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Allergic RhinitisUpdate 2008
Prof. Ralph Mösges
Otorhinolaryngologist and Allergologist
University Hospital of Cologne
An atopic family
Augustus Claudius Britanicus
Allergic Rhinitis Update 2008
• Epidemiology
• Etiology
• Mechanisms
• Management
C. von Pirquet
Are we trading oneepidemic against anotherone?
Asthma prevalence,children and young adults
%
0.01
100
1.0
10
0.1
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
Courtesy SGO Johansson
The problem
Prevalence of atopic conditions in 12-13 year olds1973* / 1988* / 1996**
30
25
20
15
10
5
0Asthma Rhinitis
%
Doubling every 8 years* Burr et al 1989 Arch Dis Child 64: 1452**Kaur et al 1997 Brit Med J
Allergy is more present in the medical field
Rhinitis prevalencein the east of Germany
0,0%
0,5%
1,0%
1,5%
2,0%
2,5%
3,0%
3,5%
91-93 94-96 96-98
doubling every 3 years
1920 1960 2000
The cohort effect„allergy decreases with age“
When does Allergy begin?
25%
Allergy is an transmissible disease!
Riskfactor spouse/husband
The Causes of Allergic Rhinitis
The Causes of allergic rhinitis
• Genes
• Hygene
• Environmental exposure
• Vaccination studies!
The mechanisms
Some mediators of allergy
SerotoninSerotoninAdenosineAdenosineNitric oxideNitric oxideSuperoxideSuperoxidePeroxynitritePeroxynitrite
PGEPGE22PGIPGI22PGFPGF22ααPGDPGD22TxATxA22LTDLTD44HPETEsHPETEsdidi--HETESHETESLipoxinsLipoxinsPAF PAF
AChAChSPSPNKANKANPKNPKCGRPCGRPVIPVIPGalGalNPYNPY
EndothelinsEndothelinsBradykininBradykininKallidinKallidinC5aC5aC3aC3a
ILIL--11ββILIL--22ILIL--33ILIL--44ILIL--55ILIL--66ILIL--77ILIL--99ILIL--1010ILIL--1111ILIL--1212ILIL--1313ILIL--1515ILIL--1616ILIL--1717ILIL--1818ILIL--nnnn
TNFTNF--ααGMGM--CSFCSFSCFSCFIFNIFN--γγOncostatinOncostatinLIFLIF
ILIL--88RANTESRANTESEotaxinEotaxin--11EotaxinEotaxin--22EotaxinEotaxin--33MIPMIP--11ααMCPMCP--11MCPMCP--22MCPMCP--33MCPMCP--44MDCMDCSDFSDF--11αα//ββTARCTARC
PDGFPDGFFGFFGFTGFTGF--ββEGFEGFVEGFVEGFBMPBMPIGFIGF
TryptaseTryptaseChymaseChymasehNEhNEMMPMMP--22MMPMMP--99
HistamineHistamine
Barnes PJ et al. Pharmacol Rev 1998
The mechanisms
• Dendritic cells
• T-reg cells
• Cytokines
• Chemokines
• Mediators
The management of AR
• Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Therapy
Diagnostics
• Anamnesis
• Skin test
• NPT / CPT
• Lab Test– IgE
–Basophils
Diagnostics
• Micro-Array-Technology
Prevalence of Allergies is Increasing
• >80 million people in Europe have some form of allergy1
• Research worldwide shows a steep rise in prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR)2
• Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis affects about 20% of the population globally3
• New sensitisations / Onset of allergic diseases also in elder patients
1. EFA. http://www.efanet.org/allergy/index.htnl;2. Green RJ. Current Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2003;
3. World Allergy Organization. http://www.worldallergy.org/media/globalstatistics.shtml
Exposure to Novel Outdoor Allergensis also Increasing
• Spread of invasive, non-native plant species has increased
– increase in ragweed and birch pollen allergen in Europe1, 2, 3
1.1. AseroAsero R. Allergy 2002 R. Allergy 2002
2.2. LaaidiLaaidi M. et al. Ann M. et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Allergy Asthma ImmunolImmunol20032003
3.3. KlimekKlimek L. et al. HNO 2006L. et al. HNO 2006
Evolution of Ambrosia pollen concentrations
1989 1997
20082008
Exposure to Novel Outdoor Allergens - Consequences
• Previously non-allergic individuals may develop allergies
