age of exploration and isolation
Post on 06-Dec-2014
327 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Age of Exploration and Isolation1400-1800
Chapter 3
Section 1
Europeans Explore the East
Traditional Eurasian Trade Routes
Europeans Begin to Explore the East
• Beginning in 1400’s, desire to explore called 3 G’s (Gold, God, Glory)
A. Other countries wanted trade controlled by Italy and Arabs for three centuries
• Spices most valued item• Quicker route to Asia meant they could take
out middleman (Arabs, Italians)B. New technology – compass, faster ships, astrolabe, better mapmaking skills made traveling by ship easier, safer• Most new technology came from Muslims
and ChineseC. Sparked by Renaissance curiosity and sense of adventureD. Desire to spread Christianity• Europeans saw this as their sacred duty to
convert others
Europeans Explore the EastPortugal Leads the WayA. Leader in developing and applying new sailing technologyB. Had strong government support led by Prince Henry
(Henry the Navigator)C. 1419 Henry established a sailing school for sailors, ship
makers, navigators to perfect their trade• By 1460 Portugal was the first country to establish trading
outposts along the coast of Africa and push into the Indian Ocean
• Traded Africans European goods for gold and ivory
Europeans Explore the East• Portuguese needed to reach
Asia by sea and had to sail around the southern tip of Africa
• 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope and explored the southeast coast of Africa
• 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed to Calicut, India and returned to Portugal with silk, spices and gems that was worth 60 times more than the cost of the voyage
• His voyage gave Portugal a direct sea route to Asia
Europeans Explore the East• Spain Also Makes Claims• 1492 Spain sent Christopher Columbus to find a
route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic• Columbus thought he reached the Indies, really
opened the way for European colonization of the Americas
• Immediate impact was that it increased tension between Spain and Portugal
Europeans Explore the East
• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas Pope stepped in to keep peace between two countries
• Line drawn from North to south across globe dividing eastern and western hemispheres
• Portugal gets everything east of Line of Demarcation
• Spain given all lands west of Line of Demarcation
Europeans Explore the East• Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean• Portugal took control of the spice trade from Muslim
merchants after da Gama’s voyage1. 1509 extended control over region by defeating
Mughal navy off the coast of India2. 1510 Portuguese capture port city of Goa, India; it
became center of their trading empire3. 1511 Portuguese seize control of Strait of
Malacca, gave them control of the spice Islands• Portugal began to break the Muslim domination of
Eastern trade• Brought back goods at 20% of the prices charged
by Arab and Italian traders• More Europeans could afford items
Europeans Explore the East• Success of Portugal attracted other European
countries• 1521 Spain claimed Philippine IslandsDutch Traders• Around 1600 the Dutch and English became a
sea powers• English and Dutch began to take away Portuguese
power• Each country formed an East India Company• Each company had power to print money, make
treaties and raise armies• Dutch East India Company most powerful in
region• 1619 Dutch establish trading post in Java and
took Straits of Malacca and Spice Islands from Portugal
• Dutch began to expand across the region and their capital in Europe, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center
• By 1700 Dutch controlled most trade in Indian Ocean
Dutch Trading Empire in the 1700’s
Europeans Explore the East
British and French Traders• By 1700 English and French began to gain a
foothold in region• English focused on India and developed a
successful business in the cloth trade (established British East India Company)
• France tried to establish a foothold in India but was not as successful
• European countries took control of port cities but their influence did not extend beyond the ports
• Their influence was not felt by most people in Asia
Section 2
China Limits European Contact
China Limits European Contacts China was the dominant power in Asia and
Europeans wanted to trade with themMing Dynasty 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty ruled China Korea and Southeast Asia paid tribute (payment by
one group to another to show submission) to Ming emperors, China expected Europeans to do the same
Hongwu was the first Ming emperor after he defeated the Mongols in 1368
A. Reformed agriculture by increasing rice production, encouraged growing cash crops (cotton, sugarcane) and encouraged fish farming
B. Encouraged a return to Confucian traditions and moral standards
C. Improved government by returning to a merit based government system
When problems developed Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant executing all of his enemies
China Limits European Contacts
• After death of Hongwu his son Yonglo took over
• He moved royal court to Beijing (built the Forbidden City)
• Also had a curiosity of the outside world• 1405 began seven voyages of
exploration and trade under commander Zeng He
• Expeditions traveled long distances, many ships, many people and huge ships
• Trips were used to show Chinese superiority, because of voyages 16 countries sent tribute to China
