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2019 MG Soil/Fert 8
Raised Beds
Natural vs. Container Soils
AllSolids
Air
Water
Organic Matter
Water
Solids
Air
Water Movement in
Raised Beds and Containers
Soil
Saturated zone
Perched Water Table
“Raised bed mix”
Native Soil
Saturated zone
Air and Water Movement
Transition
Added “Soil”
Native Soil
Soil Compaction in Containers
Compressed Soil
18 inches
andRaised Beds
2019 MG Soil/Fert 9
Filling a Raised Bed
• Chicken manure
•Worm castings
• Veggie compost
• Dairy compost
•Mushroom compost
• Forest compost
Container Soils
Natural vs. Container Soils
AllSolids
Air
Water
Organic Matter
Water
Solids
Air
Here’s what happens
Less
actual
soil
volume
Up‐potting
Impact of pot size on re‐potting
Soil:Container Relationship
Greenhousecontainer
Color bowl
Seedling tray
2019 MG Soil/Fert 10
Container Soil Estimates Fertilizers
Why Do We Feed Plants,
anyway?
No amount of fertilizer can make up for
planting mistakes
– Sun
–Water
– Weeding
– Placement
Essential Elements• From air and water
carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O)
•Macroelementsnitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) potassium (K)
• Secondary elementssulfur (S) calcium (Ca) magnesium (Mg)
•Micronutrientsboron (B) manganese (Mn) chlorine (Cl) copper (Cu) iron (Fe) zinc (Zn)molybdenum (Mo)
Plant Nutrient Requirements
•Nitrogen 100.0 120.0
•Phosphorus 6.0 24.8
•Calcium 12.5 1.0
•Iron 0.2 0.06
•Zinc 0.03 0.10
Tomato Corn
lbs. per acre
2019 MG Soil/Fert 11
Nutrient Deficiency
Iron Deficient
Phosphorus Deficient
Photo: Alandman
sonPhD
Photo: Fran
k Vince
ntz
CCA‐SA 3.0
PNW Plant Disease Management Handbook – online and hard copy
Nutrient Disorders in Tree Fruits (PNW 121‐E)
Influencing Nutrient Availability
•Nutrient‐holding ability of soil
–Texture, organic matter
•Impact of other nutrients
•Nutrient form
•Temperature of soil
•Acidity of soil ‐ pH
Nutrients, Roots, and Soil
__
_
__
_
_
_
__
_
Ca++
Mg++
K+
H+
Organic Matter Particle
Organic Matter Particle
Soil Particle
Soil Particle Zn++
SO4-
(CA Fertilizer Assoc)
Soil pH and Nutrient Availability
Nailing pH Down
Method Soil 1 Soil 2 Soil 3Laboratory 7.9 6.3 5.6Portable pH meter 7.7 6.3 5.5Color kit 8.0 6.5 5.5pH probe 6.0 6.0 6.0
Changing Soil pH•Raising pH
– Lime (5 lb. per 100 sq.ft. per year)
– Wood ashes(1.5 lb. per 100 sq.ft. per year)
• Lowering pH
– Ammonium sulfate
– Sulfur‐coated urea
– Aluminum sulfate
– Sulfur (max. 5 lb. per 100 sq.ft.)
2019 MG Soil/Fert 12
Ensuring Plant Nutrition
Conserve what we have
Reduce erosion and leaching•Cover soil/water management
Recycle them •Compost/cover crops
Maintain optimum pH
Ensuring Plant Nutrition
What’s there already?
Ensuring Plant NutritionAdding what we need
OSU Publication:Fertilizer and Lime Materials (FG 52)
Organic Material as Fertilizer
•Low in overall nutrients
•Long‐lasting? gentle‐feeding?
•Build‐up of phosphorus
•Sawdust, bark dust, pine needles, straw
– Can tie up nitrogen, if uncomposted
Fertilizer FormulationsSpikes, tabs, and sticks
Soluble powders
Slow‐release
Dry granules
Liquids
Convenience!
