for 2.0 implementations– harvesters, repositories, aggregators, optional
containers
• Novel applications of OAI-PMH• New developments in the OAI-PMH community
– resource harvesting• mod_oai
– static repositories– oai-rights– ERRoLs
Repository Implementation
(see also Repository Implementation Guidelines:http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/guidelines-repository.htm)
Minimal Repository• 2.0 provides many expressive, but optional
features– but still low barrier!
• if you are writing your own repository software, the quickest path to implementation can involve initially:– only supporting DC– skipping: <about>, sets, compression– skip flow control (resumptionTokens) if < 1000 items
• add optional features as requirements and familiarity allows
Be Honest with datestamp!
• a change in the process of dynamic generation of a metadata format really does mean all records have been updated!– harvester caveat: an incremental harvest could yield
an entire repository dump if all the date stamps change (for example, if the metadata mapping rules change)
if (internalItemDatestamp > disseminationInterfaceDatestamp) { datestamp = internalItemDatestamp} else { datestamp = disseminationInterfaceDatestamp}
Not Hiding Updates
• OAI-PMH is designed to allow incremental harvesting
• Updates must be available by the end of the period of the datestamp assigned, i.e. – Day granularity => during same day– Seconds granularity => during same second
• Reason: harvesters need to overlap requests by just one datestamp interval (one day or one second) – in 1.x, 2 intervals were required (in many
circumstances)
State in resumptionTokens
• HTTP is stateless• resumptionTokens allow state information to
be passed back to the repository to create a complete list from sequence of incomplete lists
• EITHER – all state in resumptionToken• OR – cache result set in repository
Caching the Result Set
• Repository caches results of initial request, returns only incomplete list
• resumptionToken does not contain all state information, it includes:
– a session id– offset information, necessary for idempotency
• resumptionToken allows repository to return next incomplete list
• increased complexity due to cache management
– but a potential performance win
All State in the resumptionToken
• Arrange that remaining items/headers in complete list response can be specified with a new query and encode that in resumptionToken
• One simple approach is to return items/headers in id order and make the new query specify the same parameters and the last id return (or by date)– simple to implement, but possibly longer execution times
• Can encode parameters very simply:<resumptionToken>metadataPrefix=oai_dc
from=1999-02-03&until=2002-04-01&
lastid=fghy:45:123</resumptionToken>
resumptionToken attributes (1)
• expirationDate – likely to be useful when cache clean-up schedule is known– Do not specify expirationDate if all state in
resumptionToken• badResumptionToken error to be used if
resumptionToken expired– May also be used if request cannot be completed for some
other reason• e.g.: if repository changes cause the incomplete list to have no
records– issue badRT’s judiciously; it can invalidate a lot of effort by a
lot of harvesters
resumptionToken attributes (2)
• completeListSize and cursor optionally provide information about size of complete list and number of records so far disseminated– not (currently) widely used– use consistently if used– designed for status monitoring– caveat harvester: completeListSize may
be approximate and may be revised
resumptionTokenThe only defined use of resumptionToken is as follows:
•a repository must include a resumptionToken element as part of each response that includes an incomplete list;
•in order to retrieve the next portion of the complete list, the next request must use the value of that resumptionToken element as the value of the resumptionToken argument of the request;
•the response containing the incomplete list that completes the list must include an empty resumptionToken element;
Flow Control & Load Balancing
How to respond to a “bad” harvester:
1. HTTP status code 200; response to OAI-PMH request with a resumptionToken.
2. HTTP status code 503; with the Retry-After header set to an appropriate value if subsequent request follows too quickly or if the server is heavily loaded.
3. HTTP status code 403; with an appropriate reason specified if subsequent requests do not adhere to Retry-After delays.