• Chinese officials complained that voyages wasted money and after 1433 China began a period of isolation
China Limits European Contacts• Trade policies of 1500’s reflected
isolation• To keep influence of outsiders to a
minimum • Only the government could conduct
trade through 3 ports- Canton, Macao and Ningbo
• European demand for goods led to smuggling
• Helped improve economy of China- led to increase in manufacturing of ceramics and silk making
• Commerce and manufacturing seen as lower class jobs and not held in high regard in China, kept China from industrializing
• Government supported agriculture• Taxes were low on agriculture and high
on manufacturing
China Limits European ContactsQing Dynasty• By 1600 Ming rule began to weaken, government corruption, civil
strife, famine and high taxes led to rebellion• 1644 Manchus from northeast China seized power and ruled until
1900• People resisted rule by non-Chinese Manchus 1. Kept order by keeping traditional social structure and restoring
Chinese prosperity2. Expanded China into Taiwan, Central Asia, Mongolia and Tibet3. Lowered taxes and reduced government expenses4. Welcomed Jesuits into royal court to learn about European life5. Kept policy of isolation from foreign trade
China Limits European Contact
• Foreign countries that wished to trade with China had to trade only in special ports and pay tribute
• The Dutch accepted the Chinese restrictions and the Chinese accepted the Dutch as trading partners
• The Dutch brought silks, porcelain, and tea
• By 1800 tea made up 80% of shipments from China to Europe
• The British refused to follow the Chinese trade restrictions
• China rejected their offers by sending a letter to the king of England that they did not need the British
China Limits European Contact• 1600s and 1700s were a time of peace and
prosperity in China and the lives improved for most Chinese people
Most Chinese were farmers and under the Qing irrigation and the use of fertilizer increased
Also new crops from the were introduced by European traders (corn, sweet potatoes)
Food production increased and the population exploded
• Chinese families favored sons over daughters• Sons were in charge of religious rituals, and
raised their own families in their parents homes• As their parents grew older they help them
farm• Females were not as valued but they did have
the responsibilities of children’s education and managing family finances
Section 3
Japan Returns to Isolation
Japan Returns to Isolation• 1300’s Japanese unity was shattered
by warring shoguns • By 1467 the country was separated
into hundreds of separate domains• 1467-1568 known as period of
“warring states”• Samurai took control of feudal states
and offered peasants protection for their loyalty
• Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and used samurai as warriors
• Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead with no power
• Daimyo lived in fortresses and fought each other for control of land
Japan Returns to Isolation• Many daimyo tried to seize and
control power• Oda Nobunga –was the first to use
soldiers with muskets to defeat rival samurai (1575)
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and tried to conquer Korea, when he died the troops returned to Japan (1590)
• 1600 Tonkugawa Ieyasu takes control of country by defeating his rivals and earning the loyalty of other daimyo
• He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)• Kept daimyo tamed and helped
centralize power in Japan• To keep daimyo in check he made
them live in the capital every other year and when they were gone they had to leave their families behind as hostages, had them help build his castle in Edo
• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate that held power until 1867
Japan Returns to Isolation• Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under
Tokugawa shoguns• Farmers produced more food and population rose, even
though they lived lives of miserySociety was very structureda. Ruler was shogun and supreme military commanderb. Below him was the landholding daimyo who controlled
samurai warriorsc. Artisans and peasants were next with merchants at the
bottom• 4/5 of society were peasants• Merchants became more important as the economy
expanded• Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal citizen
depended on agriculture not commerce• However the farmers paid the most in taxes, many
abandoned land and moved to cities for economic opportunity
• Mid 1700’s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban society • Edo was the largest city in the world
Japan Returns to Isolation• Contact Between Europe and Japan• Europeans began to arrive in the 1500’s• 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked
Portuguese sailors and merchants soon followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms
• Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries
1. Europeans introduced new technologies and ideas
2. Japanese merchants eager to expand their markets welcomed Europeans
3. Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns to gain an advantage over their rivals
• Guns changed the tradition of the Japanese warrior whose principal weapon was the sword
• Cannons changed the way castles were built
• Fortified castles attracted merchants and artisans and caused the growth of towns across Japan
Japan Returns to Isolation• 1549 first missionaries came to Japan• Catholic Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominican
missionaries came to convert the Japanese• By 1600 they had converted over 300,000
