air pollution part 2
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Air Pollution
Part 2
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Basic Air Pollution Facts
The term smog was first
use in 1905 to describeemission of sulfur dioxide
The Clean Air Act (1963) 2 basic standards (Goals)
1. primary to protect
human health 2. secondary to protect
material, crops, climate,visibility, and personal
comfort.
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Basic Air Pollution Facts
Air pollution affectsvegetation in 2 ways
1. Toxic and
damages cellmembranes
2. Disrupts normalgrowth andreproduction
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SMOG
Two Forms
Industrial Smog:Sulfur-based and isgray-air smog
PhotochemicalSmog: catalyzedby UV radiationand is nitrogen-based.
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Formation of Industrial Smog
Step1. Carbon in coal or oil is burned in
oxygen gas to produce CO2 andCO gas.
2. Unburned carbon ends up as
soot or particulate matter3. Sulfur in oil and coal react with
oxygen to produce SO2
4. SO2 reacts with O2 to produceSO3
5. SO3 reacts with water vapor inthe air to form sulfuric acid
6. Sulfuric acid reacts wit theatmospheric ammonia to formbrown, solid ammonium sulfate
Chemical Reaction1. C + O2 CO2
C + O2 CO
2. C3. S + O2 SO2
4. SO2 + O2 SO3
5. SO3 + H2O H2SO4
6. H2SO4 + NH3 (NH4)2SO4
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Formation of Photochemical Smog 6 A.M. 9 A. M. (People drive to work, Nitrogen oxides and VOCs increase)
N2 + O2 2 NO
NO + VOCs NO2
NO2 + uvNO + O
9 A. M. 11 A.M. (traffic decrease and Nitrogen oxides and VOCs reactforming Nitrogen dioxide)
2NO + O2 2NO2
11 A.M. 4 P.M. (sun is more intense, nitrogen dioxide is broken down tomake ozone)
NO2 + uv NO + O
O2 + O O3 Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water vapor to produce nitric acid and nitric
oxide.
3 NO2 + H2O 2 HNO3 + MP
Nitrogen dioxide can react with VOCs to produce toxic PANs (peroxacylnitrates)
NO2 + VOCs PANs Sun goes down and the production of ozone is halted.
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Air Pollution in Different Countries
Mexico: Mexico Citys airquality is the worst in the world. Geography is a basin that traps
pollutants
How to fix it?
Incentives for using cleaner fuels,catalytic converters, restriction
on when to drive, improvingenvironmental regulations.
http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/mexico/cities.htm -
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Air Pollution in Different Countries
Chile: Santiago is oneof the most pollutedcities in the world. Lies in the middle of a
valley
Factors that make itworse
Weather, growingeconomy, rapid urbanexpansion, andemissions from factories
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Air Pollution in Different Countries
China Has 7 of the 10most polluted cities.
Sulfur dioxide and soot
from coal combustionare the two major airpollutants.
Acid Rain affects about1/3 of the land area
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Air Pollution in Different Countries
India: New Delhi isone of the top tenmost polluted cities.
Vehicular emissionsand untreatedindustrial smoke arethe two major sources
of air pollution.
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Techniques For Improving AirQuality
1. Emphasize pollution prevention and improvementwith a reward system and set legislative standards
2. Phase out the use of fossil fuels over a reasonabletime-frame through incentives, and support
research for alternative energy3. Establish worldwide programs of sharingantipollution technology with developing countries.
4. Using filtering systems at industrial sites
5. Use catalytic converters in cars and other forms oftransportation
6. Modify building codes to control materials use inconstruction
7. Develop and encourage mass transit
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Human Impact on AtmosphereCause Effect
Burning fossil fuels Adds CO2 and O3troposphere
Altering climates
Produces acid rain
Using nitrogen fertilizersand burning fossil fuels
Releases NOx intotroposphere
Produces acid rainRefining petroleum andburning fossil fuels
Releases SO2 intotroposphere
Manufacturing Releases toxic heavymetals into troposphere
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