302 Load Balancing• Interactive users on main DL machine should not be
impacted by metadata harvesting– don’t take deliveries through the front door– not part of the protocol; defined outside the protocol
OAIServer
naca.larc.nasa.gov/oai/
if load > 0.50redirect request
OAIServer
buckets.dsi.internet2.edu/naca/oai/
harvesterhttp://blah/oai/?verb=ListIdentifiers&metadataPrefix=oai_dc
HTTP Status Code 302
http://blah/oai/?verb=ListIdentifiers&metadataPrefix=oai_dc
<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?>…<ListIdentifiers>…</ListIdentifiers>
DNS Load Balancing
• using a DNS rotor, establish – a.foo.org, b.foo.org, c.foo.org– each with a synchronized copy of the
repository– let DNS & chance distribute the load– implication: if resumptionTokens could
issued to loosely synchronized servers, it is likely that the rTs will be stateful
Load Balancing Caveats• Copies of the repository must be synchronized
– (cf. Pande, et al. JCDL 02)– depending on synchronization method, be careful not
to hide updates• see Aggregator Guidelines…
• Complex hierarchies are possible– programmer must insure no cycles in redirection
graphs!
• The baseURL in the reply must always point to the original repository, not the repository that eventually answered the request
Error Handling: Verbosity
More is better… <error code="badArgument">Illegal argument ‘foo’</error> <error code="badArgument">Illegal argument ‘bar’</error>
is preferred over:
<error code="badArgument">Illegal arguments ‘foo’, ‘bar’</error>
which is preferred over:
<error code="badArgument">Illegal arguments</error>
Error Handling: Levels
• the OAI-PMH error / exception conditions are for OAI-PMH semantic events
• they are not for situations when:– the database is down– a record is malformed
• remember: record = id + datestamp + metadataPrefix• if you’re missing one of those, you don’t have an OAI record!
– and other conditions that occur outside the OAI scope• use http codes 500, 503 or other appropriate values to
indicate non-OAI problems
Error Handling: Extensions• Arguments that are not 'required', 'optional' or
'exclusive’ are 'illegal' and should generate badArgument errors.
• If you want to extend the OAI-PMH:– stop and consider: do you really need to?
• maybe you should have different OAI-PMH interfaces, or creative metadata formats
– if you really, really want to, tunnel your extensions through the “set” feature
• see http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december01/suleman/12suleman.html for examples
Idempotency of “List” Requests (1)
• Purpose is to allow harvesters to recover from lost responses or crashes without starting a large harvest from scratch
• Recover by re-issuing request using resumptionToken from previous request
• IMPLICATION: harvester must accept both the most recent resumptionToken issued and the previous one
Idempotency of “List” Requests (2)
• response to a re-issued request must contain all unchanged records
• any changed records will get new datestamps after time of initial request
• changes will be picked up by subsequent harvest if not included
[no experience yet with incomplete responses to ListSets or ListMetadataFormats requests]
Case Study: “bucket” based repositories• Buckets: see Nelson & Maly, CACM 44(5)• 2.0
– NTRS - ntrs.nasa.gov/ (MySQL, DC)– LTRS - techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/oai2.0/ (file system, refer)– NACA - naca.larc.nasa.gov/oai2.0/ (file system, refer)
• 1.1– LTRS - techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/oai/– NACA - naca.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/oai/– Open Video - www.open-video.org/oai/ (MySQL, local)– JTRS - ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/oai (MS Access dump, local)– GLTRS (filesystem, HTML scraping)
• Characteristics:– resumptionToken support initially skipped; added later (all)
• highly encoded rT’s: [2001-01-01!!!!301!600] – sets initially skipped, added later (LTRS)– initially had load balancing with 2 NACA repositories…
Case Study: “bucket” based repositories
• in bucket terminology:– 6 OAI verbs (methods) added to the existing list
of methods• http://ntrs.nasa.gov/?method=list_methods• http://ntrs.nasa.gov/?method=list_source&target=ListIdentifiers
– a data element is added to the bucket that contains the specifics of the particular repository and its metadata format
• http://ntrs.nasa.gov/?method=display&pkg_name=oai&element_name=oai.pl
Harvester Implementation and Use
(see also Harvester Implementation Guidelines:http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/guidelines-repository.htm
)
Be a Polite OAI Neighbor• Re-use existing free harvester software/libraries:
http://www.openarchives.org/tools/index.html
• If you insist on writing your own harvester, read http://www.robotstxt.org/wc/robots.html
• Provide meaningful User-Agent & From headers
– Should be present in HTTP headers of all robot requests
– Should be configured even if using someone else’s harvester
Harvesting Sequence• Issue Identify request
– Check OAI-PMH version– Check baseURL, granularity, compression
• Issue ListMetadataFormats request– Get information regarding selected metadataPrefix
• Issue ListSets request if using sets– Check set structure matches expectation
• Issue ListIdentifier or ListRecords request– Continue until end of complete list
Listen to the Repository• Check Identify’s <granularity> element if you wish to use
finer than YYYY-MM-DD• If you harvest with sets, remember that “:” indicates hierarchy
– harvesting “a” will recursively harvest “a:b”, “a:b:c”, and “a:d”
• Check for and handle non-200 HTTP status codes, 503, 302 and 4xx in particular
• Empty resumptionToken => end of complete list• Ask for compressed responses if the repository supports them
Harvesting Everything• Issue an Identify request to find protocol version, finest
datestamp granularity supported, if compression is supported…• Issue a ListMetadataFormats request to obtain a list of all
metadataPrefixes supported.• Harvest using a ListRecords request for each metadataPrefix
supported. Knowledge of the datestamp granularity allows for less overlap in incremental harvesting if granularities finer than a day are supported.