Japanese• Missionaries teachings went against traditional
Japanese beliefs and by 1612 Christianity was banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding the country of them
• 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led by Christians
• All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism
Japan Returns to Isolation• Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas• Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but
they wanted European trade• 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country except one port,
Nagasaki (a man made island in the harbor)• Only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there• Tokugawa shogunate had a monopoly on all trade for over 200
years• During this time Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and
Japanese were forbidden to leave• During this time Japan developed a self-sufficient country free
from European intervention
Dejima
THE ATLANTIC WORLD
Chapter 4
Section 1
Spain Builds and American Empire
Spain Builds and American Empire
1492- seeking an alternate trade route to Asia Christopher Columbus “discovers” America and accidently brings together peoples of the Americas, Europe and Africa
Spain’s rulers financed three more trips with more men and ships and began to found colonies (lands controlled by another nation)
1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed modern day Brazil for Portugal By the early 1500’s Europeans had figured out that the land was not Asia but a new
continent 1519 Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the southern end of South America and
across the Pacific (along the way claiming the Philippines for Spain) In 1522 when they returned to Spain only 18 men and one ship were left, first voyage
to circumnavigate the globe
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spanish were first European explorers and settlers of the Americas
Made Spain a very wealthy country and their culture influenced the cultures of North and South America that exists today
Spanish explorers known as conquistadors came to the Americas to follow rumors of gold and silver, they stayed and carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America and the United States
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spanish Conquests in Mexico 1519 Hernando Cortes and 600 men landed in
Mexico They heard of wealthy Aztec empire and its capital
Tenochtitlan Cortes marched inland and was welcomed by the
Aztec emperor Montezuma, who thought the Spaniards were gods
Aztecs soon figured out the intentions of Cortes and drove the Spaniards out of the capital
1521 Cortes and the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs even though they were greatly outnumbered
Reasons for Spanish victorya) Made allies with groups that did not like Aztecsb) Spanish had superior weaponsc) Diseases like measles, smallpox, typhus; that the
Native Americans had no natural immunity to
Effects of Old World Disease
Native Americans had no natural resistance to diseases that were common in Europe Asia and Africa
Killed up to 90% of Native American population across North and South America within the first 100 years of European contact
Made it easier for Europeans to conquer the Americas because Native American did not have the numbers to resist
Caused fear and confusion among native groups
When many European explorers reached new areas they found empty villages and towns
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spanish Conquest in Peru 1532- Francisco Pizarro takes
army of 200 into the heart of the huge Incan empire in South America
They kidnap their ruler Atahualpa and demand a ransom of gold (even though the Inca had an army of 30,000), after they received their gold they strangled the Inca king
This demoralized the Inca people and the Spaniards quickly seized control of their empire
Spain Builds an American Empire
By the middle of the 1500’s Spain had created a huge American empire
Drew from techniques learned during the reconquista (when the Spanish drove the Muslims from Spain)
Spanish imposed their culture on the people they conquered in the Americas
Most Spanish settlers were men so they had relationships with native women
Result of relationships was the creation of a mestizo (mixed Spanish and American) population
Spanish also forced native population to work for them
System called encomendia where the Indians farmed, ranched and mined for their Spanish landlords, often they were abused or mistreated
Portuguese Empire in America One area that remained outside of
European influence was Brazil Region was given to Portugal
because of Treaty of Tordesillas and claimed by Brazil in 1500
Colonists settled coastal areas and built huge sugar plantations
The demand for sugar was great in Europe and made huge profits for Portugal
Spain Builds an American Empire
Spain’s American colonies made it the richest and most powerful nation in the world during the 1500’s
Spain built a powerful navy and army to control and protect their empire
By the end of the 1500’s Spain pushed into what is now the US
1540-1541 Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest in search of a city of gold, did not find any
Catholic priests followed the conquistadors to convert natives
Priests used to explore and colonize North America
Catholic priests set up missions across the Southwest and California where towns grew up around them (Santa Fe, San Diego, San Francisco)
Spain Builds an American Empire