Reading the Label
• The analysis is the percentage of N‐P‐K
• In this package, the analysis is 5‐5‐5
• The ratio is 1‐1‐1
2019 MG Soil/Fert 13
How will you choose?
Choose by form of nutrients
Slow‐release vs. Fast‐acting
Choose by source of nutrients
Synthetic vs. Natural
Natural – Organic – SyntheticWhat does it really mean?
–Consumers
–Environmental Protection Agency
–US Department of Agriculture
–Private certifying agencies
–State fertilizer regulations
Synthetics and Organics•Advantages
– Compact
– Tailored
– Consistent
•Disadvantages
– Use oil/natural gas
– Mined/processed
•Advantages
– Use wastes
– Nutrient‐diverse
– Add OM to soil
– Feed microbes
•Disadvantages
– Bulky
– Mined/crushed
– Weed seeds
– Variable
– Odor
Fertilizer Side PanelTotal Nitrogen (N) ……………………………… 5.0%
2.0% Ammoniacal Nitrogen0.6% Water Soluble Nitrogen2.4% Water Insoluble Nitrogen
Available Phosphate (P2O5) ….……….……… 8.0%Soluble Potash (K2O) …………….………………4.0%
Derived from: dried poultry waste; alfalfa meal; ammonium sulfate; ammonium phosphate; sulfate of potash magnesia; calcium and sodium borate; ferrous, manganese, and zinc oxides; sodium molybdate.
Look at the packagesWhat is analysis?What is ratio?
Can you find organic, natural, or synthetic ingredients?
What is the product used for? and why?
20# bag of Tree Food
How much quick‐acting nitrogen is in the bag?
Percentage_______
Pounds _______
Which ingredients are:
Natural _______
Organic _______
Synthetic _______
2019 MG Soil/Fert 14
Humic acids
Amino acids
Environmentally‐friendly
And what about . . .Probiotic
Vitamins
Balanced
Complete
Healthy
Enhanced
Added Microbes
• Mycorrhizae
• Bacteria
Choosing a FertilizerWhat are you using it on?
•Ornamental trees – lower requirement–Wide‐ranging root system
– Not an intensive crop
•Vegetable garden – higher requirement–Maximum crop desired
– Short season of growth
Fertilizing
Guidelines: Stop feeding in late summer Feed after bloom Feed after flush of blooms for repeat bloomers
Keep fertilizer off plant crown/trunk Water in slowly – prevent run-off into street Organic fertilizer can take months to break down completely
Trees New – at planting N-P-K as directed on package or soil test Mulch Existing Primarily nitrogen in spring Mulch
Containers As recommended on package Slow-release Natural or synthetic Soluble
Veggies/Fruit – at planting and as directed Beans, peas Can make their own nitrogen First year in a new spot – inoculate seed or add nitrogen Greens Mostly nitrogen Most herbs Light nitrogen, if any Strawberries June-bearing Heavy after flowering ‘til August Ever-bearing Soluble – weekly light feeding ‘til August Natural – monthly feeding ‘til August Raspberries March-April, May, then June
Flowers Soluble – weekly light feeding ‘til August Natural – monthly feeding ‘til August
Bulbs New – at planting Bulb fertilizer with N-P-K – not just bone meal Plants need everything Existing Spring – compost mulch, slow-release plant food Fall – compost mulch, slow-release plant food
Many perennials – peony, hosta, hellebore, daylily Spring feeding and organic mulch
Shrubs Azaleas and rhododendrons Before bloom and after bloom Organic mulch Camellia Early spring, and an organic mulch Heathers Early spring and later spring Hydrangea Early spring and early summer Blue color – acid soils Pink color – plant in container pH above 6.0 extra phosphorus Lawns Mostly nitrogen 3 to 4 times per year (unless using a mulching mower)
What fertilizers could be used? At planting? Yearly?
1. Lawn
2. Arborvitae hedge
3. Raised beds
4. Fruit orchard
5. Blueberries and raspberries
6.Veggies
Fertilizer fun?
or not enough nitrogen?
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