advances in the application of geographic information...

Advances in the Application of

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Carmelle J. Terborgh, Ph.D.

ESRI Federal/Global Affairs

Highlights…

• GIS in our World

• Advancements in GIS

– Visualization and Analysis

– Geographic Science

• A GIS Platform for tomorrow

– Web GIS

– Desktop GIS

– Mobile GIS

• Advances in Spatial Statistics

3

Urban Planning & Management

Regional Planning

Puerto Rico

Online

Community

Planning

U.K.

Land Use Suitability

Montana

3D Zoning

Portland, Oregon

Web Based Suitability

North Carolina

Urban Design

San Jose, California

Urban Redevelopment

Bakersfield, California

Virtual City

Bangkok

Arizona

Urban Planning

California

4

Public Safety & Law Enforcement

NEPA Response Time Model

Texas

Fire Response

California

Analysis of Violence

Russia

Crime Hot Spot Analysis

Nebraska

Crime Prediction

Arizona

Crime Analysis

Texas

E911 / CAD

Bahrain

5

Business Geographics

Customer Allocation

Wisconsin

Bank Site Selection

China

Insurance

Global

Real Estate

Pennsylvania

Demographic Segmentation

Texas

Hospital / Patient Analysis

Arizona

Postal Management

Saudi Arabia

Commodity Flows

Netherlands

6

Social Issues & Human Health

Housing Foreclosures

Florida

Children Out Of School

Ethiopia

Lead Hazards

Buffalo, New York

Opium Cultivation

Afghanistan

Humanitarian Aid

Darfur

Teenage Births

King County, WashingtonCommunity Vulnerability

NOAA

Statistics & Census

Using PDAs and Creating Districts

Department of Statistics,

Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Map Distribution

INEC – Costa Rica

Data Distribution

US Census Bureau

Area

Selection

Cadastral

Map

Graph

Settings

Graph and Map

Interactive Web Mapping

Statistics Bureau - Japan

GIS for Statistical Organizations

• Environmental Statistics

• Agricultural Statistics

• Census

• Health Statistics

Challenges Sustainability . . .

. . . for All of Us

We Live in a Rapidly Changing WorldIncreasingly Driven by Population Growth & Human Action

Impacting the Natural World

• Climate

• Biodiversity

• Natural Resources

Impacting our Future

• Energy

• Economy

• Security

GIS is changing everything

Spatially Integrated

Thinking

Digital Geographic

Knowledge

GIS

How We Abstract Our World . . .

How We Organize & Communicate . . .

Shared Geographic

Knowledge

How We Reason About the World . . .

GIS is also changing how we work

• Systematic

• Holistic

• Analytic

• Quantitative

• Visual

A Science-based Approach

Acting

Decision

Making

Designing

& Planning

Measuring

Analyzing

Geo-Accounting

Visualizing

12

GIS creates more Sustainable ActionRaising Awareness, Saving Resources, Improving Efficiency & Making Better Decisions

Visualization & AnalysisAuthoring, Analyzing & Viewing 3D Data

Visualization

2D and 3D

KML

Viewshed Terrain

Analysis

Lidar

3D Geometry

Improving Geographic ScienceProviding Answers to Difficult Questions

. . . Improves Scripting, Performance & Quality

Improved

Proximity Analysis

Contouring with Barriers

Scatter Plot Graphics

Vehicle Routing

with Time Windows

Gaussian Geostatistical

Simulations

Geographically

Weighted Regression

Analysis & Modeling

Today GIS Implementations Follow 3 Common Patterns

Web-Based Integration

Desktop Server Federated

Professional

• Ad Hoc Projects

• Analysis/Modeling

• Mapping

Workgroups

• Shared Database

• Fixed Applications

• Transactions

Organizations

• Shared Services

• Integration

• Collaboration

The vision

Authors

GIS

Servers

GIS Users

Mobile Users

Web

Users

Web 2.0

Desktop GIS Leverages the Web

KML

Google

PDF

ArcGIS

Online

ManyPartners

ESRIData

Publishes

Maps

Reads Online

Services

ArcMap

Web GIS is Moving Us into a New Era

Accessible GIS . . .

. . . Integrating Authoritative GIS Data & Analysis

Serving Both Existing &

New User CommunitiesPublishingServices

GIS Organizations

S1

S2

S3

Sn

S2 +

S3

S1

Mashups

External Services

S1

Example of Services:

• Data Dissemination

• Mashups

• Address lookup

• Line of sight

• Data fusion

• Report generation

Server GIS Patterns

Mashups

Mapping

Mobile

Replication

Distributed (SDI)