• Set structure can be inferred from the setSpec elements in the header blocks of each record returned (consistency checks are possible).
• Items may be reconstructed from the constituent records. • Provenance and other information in <about> blocks may be re-
assembled at the item level if it is the same for all metadata formats harvested. However, this information may be supplied differently for different metadata formats and may thus need to be store separately for each metadata format.
Harvesting v1.1 and v2.0
• Not difficult to handle both cases, test Identify response:– v1.1: <Identify>
<protocolVersion>
– v2.0 <OAI-PMH> <Identify> <protocolVersion>
• Different error and exception handling
• Many similarities, harvesters can share lots of code
Harvesting logs• Alan Kent’s v2.0 harvester logs:
http://www.inquirion.com:8123/public/collList;collListCmd=list
• Alan Kent’s summary of v1.1 harvesting results http://www.mds.rmit.edu.au/~ajk/oai/interop/summary.htm
• Celestial harvesting logs http://celestial.eprints.org/cgi-bin/status
• DP9 gateway using Arc harvested informationhttp://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/index.jsp
<friends> example (1)A light-weight, data-provider driven way to
communicate the existence of “others”, e.g. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/?verb=Identify
…
<description>
<friends …namespace stuff… >
<baseURL>http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/oai2.0</baseURL>
<baseURL>http://ntrs.nasa.gov/oai2.0</baseURL>
<baseURL>http://eprints.riacs.edu/perl/oai/</baseURL>
<baseURL>http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/oai/</baseURL>
</friends>
</description>…
http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/oai2.0/ http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/oai2.0/
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/oai2.0/
http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/oai/
http://eprints.riacs.edu/perl/oai/
harvester
Identify
<friends> example (2)
<friends>
Use of <friends>
Aggregator / Cache / Proxy Implementation
(see also Aggregator Implementation Guidelines:
http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/guidelines-aggregator.htm
)
<provenance> & datestamps
• Reminder: datestamps are local to the repository, a re-exporting service must use new local datestamps
• Such services should use the <provenance> container to preserve the original datestamps and other information
Identifiers are Local
• Identifiers are local to the repository• Unless you absolutely did not change the
metadata and the identifier corresponds to a recognized URI scheme, use a new identifier upon re-exporting– use the <provenance> container to preserve the
harvesting history
oai-identifier
• Just one option for identifiers in OAI-PMH• The v2.0 oai-identifier scheme is not
compatible with v1.1:– repositoryName now domain name based– not reliant upon OAI centralized registration
• One-to-one mapping for escaping characters: %3F allowed, %3f not– allows simple comparison
Derived from the same item?
