after the civil war 1877-1918. four main areas of change rise of american industry: the development...

After the Civil War1877-1918

Four main areas of change• Rise of American Industry: The

development of new machines led to the rise of factories and mass production. Factory workers eventually formed unions because they were often mistreated by their employers. The public did not agree with unions at first, but in the early 1900’s, attitudes began to change.

Four main areas of change

• Immigration and Urbanization: People flooded into cities in search of jobs and wealth. Immigrants were attracted by dreams of a better life. Cities grew so rapidly they could not deal with their problems.

Four main areas of change

• Settlement of the Frontier: Wilderness areas began to disappear as settlers and farmers moved West. Native Americans were forced off their traditional lands and moved onto government reservations.

Four main areas of change

• The Progressive Era: Americans adopted reforms to deal with the worst abuses of the new industrial society. The Progressives were horrified at the increasing inequalities that had developed in America between the wealthy and the poor, and set out to correct them.

Essential Questions:

• What factors led to the emergence of America as an industrial giant?

• How were workers affected by the rise of industry?

• What factors led to increasing immigration to the United States?

• How were Native Americans affected by the movement west?

• What reforms were introduced by the Populists and Progressives?

The Rise of American Industry• Before the Civil War, most

people lived and worked on farms.

• During the Industrial Revolution, people began producing things in factories.

• In the period following the Civil War, the United States emerged as one of the world’s leading industrialized nations.

Remember this?????

• The economic system of the United States is free market, or free enterprise.

• Do you remember what this means???

• Wealth is privately owned in businesses in the hope of making a profit. Consumers are free to choose what they wish to buy.

Causes of Industry

• The Transcontinental Railroad – this was one railroad that connected the East to the West.

When the U.S. government named two companies to build a transcontinental railroad in 1862, no meeting point was set. Enormous financial rewards -- paid out per mile of completed track -- propelled both sides into a grueling seven-year race across daunting terrain.The Central Pacific built eastward from Sacramento, California. The Union Pacific built westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa, making its headquarters across the Missouri River in Omaha, Nebraska. Where would the two meet?Track the railroad's construction in this interactive map.

Transcontinental Railroad• This is the route in modern times….

Transcontinental Railroad producer Mark Zwonitzer and his team traveled back and forth across the original route of the railroad, looking for locations, stories, and images. Take a virtual road trip with Mark as your guide, and explore the path of the original railroad through six Western states.Scouting the Route

If you are interested….

• Click here to enter a Railroad Museum

http://www.cprr.org/

• What was the benefit of having railroads that connected all parts of the US?

A quick note….• These are some of the new

inventions during this time period.– 1859 – first oil well drilled in

Pennsylvania– 1844 – the telegraph was invented

using Morse code– 1876 – invention of the telephone by

Alexander Graham Bell– 1879 – invention of the light bulb by

Thomas Edison

How did all these items help industry????

Two amazing inventors

The Rise of Corporations

• The idea was to sell large portions of stock in order to make money for the business.

• Each person who owned stock was a stockholder (or shareholder).

Stocks from the Civil War period

• Because of the sale of stocks, the number and size of businesses began to rapidly increase.

• The number of workers also increased because there were more jobs in these corporations.

Business leaders• Andrew Carnegie• He created a very successful

business by selling steel at very low prices.

• The low prices caused other steel businesses to go out of business.

• He forced his employees to work very long hours for little pay. They were stopped from joining unions.

• He donated large amounts of money to educations, public libraries, and the arts.

Business leaders• John D. Rockefeller• He formed the Standard Oil

Company• Because he controlled most of

the oils, he forced railroad companies to give him a discount to transport his oil. His competitors were charged much more.

• By 1900, he controlled almost the entire oil industry.

• He also gave money to education and the arts later in life.

Monopoly• No, not the board game…

but it has the same idea.• A monopoly is a company

that controls all the business in an industry.

• In other words, if there is only one company that sells oil, that company has a monopoly on the oil industry.

• Why is this a bad thing?

• The abuse of “big business” (the monopolies) finally forced the government to react.

• Congress passed two laws to help with monopolies:– Interstate Commerce Act (1887) – This law made

certain practices of railroad companies illegal, such as agreements to control rates.

– Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) – This law prohibited certain tactics used by companies against their competitors. The act showed that Congress now felt something has to be done to stop unfair practices by “big business”.

Labor• The rise of big business created a lot more

jobs. However, there was a downside to this.

• There was a growing gap between the rich and the poor.

• Working conditions were terrible – workers worked 6 days a week for 12-14 hours per day.

• Working conditions were often hazardous – especially in factories and mines.

• The work was often boring, repetitive and monotonous.

• Because of these poor working conditions and low pay, many workers started to form and join unions.

• These unions could demand higher pay for its members. If this did not happen, the union members could strike.

Sometimes strikes were violent, other times, they were not.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Formed in 1881 by Samuel Gompers.

• This group sought to improved working conditions, gain higher pay, and achieve an 8-hour work day.

• Government was afraid of unions because they saw them as being dangerous. This attitude changed in the early 20th century.

Urbanization

• In 1865, most Americans lived in RURAL areas (out in the country).

• By 1920, half of all Americans lived in URBAN areas (in the city). – Atlanta, Chicago, and New York

• This movement into cities is called URBANIZATION

Chicago in 1820

Population: 15

Chicago in 1854

Population: 55,000

Chicago in 1898

Population: 1,698,575

Rural vs. Urban

Cities in the world at night

Reasons for Urbanization

• More factories and jobs were in the city.• More cultural aspects (arts, museums, and

libraries) were found in URBAN areas.• Farmers moved because new farm machinery

replaced human labor.• Immigration increased• African Americans migrated to other parts of the

country looking for a better life.

