african american immigration the beginnings. forced immigration africans immigration = forced...
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African American Immigration
The Beginnings
Forced Immigration
• Africans immigration = forced immigration
• Slave trade started in 1510 by the Portuguese under licenses issued by Ferdinand and Spanish
• Originated as Portuguese attempted to bypass Muslim North Africans by sailing around the West Coast
Forced Immigration…
• Later the slave trade was dominated by Dutch and English
• African immigration started with a few people captured in small #s
• Eventually slaves were traded with kingdom leaders in larger numbers
Where they came from
• European interests were mainly on the West Coast of Africa
“Senegambia”
• They wanted gold ‘Gold Coast”= Ghana
The Transatlantic Slave Trade• 1st phase- First hundred years characterized by
small #’s of slaves transported to Europe and surrounding islands and heavily in the Spanish colonies
-many carried to Hispaniola for sugar and gold
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
• 2nd phase- 1650-1807, most intense phase of the trade, impacted the United States
• Carried to the U.S for rice, indigo, tobacco, and cotton
• Carried to other locations in Americas for cocoa, sugar, mining, and coffee
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
• 3rd Phase-1807-1860’s started when the slave trade was banned in Britain and U.S.
• However, numbers did not decline until 1840’s
• Slaves taken mainly to Caribbean and South America
• Small #’s smuggled into the U.S (the Amistad)
Middle Passage• Part of the triangular trade=from
Africa to America• Over 30k voyages documented • Voyages lasted 1-3 months• Only supposed to transfer 350
people but most carried over 800• Approx. 450,000 slaves
transported to U.S (5% of slaves traded)
Middle Passage’s significance to Africans
-many people were branded and naked throughout the voyage
-personal identity denied
-required to lay down entire trip
-deck hands forced them to dance
-Many attempted to starve themselves but were force fed
-Usually 20% died during the voyage from disease, thrown overboard
-Many established relationships with the people they were on the ship with ( batiments- French, sippi- Suriname)
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