3 different ways to determine if records share provenance from the same item:
1. both records have the same identifier and the baseURL in the request elements of the OAI-PMH reponses which include the record are the same;
2. both records have the same identifier and that identifier belongs to some recognized URI scheme;
3. the provenance containers of both records have the same entries for both the identifier and baseURL;
<provenance> example (1)
<responseDate>2002-02-08T08:55:46.1</responseDate>
<request verb="GetRecord" metadataPrefix="odd_fmt"
identifier="oai:odd.oa.org:z1x2y3">http://odd.oa.org</request>
<GetRecord ...namespace stuff… <record>
<header>
<identifier>oai:odd.oa.org:z1x2y3</identifier>
<datestamp>1999-08-07T06:05:04Z</datestamp>
</header>
<metadata> …metadata record in odd_fmt… </metadata>
</record>
</GetRecord>
Consider a request from crosswalker.oa.org:http://odd.oa.org?verb=GetRecord &identifier=oai:odd.oa.org:z1x2y3&metadataPrefix=odd_fmt
and the following response from odd.oa.org:
Imagine that crosswalker.oa.org cross-walks harvested metadata from odd_fmt into oai_marc and then re-exposes the metadata with new identifiers.
A request from getmarc.oa.org:
http://crosswalker.oa.org?verb=GetRecord &identifier=oai:cw.oa.org:z1x2y3 &metadataPrefix=oai_marc
might then yield the following response from crosswalker.oa.org:
<provenance> example (2)
<provenance> example (3)<record> <header> <identifier>oai:cw.oa.org:z1x2y3</identifier> <datestamp>2002-02-09T01:15:43Z</datestamp> </header> <metadata> ...metadata record in oai_marc... </metadata> <about> <provenance …namespace stuff… > <originDescription harvestDate="2002-02-08T08:55:46Z“ altered="true"> <baseURL>http://odd.oa.org</baseURL> <identifier>oai:odd.oa.org:z1x2y3</identifier> <datestamp>1999-08-07T06:05:04Z</datestamp> <metadataNamespace>http://odd.oa.org/odd_fmt</..> </originDescription> </provenance> </about></record>
<provenance> example (4)
This oai_marc record is then re-exposed by getmarc.oa.org with the same identifier oai:cw.oa.og:z1x2y3 (because the record has not been altered).
The associated <provenance> container might be:
<provenance> example (5)<record>
<header>
<identifier>oai:cw.oa.org:z1x2y3</identifier>
<datestamp>2002-03-01T01:46:11Z</datestamp>
</header>
<metadata> ...metadata record in oai_marc... </metadata>
<about>
<provenance …namespace stuff…>
<originDescription harvestDate=“2002-03-01T01:23:45” altered=“false”>
<baseURL>http://crosswalker.oa.org/<baseURL>
<identifier>oai:cw.oa.org:z1x2y3</identifier>
<datestamp>2002-02-09T01:15:43Z</datestamp>
<metadataNamespace>http://../oai_marc</metadataNamespace>
<originDescription harvestDate="2002-02-08T08:55:46Z” altered="true">
<baseURL>http://odd.oa.org</baseURL>
<identifier>oai:odd.oa.org:z1x2y3</identifier>
<datestamp>1999-08-07T06:05:04Z</datestamp>
<metadataNamespace>http://odd.oa.org/odd_fmt</metadateNamespace>
</originDescription>
</originDescription>
</provenance>
</about>
</record>
A Deduping Experiment
• “Initial Experiences Re-Exporting Duplicate and Similarity Computation with an OAI-PMH aggregator”– http://www.arxiv.org/abs/cs.DL/0401001
• Summary:– harvest favorite repositories– compute similarities with VSM– re-export metadata with top 10 similarities
for a record in an <about> container• dups, recommendations
looking ahead: novel uses of OAI-PMH
• “Using OAI-PMH…Differently” Young, Van de Sompel, Hickey, D-Lib Magazine, 9(7/8), 2003– http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july03/young/07young.html
• DL Usage logs ~ LANL• Registry of metadata formats for OpenURL ~ OCLC & LANL
– http://www.openurl.info/registry/– http://lib-www.lanl.gov/~herbertv/papers/icpp02-draft.pdf
• GSFAD Thesaurus ~ OCLC
• “The multi-faceted use of the OAI-PMH in the LANL Repository”
– http://lib-www.lanl.gov/~herbertv/papers/jcdl2004-submitted-draft.pdf
OAI-PMH access to DL usage logs
• usage logs filtered and stored in MySQL
db
• accessible as 2 OAI-PMH repositories:• document oriented• agent oriented (user-proxy)• interlinked