The Immigration Experience

• One reason cities grew so fast was because of the flood of immigrants.

• Immigrants came here because conditions in their own countries were poor.

• These immigrants believed conditions in the United States would be better.

Immigration 1840-1890

Click here

“New Immigrants”

• In the 1880’s, immigrants started to come from Southern and Eastern Europe.

• They spoke little or no English and dressed differently than other Americans.

• They lived in ghettos – ethnic neighborhoods in large cities.

• They often worked as unskilled laborers, working long hours for low wages.

• They lived in tenements.• This led to greater diversity in the United States because

these new immigrants brought different food, words, and lifestyles

Ghettos

It was easy to overlook 97 Orchard Street. The building was but one of the thousands of tenements that sprouted up on the Lower East

Side during the nineteenth century.However, for Lukas Glockner, 97 Orchard Street wasn't just another tenement; it was a ticket to prosperity. When the German immigrant

opened his tenement in 1863, he was hoping to turn a profit by providing cheap homes to the immigrants who were flooding into

Manhattan.The tenement fulfilled Glockner's dreams: people filled the building and swelled his pocketbook. Indeed, between 1863 and 1935, 7000

tenants lived in 97 Orchard Street. The lives of some of these residents are the basis of our Virtual Tour.

Click here to see what his tenement was like

The Great Migration• The “Great Migration” is the movement of large

numbers of African Americans leaving the South to live in Northern Cities.

• One of the major centers for African Americans was Harlem in NYC.

• These newcomers often faced prejudice and discrimination.

The Settlement of the Frontier• Cities were not the only places affected

by the changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution.

• The frontier (the grassland and farm areas of central United States) was settled as people moved west in search of gold, farms, land, and less crowded areas.

Gold Rush

• Whenever gold was found, people rushed to the sight to try and become rich.

• These gold rushes happened in Nevada, Colorado, and California.

• Mining town sprang up overnight and often collapsed just as fast, leaving a ghost town.

The Great Plains• The Great Plains were also affected by

the Industrial Revolution.• The Transcontinental Railroad cut travel

time to the West. It also made it possible for new ranchers and farmers to ship their goods to eastern markets.

• The Homestead Act (1862) encouraged settlement of the West.

The Homestead Act• Signed into law in 1862 by

President Lincoln.• You had to be the head of

household and 21 years old to qualify for 160 acres of land.

• Each homesteader had to live on the land, build a house, and farm for 5 years. After that, the land was there's to keep!!

Impact of Homestead Act• Within a short span of 30 years, from 1860 to

1890, the herds of millions of buffalo were destroyed.

• Native Americans were forced onto reservations.• The Great Plains were divided up into farms and

ranches.• Farmers filled the Great Plains in hopes of

getting land

Impact of Homestead Act• Ranchers took advantage of the grassy

plains to feed their cattle.

• Cowboys drove cattle to railroad lines in Kansas, where they were put on the railroad in order to be brought to slaughterhouses in Chicago.

Great Plains

The Progressive Era1900-1920

• During this Era, Americans adopted reforms aimed at curbing some of the worst abuses of industrial society.

The Progressive Movement

• The Progressive Movement developed between 1900 and the start of World War I.

• The Progressives were mainly middle-class reformers who lived in cities.

• The aim of the Progressives was to use the power of government to correct the political and economic abuses that resulted from America’s rapid industrialization.

Muckrakers• Among the early Progressives

were a group of newspaper reporters and writers known as muckrakers.

• The muckrakers wrote about the corrupt practices of big business and government.

Term coined by Theodore Roosevelt was a negative one. Based on a literary character who was so busy cleaning and raking up the muck and dirt that he didn't see the good things that were above his head

Famous Muckrakers• Upton Sinclair – described

the unsanitary practices of the meat packing industry.

• Jane Addams – established settlement houses where immigrants and the poor could live and take care of basic needs like schooling and medical care.

• Jacob Riis – examined conditions of the urban poor.

Three Progressive Presidents• Theodore Roosevelt – 1901-1908• He promised Americans a “Square

Deal” – fair practice in business and government.

• His new rules broke up Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.

• He created the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.

• He encouraged the conservation of natural resources by adding millions of acres to national forests .

Three Progressive Presidents• William H. Taft – 1909-1913• Taft proposed the 16th amendment

– which allowed Congress to tax people differently based on their income. The rich paid a higher percentage to tax than those who made less money.

• Taft also proposed the 17th amendment – which allowed senators to be elected directly by voters, instead of state legislatures.

Three Progressive Presidents• Woodrow Wilson – 1913-1921• Used his power to control big

business• Reduced tariffs on imported

goods, which lowered the cost of living for most Americans.

• Introduced the Federal Reserved Act – which created banks to regulate money and the banking industry. This set the limit on the amount of money a bank could lend.

• Also created a law that prohibited child labor.

Women’s Suffrage• Throughout the 19th century, men still held most

positions of authority in society.• Women started to fight for equality.• By the late 1800’s women’s main goal was to win

the right to vote.

Stanton and Anthony• Two major women

that helped organize and led the campaign for women’s voting rights were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

• Later on in factories, when the men were at war, women filled many of the positions.

Women’s Suffrage• After the war, there was

no reason why women were not allowed to vote.

• Since they had worked just as hard as men in the factories, they were finally given the same opportunities as men.

• The 19th amendment was passed in 1920. This amendment allowed women the right to vote.

Progressive Era ends

• In 1917, Americans entered World War I.

• Women’s suffrage and the prohibition of alcoholic drinks were passed soon after the war.

• All the progressive ideas had become law.• There was no more appeal for

progressivism.

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