• Previously allergic individuals may become polysensitised
Allergic Rhinitis is often causedby polysensitisation
05
1015202530354045
1 2 3 4 5+number of triggers
% p
atie
nts
Valovirta E. Curr Opinion Allergy Immunol; in press
Moderate-severeone or more items
. abnormal sleep
. impairment of daily activities, sport, leisure
. abnormal work
Persistent . > 4 days per week. and > 4 weeks
Mildnormal sleep
& no impairment of daily activities, sport, leisure
& normal work and school
& no troublesomesymptoms
Intermittent. ≤ 4 days per week. or ≤ 4 weeks
ARIA Classification
in untreated patients
Allergic rhinitis complaintsARIA Classification
Persistent Mild5.35%
Intermittent Mild22.9%
Persistent Moderate/severe
30.79%
Intermittent Moderate/severe
40.96%
Bachert C, Belgian Survey 2004
What is today‘s situation?
40%
Take your patient seriously!Among the 295 matched patient-physicianrecords, the physicians rated 4.8% of the patientsas having severe allergic rhinitis, while 14.8% of the patients gave themselves such a rating. Thephysicians gave a rating of mild to 43.5% of patients, while 31.3% of patients self-rated theirdisease as mild. Moderate ratings were given by51.7% of physicians and 54.0% of patients. Physicians reported sleep disturbance in 23.4%,compared with such reports by 47.2% of patients.
Today’s Allergies RequireNew Treatment Strategies
PollutionPollution↑↑ SensitisationSensitisation↑↑ ResponsivenessResponsiveness↑↑ AllergenicityAllergenicity
Indoor lifestyle / Indoor lifestyle / Novel AllergensNovel AllergensPerennial exposurePerennial exposurePolysensitisationPolysensitisation
NeuroimmunologicalNeuroimmunologicalfactorsfactors
↑↑ SensitisationSensitisation↑↑ ManifestationManifestation
Severe symptomsSevere symptoms Persistent symptomsPersistent symptoms
Need for new treatment strategiesNeed for new treatment strategies
Therapy
Leuko-trienreceptor-antagonists
Dekongestants
Allergen-specific
Immunotherapy
Cromones
Antihistamines
Glukocortico-steroids
Drug-therapy
Anti-IgE
Treatment of allergic rhinitis (ARIA)
Allergen and irritant avoidanceAllergen and irritant avoidance
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy
Intra-nasal decongestant (< 10 days) or oral decongestantIntra-nasal decongestant (< 10 days) or oral decongestant
Local cromoneLocal cromone
Oral or local non-sedative H1-blockerOral or local non-sedative H1-blocker
Intra-nasal steroidIntra-nasal steroid
Mildintermittent
Mildintermittent
Moderatesevere
intermittent
Moderatesevere
intermittent
Mildpersistent
Mildpersistent
Moderatesevere
persistent
Moderatesevere
persistent
ARIA guidelines
New ARIA Guideline
Meta-Analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials
-0,7
-0,6
-0,5
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
0
0,1
Fexofenadin Cetirizin Levocetirizin Ebastin Rupatadin Mizolastin Desloratadin Loratadin
Antihistaminikum
Effe
ktm
aß
no comedicationcomedication
Monotherapy
0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00 9,00
Baselinevalue nasal sum score
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
Mea
n im
prov
emen
t of n
asal
sum
sco
re
p < 0.001
Monotherapy
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
Mea
n im
prov
emen
t of n
asal
sum
sco
re
n=12708
3,69
n=1820
3,31
no comedication comedication
0,001,00
Spray or steroid
0 1 2 3
n=3405
0,76
n=75
0,44
n=4381
1,45
n=156
0,97
n=2592
2,13
n=210
1,79
n=2686
-0,03
n=29
-0,10
Mea
n im
prov
emen
t of c
onge
stio
n
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
Congestion
Prophylactic treatmentim