• recommender system:• harvests logs• interpretes logs• exposes relationships (OpenURL access)
Phase 1: creating recommender system
Documentlogs
local
Agent logs
local
document log agent log
Log processing
Logbased recom.system
About local and remote data
ISI citations
local
Inspec bibliographic
local
PubMed bibliographic
remote
Biosis bibliographic
local
biblio or
citation
id
recommendedidentifiers
Phase 2: requesting recommendations
Logbased recom.system
rela
teOpenURL
see: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june02/bollen/06bollen.htmlfor a possible methodology for computing log-based recommendations
agent
alog:IP:128.1.22.13
Repository 1
docs accessedby agentabout
agent
alog
document
dlog:ori:pmid:258471
Repository 2
agents accessingthe documentabout
document
dlog
metadata planeresource1
resource2 resource3
default links
herbert van de sompel
default links:• restricted in nature• action-radius restricted by business agreements• not context-sensitive
metadata plane
extended services plane
resource1
servicecomponent1
servicecomponent2
default links
appropriate linksOpe
nURL
resource2 resource3
herbert van de sompel
OAI-PMH-conformant OpenURL Registry
• NISO OpenURL Framework builds on
Registry
• Registry entry:
• unique identifier
• always DC record
• sometimes XHTML or XML Schema
definition
OAI-PMH-conformant OpenURL Registry
• Collaboration between LANL and OCLC
Office of Research:
• Registry is OAI-PMH harvestable
• Registry is browseable through
overlaying of PURL and XSLT
registered item
ori:enc:UTF-8
OpenURL Registry
about registered
item
characterencoding
XML Schemadefining the
metadata format
xsd
registered item
ori:fmt:xml:xsd:book
about registered
item
OpenURL Registrymetadataformat
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="gui.xsl" ?>
<OAI-PMH xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/OAI-PMH.xsd">
<responseDate>2002-02-08T12:00:01Z</responseDate>
...
</OAI-PMH>
OAI-PMH-conformant OpenURL Registry
• Insert XSLT stylesheet reference in OAI-
PMH response => make repository
browseable
OAI-PMH-conformant OpenURL Registry
• Use PURL partial redirects to obtain
publishable URLs
baseURL? verb=GetRecord & metadataPrefix=xsd & identifier=ori:fmt:xml:xsd:book
http://www.openurl.info/registry/xsd/ori:fmt:xml:xsd:book
OAI-PMH-conformant GSFAD Thesaurus
• OCLC Office of Research:
• GSFAD Thesaurus is OAI-PMH
harvestable
• Thesaurus is user-browseable through
overlaying of PURL and XSLT
• Thesaurus is accessible by machines via
OAI-PMH-based web services
Native GSFAD record
MARCXML
concept
Adventure+films
Xwalked GSFADrecord
GSFAD Thesaurus
Other Uses For the OAI-PMH• Assumptions:
– Traditional DLs / SPs will continue on their present path of increasing sophistication
• citation indexing, search results viz, personalization, recommendations, subject-based filtering, etc.
– growth rates remain the same (~5x DPs as SPs)
• Premise: OAI-PMH is applicable to any scenario that needs to update / synchronize distributed state– Future opportunities are possible by creatively
interpreting the OAI-PMH data model
Typical Values• repository
– collection of publications• resource
– scholarly publication• item
– all metadata (DC + MARC)• record
– a single metadata format• datestamp
– last update / addition of a record• metadata format
– bibliographic metadata format• set
– originating institution or subject categories
Repositories…
• Stretching the idea of a repository a bit:– contextually sensitive repositories
• “personalization for harvesters”• communication between strangers, or communication
between friends?
– OAI-PMH for individual complex objects?• OAI-PMH without MySQL?!
– Fedora, Multi-valent documents, buckets– tar, jar, zip, etc. files
Resource
• What if resource were:– computer system status
• uptime, who, w, df, ps, etc.
– or generalized “system” status• e.g., sports league standings
– people• personnel databases• authority files for authors
Item
• What if item were:– software
• union of versions + formats – all forms of metadata
• administrative + structural• citations, annotations, reviews, etc.