Opposition to Spanish Rule Spanish priests pushed for better treatment of
Native Americans Criticized harsh treatment of native Americans
under the encomendia system 1542 Spanish government ended encomendia
system and began to use African slaves for labor Native Americans began to resist Spanish
colonizers as well Spanish burned sacred Native American objects,
banned Indian religious practices and built Catholic churches on top of Indian religious centers
1680 Pope, a Native American ruler led a rebellion against Spanish rule and pushed them back into New Spain
It took the Spanish 12 years to take the area back
Section 2
Europeans Settle North America
Europeans Settle North America
Other European nations wanted to obtain valuable colonies in the Americas
By the early 1500’s England, the Dutch and French began to obtain colonies in North America
Wanted to find a more direct route to Asia through fabled “Northwest Passage”
Countries did not find route but stayed and established colonies
Europeans Settle North America
New France French explorers discover what is
today New York harbor, St. Lawrence River
1608- Samuel de Champlain took colonists and established Quebec the base of France’s New World empire, known as New France
1673 French explorers Marquette (priest) and Joliet (fur trade and trapper) explored the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River
1683 LaSalle another Frenchman claimed the entire Mississippi River valley for France
Europeans Settle North America
By the early 1700’s New France covered much of what is now the Midwestern US and eastern Canada
Empire was immense but sparsely populated
Catholic priests came to convert Native Americans
The main economic activity was the fur trade not settlement and occupying territory
Europeans Settle North America
English Arrive in North America 1607 first permanent English
settlement in Jamestown, Virginia
They came looking for gold Life was hard 6 out of 10
colonists died of disease, hunger or Indian attack in the first few years
Outlook improved greatly after the “discovery” of tobacco as a cash crop
Europeans Settle North America 1620 group known as Pilgrims settle a
second English colony in Plymouth, Mass. 1630’s Puritans a second English group
settled in Mass. Both groups came for the religious freedom
the colonies would provide Both colonies grew rapidly because of the
number of families that came to the colonies, unlike Jamestown that was settled by a mostly single, male population
Europeans Settle North America
The Dutch found New Netherland Dutch founded colonies in region
along the Hudson River and Manhattan Island (now known as New York)
Built trading posts and formed the Dutch West India Company
Colony in North America known as New Netherland
Opened to a variety of settlers Germans, French, Scandinavians
Colonizing the Caribbean On the islands of the Caribbean
European countries built huge sugar and cotton plantations
Used African slaves for labor on plantations
Europeans Settle North America
The Struggle for North America French, English and Dutch wanted to expand their
colonies in North America and they battled each other for colonial supremacy
New Netherland separated England's colonies in North America
1664 drove the Dutch out and renamed colony New York
England battles France English wanted to push further west into continent
and they were blocked by the French 1754 dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley
region led to a war between the two countries Known in North America as the French and Indian
War It was part of a larger conflict called the Seven
Year’s War that involved fighting in Europe, North America, the West Indies and India
1763 the British defeat the French and the French gave up their holdings in North America
Britain became the supreme power in North America
Europeans Settle North America European colonization brought disaster to Native Americans French and Dutch had a cooperative relationship with Native Americans Helped with fur trapping and traded furs for European items like guns,
hatchets, mirrors, beads English wanted to populate colonies and they clashed with Native
Americans over issues of land and religion Land: Wanted to push natives off their lands to build towns and grow crops Religion: English considered natives as heathens and as a threat to their
“godly” society
Europeans Settle North America Native American and English hostility grew 1622 Colonists in Jamestown and the Powhatan tribe
fought 1675- One of the bloodiest colonial conflicts was known
as King Philipp's War Chief Metacom (King Philipp) tried to unite Native
Americans against English settlers After a year the colonists defeated the Indians and put an
end to Native American resistance in the English colonies More destructive than European guns was disease that
devastated the population One effect of the loss was a severe labor shortage across
the colonies, so the colonists turned to another labor source African slaves
Section 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The Causes of African Slavery Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries Muslim societies took prisoners of war and
made them slaves In Muslim culture slaves had legal rights
and could move up in society Europeans needed a cheap labor source to
replace Native Americans in their New World colonies, they turned to African slaves
1. Many had been exposed to Old World diseases and had developed an immunity
2. Africans had experience in farming3. Less likely to escape and easier to find in
