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Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes
09. Oktober 2008
Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes
Wissenschaftstag 2008
Presented by
Dr. Klaus Edelmann,Bernd Räckers, Dr. Benjamin L. FarmerAirbus M&P Composite Technology
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Nano-ratio
A 380 Span: 79,8 m
Clip dimensions:Part-Length: 130 mmThickness: 2,17 mmLaminat thickness: 0,31 mm 1,2 nm
1:250.000 1:250.000
CNT diameter:1-10 nm
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Airbus Intelligent Airframe Concept
• Future Airbus airframes will require high performance, robust and cost-efficient, multi-functional materials for maintenance-free, actively controlled and environmentally-friendly aircraft structures
• Stepwise introduction of Nanotechnology could impact all areas of airframe design, manufacture and assembly
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Nanocomposite developments
• Nano-augmented
• Nano-engineered
• Nano-enabled
• Airbus has three step-wise approaches to nanocomposite developments
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Nano-augmented composites – functional applications
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Nano-augmentation
• For Airbus, the aim is to augment existing or new aircraft materials and structures with nanomaterials with significantly enhanced properties, enabling:
Improvement of the structural and functional performance, and therefore
Reduction of weight and cost
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Nano-augmentation – approach
Nanocomposite: a multiphase compound, containing a secondary(or tertiary) filler phase which is a nanomaterial (nanofiller)
Polymeric (thermoplastic or thermoset), or metallic matrix filler (optional)
1. Three dimensional particles
2. Plate-like
3. Fibres and tubes
L
L
L
Nano-sized reinforcement, L < 100 nm
Filler
Multi-scale composites
Augmentation of conventional long-fibrecomposites
+ =
Nanoreinforcedpolymer CF Fabric Nanocomposite
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Nano-augmentation- opportunity for improvements
Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites
1. Mechanical PropertiesIncreased ModulusIncreased StrengthIncreased Impact/Toughness
6. Thermal PropertiesIncreased HDT and StabilityEnhanced ConductivityControlled CTE
5. Tribological PropertiesIncreased Surface HardnessReduced Wear RateScratch Resistance
4. Electrical PropertiesConductivityElectrostaticsEMI ShieldingEMH Protection
2. Barrier PropertiesReduced Moisture AbsorptionIncreased Chemical ResistanceReduced Gaseous Diffusion
3. Fire RetardancyReduced Burn-ThroughEnhanced FST PropertiesIncreased Charring
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Electrical bonding & grounding requires current return via airframe. Current concept are based on a metallic ‘Electrical Structure Network’.
The challenge of electrical bonding & grounding
Raceways Metallic strips (CFRP frames
bonding)
Seat tracks & cargo floor
Only metallic parts shown
The non-metallic composites airframe must ensure a sufficient electricalconductivity through novel design concept or electrical conductivecomposites.
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1.E-23 1.E-17 1.E-11 1.E-05 1.E+01 1.E+07
Metals
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon Fibres
CFRP Laminates
Sea Water
Glass
M21 Resin
Quartz
Teflon Conductivity (Siemens/m)
Carbon nanotubes: functional properties
• Density 1.8 – 2.0 g cc-1 (Ag, Cu = 10.5, 9.0 g cc-1)• Thermal Conductivity 1950 W m-1 K-1 (Ag, Cu = 429, 401 W m -1 K-1)• Aspect ratio 105 or more (Ag, Cu = ~ 1)
The combination of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, together with low density and high aspect ratio is very attractive
Percolating
Non-Percolating
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Lightning strike – direct effects
• Lightning strike direct effectsRapid evolution of energy
– Arc temperature many thousands ºC– Current manifests as heat through resistive heating
• The explosion of the plies at the arc attachment zone. • Degradation of the resin.
– Pressure wave (30-500 psi) accompanies the return stroke
Other challenges: At the assembly zone, the interface resistance can lead to particular damage such as sparking.
Damage resulting from lightning strike on an un-protected composite panel
For the protection of non-conducting
composite structure, the current state-of-the-art is sacrificial embedded woven
bronze mesh
Nano-augmented enhancements under
development
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Lightning indirect effects
• Method: Increase bulk resin conductivity by the addition of highly conducting carbon nanotubes
• Results:
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Nano-engineered composites – structural applications
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• Nanomaterials: a particle with at least one dimension of nano size, i.e. <100 nm
Exhibit remarkable and unique properties due to their size
Nanomaterials: potential for structural application
Nano particles - SiO2 , SiC, Si3N4, TiO2, Al203, ZnO, CaCO3, BaSO4
Layered structures – Layered silicates, exfoliated graphiteTubes/Rods – Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
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Carbon nanotube/nanofibre polymer composites
• Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes make them a very interesting reinforcement material
Small dimensions give high surface area per unit mass; increasing interaction with polymer
• A number of routes to productionSolution processing of composites
– Processing of composites based on thermosetsMelt processing of bulk compositesIn situ polymerisation processing
• Key to effective ‘reinforcement’ is a high degree of dispersion (and alignment) and optimised bonding
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Why carbon nanotubes?
steel
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Why carbon nanotubes?
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
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Interlaminar reinforcement
• Interlaminar Reinforcement (DCB Test)First results using highly imperfect NanostitchNext step is fabricate with ideal 20 μm nanostitch (grown recently)
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Intralaminar reinforcement
• Intralaminar Reinforcement (Short Beam Shear Test)
Thick laminates with aligned CNTs everywhere in matrix, no voids
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Nano-enabled composites – structural applications
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European Aeronautics: A VISION FOR 2020
• Aircraft and an air transport system that are responding to society’s needs, despite a three-fold increase in air transport
Because aircraft are cleaner, safer and quieter, can fly, land and taxi in all weather conditions and air traffic is very efficiently managed
• One of the Vision 2020 Targets:Reduction of CO2 by 50% and NOx by 80%
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Vision 2020: Nano-enabled composites
• Break-through technologies are required to meet Vision 2020 environmental targets
Nano-enabled (nano-only) composites may deliver such a break-through technology
Direct spinning of carbon nanotube fibres
Li, Y.-L., I.A. Kinloch, and A.H. Windle. 2004. Science 304(April 9):276–278.
Future Airbus airframes will require high performance, robust and cost-efficient, multi-functional materials for maintenance-free, actively controlled and environmentally-friendly aircraft structures
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Thank youfor your attention
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© AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS S.A.S.. No intellectual property rights are granted by the delivery of this document or the disclosure of its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied.
The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to explain the basis thereof.
AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.
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