Enterprise

Departments

Web GIS Applications

Fusion Center

Enterprise Integration

IT System

Sharing Resources

. . . Enhancing Collaboration

Supporting the…

• Consumer

• Decision-Maker

• “Pro”sumer

Sharing Your WorkEncapsulates Your Data and Cartography

• Easily Created

• Multiple Dissemination Methods

• Directly Usable

ArcGIS

Desktop

ArcGIS

Online

Shared

Files

email

CD

. . . Packages Data and Symbology

GIS as a Fusion CenterSupporting a Common Operating Picture

• Emergency Management

• Community Awareness

• Economic Development

• Planning

• Utility Operations

. . . Providing Integrated Situational Awareness

GIS Infrastructure

Replication/Integration

Explorer

Mobile

Web

SituationalAwareness

23

Demonstrations

Mobile GISMultiple Solutions for Working in the Field

• Mapping

• Editing

• Query

• GPS

. . . Connecting & Integrating the Mobile Work Force

Synchronized

with Geodatabase

General Purpose

ArcGIS Mobile

Server Based

ArcGIS Desktop

& Engine

Full Feature

DesktopArcPad

Mobile

ArcPad

Many Data Sources

StoringIntegration

Analyzing

VisualizingActing

• Better Decisions

• Greater Efficiency

(Money/Time/Resources)

• More Effective

Communication

Providing Tools, Methods, and Workflows that Support

Collaboration and Action

Work Flow

. . . Improving the Way We Do Things

GIS: Applies the Geographic Approach

Spatial Statistics

• Describe and model spatial

distributions, spatial patterns, spatial

processes, and spatial relationships

• Incorporate space (area, length,

proximity, orientation, and/or

spatial relationships) directly into

their mathematics

…Data Exploration

Patterns

Relationships

Trends

29

Spatial Statistics

Toolbox

1. Analyzing Patterns

2. Mapping Clusters

3. Measuring Geographic

Distributions

4. Modeling Spatial

Relationships

5. Rendering

6. Utilities

• Questions

– Which site is most accessible?

– Is there a directional trend to the spatial

distribution of the disease?

– What is the primary wind direction for this region

in the winter?

– Where is the population center?

– Which species has the broadest territory?

Measuring Geographic Distribution

Analyzing Patterns

Mapping Clusters

Modeling Spatial Relationships

Central Feature

Mean Center

31

• Is there an unexpected spike in

pharmaceutical purchases?

• Are new AIDs cases remaining

geographically fixed?

• Which plant species is most

concentrated?

• Does the spatial pattern of the disease

mirror the spatial pattern of the

population at risk?

Measuring Geographic Distribution

Analyzing Patterns

Mapping Clusters

Modeling Spatial Relationships

• Where are the emergency call hot spots?

• Where do we see unexpectedly high rates of diabetes?

Measuring Geographic Distribution

Analyzing Patterns

Mapping Clusters

Modeling Spatial Relationships

• Where are their sharp boundaries

between affluence and poverty in

Ecuador?

• Where do we find anomalous spending

patterns in Kiev?

High Poverty

Low Poverty

High Poverty

Surrounded by

Low poverty

Low poverty

Surrounded

by High

Poverty

Measuring Geographic Distribution

Analyzing Patterns

Mapping Clusters

Modeling Spatial Relationships

Construct spatial weights matrix files

Ordinary Least Squares

Geographically Weighted Regression

• Can I model spatial relationships based

on a real road network?

• Are spatial weights matrix files editable,

sharable, re-usable?

• Can I create a custom spatial weights

matrix file?

• What is the relationship between

educational attainment and income?

• Is there a relationship between income

and public transportation usage? Is that

relationship consistent across the study

area?

34

Regression analysis in Desktop GIS

PopulationFeature Class

IncomeFeature Class

Coefficient Surface

Coefficient Surface

OutputFeature Class

CrimeIntercept+ + =

Observed Values

Predicted Values

20 40 60 80 1000

20

0

40

60

80

100

Ordinary Least Squares Regression Geographically Weighted Regression

35

911 Calls

Population

Low Education

Distance to Urban Center

Jobs

GWR Residual Map

37

Scatterplot Matrix Graphs

• Interactive selection

– Maps

– Graphs

– Tables

Geostatistical Analysis

• Explore data variability, look for data outliers, examine global trends, and

investigate spatial autocorrelation and the correlation between multiple

data sets.

• Create prediction, prediction standard errors, the probability that specified

threshold was exceeded, and quantile maps using various geostatistical

models and tools.

40

Suggested resource

• ESRI Press Book: The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis: Spatial

Measurement and Statistics, Volume 2 by Andy Mitchell

www.esri.com/esripress

Recommendations for Census uses of GIS

• Consider appropriate GIS technology for each phase of the Census

• Desktop GIS– Data collection and preparation

• Automated raster-to-vector conversion

• Imagery integration

• Development of enumeration areas

• Allocation of assignments

– Data and Statistical Analysis

– Strong cartographic tools

– Data Dissemination with free data viewers

• Mobile GIS– Integrates with GPS

– Field data collection

• Geographic location verification

• Navigation

• Server GIS– Data dissemination

• Web map publishing

• GIS Services (geocoding, gazetteer, etc.)

• GeoVisualization tools

GIS: Improving how we are…

. . . Improving How We Organize & Create Our Future

Thank You!

cterborgh@esri.com