unfamiliar New World
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Atlantic Slave Trade developed over the next three centuries , turned into a massive enterprise
Over that time 9.5 million Africans had been sent to the Americas
Spanish imported Africans to their plantations and gold and silver mines
Portuguese imported over 40% of the slaves to the Americas
Used on their Brazilian sugar plantations
The Atlantic Slave Trade
As Europeans established colonies their demand for cheap labor grew
From the late 1600’s to 1807 the English were the largest carriers of slaves to the New World
400,000 slaves were brought to Britain's North American colonies
African rulers cooperated with European slave traders
European traders waited in ports on the coast of Africa and waited for Africans to bring enslaved peoples to them
They were exchanged for gold, silver, guns and other manufactured goods
Some African rulers were opposed to this slave trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Triangular Trade Network Africans slaves were part of a
trade network that: A. Europeans transported
manufactured goods to the African coast
B. Africans were transported across the Atlantic to the Caribbean Islands, South America or the English colonies
C. Merchants purchased goods (sugar, rice, tobacco, rum, coffee)for slaves and took them back to Europe to be sold
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Voyage that brought slaves to the New World called the “middle passage”
Cruelty, sickness and death characterized journey
Slave traders packed Africans into ships
Almost 20% died on the trip across the ocean
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Slavery in the Americas Slaves auctioned off to the
highest bidder Worked long days and
sometimes suffered brutal treatment
Developed a way of life based on cultural heritage, kept alive music, stories and religion of ancestors
Slaves found ways to resist, did not work as hard or ran away or revolted
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Had a profound impact on Americas and AfricaAfrica1. Many African culture lost generations of their fittest
members (young and able) to the slave trade2. Families were torn apart3. The slave trade introduced guns to the continent of AfricaThe Americas/ New World4. Slave contributed to the growth of the Americas through
their labor and their expertise in agriculture5. They brought their culture (music, art, food, religion) and
it became mixed with the cultures of the New World6. Many nations today have mixed race populations and
significant African- American populations
Section4
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Colonization of the Americas caused voluntary and involuntary migration of people and the introduction of goods from each continent
Exchange resulted in new business and trade practices in Europe
Columbian Exchange- global transfer of foods, plants and animals during the colonization of the Americas
Ships brought back items to Europe never seen before, many became food sources for the Europeans
Two most important were potatoes and corn Both were inexpensive to grow and supplied nutrition Both played a significant role in boosting the world’s population
Europeans introduced: livestock animals to the Americas (cows, sheep, pigs, horses), foods from Africa were introduced (bananas, peas, yams), grains from Europe (wheat, rice)
Disease was part of the Columbian exchange
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Global Trade Europe opened up the Atlantic world and caused a
blending of three distinct cultures New wealth and overseas trade led to new business
practices Growth of capitalism (an economic system based on
private ownership and owned to make a profit) No longer were governments the sole owners of great wealth Many merchants gained wealth and used money to invest in
other enterprises and businesses flourished Increase in gold and silver from New World led to an increase
in the money supply and things began to cost more for average Europeans
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Another type of business venture was the joint stock company
Investors purchased shares of stock in a company to combine wealth for a common purpose During 1500 and 1600’s common purpose was to colonize the
Americas Took large amounts of money to establish and build colonies Colonies were risky investments and if many people invested
they only risked a small loss A joint stock company was responsible for establishing
Jamestown
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
The Growth of Mercantilism Mercantilism was a new economic policy adopted by
European countries at this time Countries power depended on its wealth, allowed
countries to purchase goods and develop strong navies for trade
Goal was to attain as much wealth as possible Nation could increase its wealth in two ways:
Obtain as much gold and silver as possible Establish a favorable balance of trade by selling more that
they purchased Ultimate goal was to not depend on other countries for
goods so they had to establish colonies to provide what they did not have
Colonies also provided a market for good to be sold
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Economic Revolution Changes European Society
1. Spurred the growth of towns2. Led to the rise of a merchant class who
controlled great wealth3. Led to the creation of nations and
helped expand the power of European monarchs
4. Majority of Europeans remained poor
top related