– data • e.g., newsfeeds and other XML expressible content
– metadataPrefixes or sets could be defined to be different versions
Record
• What if record were:– specific software instantiations / updates– access / retrieval logs for DLs (or computer systems)– push / pull model inversion
• put a harvester on the client behind a firewall, the client contacts a DP and receives “instructions” on how to submit the desired document (e.g., send email to a specified address)
Datestamp
• semantics of datestamp are strongly influenced by the choice of resource / item / record / metadataPrefix, but it could be used to:– signify change of set membership (e.g., workflow:
item moves from “submitted” to “approved”)– change datestamp to reflect access to the DP
• e.g., in conjunction with metadataPrefixes of “accessed” or “mirrored”
metadataPrefix
• what if metadataPrefix were:– instructions for extracting / archiving / scraping the
resource• verb=ListRecords&metadataPrefix=extract_TIFFs
– code fragments to run locally• (harvested from a trusted source!)
– XSLT for other metadataPrefixes• branding container is at the repository-level, this could
be record- or item-level
Set• sets are already used for tunneling OAI-PMH
extensions (see Suleman & Fox, D-Lib 7(12))• other uses:
– in aggregators, automatically create 1 set per baseURL– have “hidden” sets (or metadataPrefix) that have
administrative or community-specific values (or triggers)
• set=accessed>1000&from=2001-01-01• set=harvestMeWithTheseARGS&until=2002-05-
05&metadataPrefix=oai_marc
OAI-PMH & The Deep Web
Race for This New Market…
• Yahoo! & University of Michigan– http://www.umich.edu/news/index.ht
ml?Releases/2004/Mar04/r031004
• Google & CrossRef– http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/a
ccessdebate/17.html
Exposing Repository Contents
• DP9: Webcrawler access to OAI-PMH repositories
• http://dlib.cs.odu.edu/dp9/• JCDL 02 http://www.cs.odu.edu/~liu_x/dp9/dp9.pdf
• An Apache module for OAI-PMH– http://www.modoai.org/
• Extensible Repository Resource Locators (ERRoLs) for OAI Identifiers – http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/oairesolver/def
ault.htm
DP9: Indexing Repositories with Web Crawlers
• Convert repository to a series of hyperlinks.– Each record has a persistent URL.
• Begin by dynamically creating a starting HTML page for an OAI-PMH repository– Starting page for a data provider would be
constructed by issuing a ListIdentifier request and translating the response into a HTML format containing a series of links to the records
Index OAI Repository by Crawler
• A link on this HTML page, when invoked, would result in another GetRecord request for a specific identifier.
• HTTP 503 and OAI-PMH resumptionToken are also observed.
Architecture
Better Fit for Crawlers
• Format of URLs– http://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/getrecord.jsp?
identifier=oai:NACA:1917:naca-report-10 &prefix=oai_dc – http://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/getrecord/oai_dc/
oai:NACA:1917:naca-report-10
• HTML Meta tags– Some crawlers (such as Inktomi) use the HTML meta
tags to index a Web pages; DP9 also maps Dublin Core metadata to corresponding HTML meta tags.
– For pages that are designed exclusively for robots navigation, a noindex robots meta tag is used
• X-FORWARDED-FOR header to distinguishbetween different users coming in via his proxy
Results
• 101 repositories with millions of records are open to web crawlers.
• Tens of thousands of documents has been indexed by web crawlers through DP9.
• Web logs show that more than 1000 queries are issued from popular web search engines each day.
Problems
• DP9 does not cache the records and only forwards requests to corresponding data providers.
• Dp9’s records are always up-to-date.
• Quality of service is highly dependent on the availability of data providers.
Problems
• Aggressive crawling.– An aggressive crawler using DP9 can rapidly send
requests without regard for the load they are placing on the data providers.
• Solution.– OAI mirror/caching mechanism such as OAI
aggregator (http://celestial.eprints.org/) in Southampton university.
– HTTP throttle software to relieve the overhead on data providers.
Problems
• PageRank?– resumptionToken may create very deep
links that web crawlers don’t follow.– resumptionToken may be invalid after a
period of time.
• Possible solution– Create many small bins based on the
selective harvesting features of OAI-PMH
Problems
• Long harvesting time.– If a crawler harvests one record per second, it will
take at least 277 hours to harvest a 1M records database.