pairm
ent
5%
30%
37%
7-10%
16-20%
Anti leucotriens
Local steroids
Anti H1SLIT Tablets
SIT vs symptomatic drugsEfficacy of symptomatic drugs in rhinitis(improvement vs placebo)
SCIT
Source : Wilson study quoted by S. Duhram ( JACI 2006)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Durham et al,75.000 SQ-T
Dahl et al,75.000 SQ-T
Mösges et al,300 IR
Didier, 300 IR
Red
uktio
n im
Ver
glei
ch z
u P
lace
bo (%
) SymptomscoreMedikationsscore
1. Dahl R, Kapp A, Colombo G, Monchy J, Rak S, Emminger W, Rivas MF, Ribel M, Durham SR (2006) Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy with grass allergen tablets for seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118:434-440
2. Didier A (2006) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multinational, multi-centre, Phase IIb/III study of the efficacy and safetyof three doses of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) administered as tablets* once daily to patients suffering from grass pollen rhinoconjunctivitis. In: XXV EAACI Congress Vienna
3. Durham SR, Yang WH, Pedersen MR, Johansen N, Rak S (2006) Sublingual immunotherapy with once-daily grass allergen tablets: A randomized controlled trial in seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:802-809
4. Mösges et al.: Eigene Auswertung
73%
Most frequent related adverse events (AE)Incidence of at least 5 % (safety population)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ear pruritus Oedema mouth Oral pruritus Tongue oedema Throat irritation
% o
f pat
ient
s
Placebo 100 IR 300 IR 500 IRN=156 N=157 N=155 N=160
38%
• No serious AE were related to treatment
Intra-lymphnodal-IT
• Randomized controlled study
• n=154
• 3 injections à 1000 SQas efficient as
• 3 years with injections of 4.000.000 SQ
• Less side effects
10 points to remember1. Allergic rhinitis is a major chronic respiratory disease due to its:
prevalenceimpact on quality of lifeimpact on work/school performance and productivityeconomic burdenlinks with asthma
2. In addition, allergic rhinitis is associated with sinusitis and other co-morbidities such as conjunctivitis
3. Allergic rhinitis should be considered as a risk factor for asthma alongwith other known risk factors
4. A new subdivision of allergic rhinitis has been proposed:Intermittent – persistent
5. The severity of allergic rhinitis has been classified as mild ormoderate/severe depending on the severity of symptoms and quality
of life outcomes
10 points to remember6. Depending on the subdivision and severity of allergic rhinitis, a stepwise
therapeutic approach has been proposed
7. The treatment of allergic rhinitis combines:allergen avoidance (when possible)pharmacotherapyimmunotherapyEducation
8. Patients with persistent allergic rhinitis should be evaluated for asthmaby history, chest examination and, if possible and when necessary, theassessment of airflow obstruction before and after bronchodilator
9. Patients with asthma should be appropriately evaluated (history and physical examination) for rhinitis
10. A combined strategy should ideally be used to treat the upper and lowerairway diseases in terms of efficacy and safety
5 points to remember• Think of allergy in sinusitis patients
• Longer treatment duration• Continuous treatment
• Avoid combinations, they reduce patients‘compliance
• Use potent compounds
KISS –KeepItSimple &Small
Allergic RhinitisUpdate 2008
Prof. Ralph Mösges
Otorhinolaryngologist and Allergologist
University Hospital of Cologne
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