• Solution.– DP9 is distributed as an open source tool so any OAI-
PMH compliant repository can install it• http://dlib.cs.odu.edu/dp9/
– Current installation.• Southampton University.• University of Pennsylvania.
mod_oai
• Ongoing project– funded by the Mellon Foundation– www.modoai.org
• An Apache module (written in C) to automatically answer OAI-PMH requests for an http server
www.getty.edu
doc1; last mod2003-03-12
doc2; last mod2002-07-19
doc3; last mod2003-11-29
doc4; last mod2002-10-03
doc100; last mod2003-09-113…
what documents have beenmodified since 2003-11-15?
Inefficient Web Crawlers
www.getty.edu with OAI-PMH
doc1; last mod2003-03-12
doc2; last mod2002-07-19
doc3; last mod2003-11-29
doc4; last mod2002-10-03
doc100; last mod2003-09-113…
what documents have beenmodified since 2003-11-15?
A More Efficient Way…
Initial Harvest Weekly UpdatesGoogle Robot 100 connections 100 connectionsOAI-PMH Harvester 10 connections 1 connection
web site = 100 pages; 10 pages per resumptionToken, 5 page updates a week
ERRoLs
• OCLC to project to assign “Cool URLs” to OAI-PMH records– cf.
http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI.html– a “thin layer” of a service provider to bring
repositories closer to human interaction• cf. the Repository Explorer
Steps
• repository registers with ERRoLs• access OAI-PMH records with:• http://errol.oclc.org/ + <oai-identifier>• ERRoLs also available for
– sites that don’t user <oai-identifier> – repository overview pages
ERRoLs Examples
• http://errol.oclc.org/oai:xmlregistry.oclc.org:demo/ISBN/0521555132• http://errol.oclc.org/oai:xmlregistry.oclc.org:demo/ISBN/0521555132.html• http://errol.oclc.org/oai:xmlregistry.oclc.org:demo/ISBN/
0521555132.ListMetadataFormats• http://errol.oclc.org/oai:xmlregistry.oclc.org:demo/ISBN/0521555132.resource• http://errol.oclc.org/oai:xmlregistry.oclc.org:demo/ISBN/
0521555132.ListERRoLs
“Inverted Archives”
• Unit of discourse is no longer an archive or service, but a DOI which has services linked from it– cf.:
• UPS demonstration prototype• “Smart Objects, Dumb Archives” (SODA)
model
Example
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/374308.374342
Naming
• Fundamental to other technologies (OAI-PMH, OpenURL, etc.)
• Options– URNs– Persistent URLs (PURLs)
• http://purl.org/– Handles
• http://www.handle.net/– Digital Object Identifiers
• http://www.doi.org/– ARK
• http://www.cdlib.org/inside/diglib/ark/
Object Models
Popular Object Models
• METS– used in DSpace, Fedora– http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/
• MPEG-21 DIDL– http://xml.coverpages.org/mpeg21-didl.html– used in LANL DLs
• http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november03/bekaert/11bekaert.html• http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february04/bekaert/02bekaert.html• http://lib-www.lanl.gov/~herbertv/papers/jcdl2004-submitted-draft.pdf
Object Models & OAI-PMH
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
resource
item oai:foo.edu:1234
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
METS
Move from simple metadata files“pointing” to resources…
…to records as “modeled representations” of resources
records
OAI-PRH?
• using OAI-PMH for resource extraction / exchange– yes, OAI-PMH is for metadata not resources, but its
going to happen anyway…• mirroring• preservation (archive “zipping”)• convergence with OAIS
– assumptions• a digital resource• rsync et al. neither appropriate nor possible• defer metadata vs. data discussion
Possible Approaches
1. Exploit knowledge outside the scope of the OAI-PMH to extract the resource
2. Base64 encode the resource and transmit via OAI-PMH as a separate “metadata” prefix?
3. Separate metadata prefix with instructions on how to extract / scrape the resource
4. Separate metadata format with XML encoded metadata, along with XSLT to decode it
Out of Band Knowledge
direct pdf
1. take url in dc:identifier2. parse report number 3. append
“reportnumber.pdf” to url
Out of Band Knowledge
• pros: tailored, no “accidental” harvesting• cons: not scalable wrt # of repositories &
harvesters, false negatives
no metadata change
metadata change
no data change
ok unnecessarydownload
data change
missed update!
okassumption: change in metadata means a change in data -- not always true!
Base64 Encoding
• define separate metadata formats – base64:application/pdf– base64:application/powerpoint
• pros: describable with OAI-PMH semantics, accomplished with standard OAI-PMH tools
• cons: heavyweight (could use compression), suitable for simple objects only, accidental harvesting would produce high loads for repositories and harvesters– use complex objects, “modeled representation”,
instead!
Metadata as Instructions
cf. http://genomebiology.com/2003/4/6/R40
Metadata as Instructions
• the resource described in <dc:identifier> could be a complex object– may not be appropriate to:
• “tar” the object into a single file• expose all constituent objects through OAI-PMH
– define a metadata prefix that provides machine readable instructions on how extract the complex object
• METS• MPEG-21 DIDL• SCORM• …
Metadata as Instructions
XSLT
• if the resource is already XML encoded, include an XSLT to transform into the desired format– use separate metadata formats or even sets for the
harvester to express their transformation preferences?
• pros: elegant, limited work for repository• cons: assumes client-side transformation
capability, applicable only for XML-encodable resources
Static Repositories
Why a Static Repository?
• Not all sites can install CGI or servlets– they can have web access, but either use:
• a restrictive ISP• be firewalled off
• Not all sites need the heavyweight of OAI-PMH software– static repos are not limited by size, but are
generally intended for “smaller” repositories (<5000 records)
• http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/guidelines-static-repository.htm
Static Repository Architecture
gateways can described themselves with the new gateway container:http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/guidelines-gateway.htm
OAI-Rights
Not Just for Eprints Anymore…
• OAI-Rights is an ongoing effort:– http://www.openarchives.org/documents/
OAIRightsWhitePaper.html– http://www.openarchives.org/news/oairightspress030929.html
• Issues:– entity association
• metadata vs. resource
– aggregation association• records, repository, sets
– binding• Record’s <about>, Identify’s <description>
Download and Go!
Where Do You Want to Build?
user
. . .dataprovider
dataprovider
dataprovider
dataprovider
serviceprovider
local context-sensitive services
EPrints.org
dataprovider
CDSware
CDSware
Fedora
• joint project between Cornell & UVa – funded by the Mellon Foundation
• a repository management system– focuses on complex digital objects and their
behaviors
• more info:– http://www.fedora.info/– D-Lib Magazine, 9(4)
• http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april03/staples/04staples.html
• MIT + HP Labs• constructed to capture all the output of MIT’s
faculty• now generalized to the DSpace Federation
– 8 top universities in the US & Canada
• More info:– http://www.dspace.org/– http://sourceforge.net/projects/dspace/– D-Lib Magazine 9(1)
• http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january03/smith/01smith.html
EPrints.org
• developed at Southampton University– part of larger suite of institutional/author self-
archiving tools and services• e.g.: citebase; paracite
• widely adopted -- 100+ sites– http://software.eprints.org/#ep2
• more info– http://www.eprints.org/– http://www.arl.org/sparc/core/index.asp?
page=g20#6
CDSware
• developed at CERN• data provider & service provider• large-scale use @ CERN (> 600k
records)– in use at a few non-CERN sites
• free & paid support models• more info
– http://cdsware.cern.ch/
• P2P publishing for academia– community servers for coordination, management– archivelets for individual laptops, PCs
• more info:– http://kepler.cs.odu.edu/– D-Lib Magazine 7(4)
• http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april01/maly/04maly.html
• developed by UKOLN– open source
• OpenURL 0.1 format resolver– NISO 1.0 format???
• more info:– Ariadne, 28
• http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue28/resolver/• ftp://ftp.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/tools/openresolver/• http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/distributed-systems/openurl/
The Future: Community Building
• Ultimately, protocols and metadata formats are not what makes a difference
• Rather, the critical mass afforded by a common set of utilities (cf. http, Dublin Core, XML)
• The best current example: The Open Language Archives Community – http://www.language-archives.org/
• OAI-PMH provides the basis for communication between strangers, but allows even richer communication between friends
top related