america before independence
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8/7/2019 America before Independence
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Colonial Turmoil
And the Path to Independence
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Means of Political Interactions
Taverns
± On roads
± Social institutions
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Means of Political Communication
John Peter Zenger
± New York Weekly Journal
± Freedom of press?
Not yet
Libel if true
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Map of Europe, 1715
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Legacy of Scientific Revolution
natural philosophers of S. Revolution
Key word of S. Revolution is reason
Could apply reason (and scientific ways of
thinking) to human nature and society
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Isaac Newton and John Locke
Apply Newtons Laws of Reason to human
society
John Lockes t abula rosa (blank mind)
± Knowledge is from environment and reason
±
Changing the environment means changingsociety
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Philosophes
Intellectuals of French Enlightenment
Power of human logic and rationality todiscover natural laws governing economy,
politics, society, and judicial system
Protestant Reformation focus study and
individual conscience paved way
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Pierre Bayle
French Protestant
God is incomprehensible to man
Religious toleration presence of many
religions would benefit, not harm, the state
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Travel Literature
Cultural relativism - The position that there
is no universal standard to measure cultures
by, and that all cultures are equally valid and
must be understood in their own terms.
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Paris, capital of the Enlightenment
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Evolution of Thought
Scientific lawscan discovernatural laws
NewtonNewton
Reason appliedto natural laws
LockeLocke Reason and
sense experiencecan create abetter world
PhilosophesPhilosophes
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The Enlightenment The Phi losophes
± Baron de Montesquieu
(1689-1755) ± FrançoisMarie Arouet
Voltaire (1694-1778)
± Denis Diderot (1713-84)
± Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712-78)
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Montesquieu
Charles de Secondat,
baron de Montesquieu
1689-1755
T he Spi r it of the Laws
(1750)
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Montesquieu, Spi r it of the Laws
an original classification of governments by
their manner of conducting policy
± argument for the separation of the legislative,
judicial, and executive powers
theory of the political influence of climate
profoundly influenced European and
American political thought
± relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution
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Montesquieu, Spi r it of the Laws
applied in government
System of checks
and balances
Separation of
powers
British political system(and US Constitution)
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François-Marie Arouet
(Voltaire)
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Voltaire
believed reason and educating the illiterate
masses would lead to progress
C and i de (1759)
± common sense conclusion that we must "cultivate
our garden"
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Voltaire
"écrasez l'infâme," or "crush the infamous
± refers to abuses to the people by royalty and the
clergy that Voltaire, and superstition and
intolerance
"Superstition sets the whole world in flames;
philosophy quenches them
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DeismDeism
Philosophy of religionPhilosophy of religion
Reason and observation of natural
world
Reason and observation of natural
world
Set universe inmotion
Set universe inmotion
Does notintervene in
human affairs
Does notintervene in
human affairs
Supreme being
created universe
Supreme being
created universe
Does notinterfere withnatural laws
Does notinterfere withnatural laws
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Deism
God is Supreme
Architect
God is Supreme
Architect
No revealed
religion, religious
authority or holy
books
No revealed
religion, religious
authority or holy
books
England, France,
United States and
Ireland
England, France,
United States and
Ireland
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Famous Deists
John Adams
Ethan Allen
Benjamin Franklin
Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
JamesMadison
GouverneurMorris
Thomas Paine
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Deism vs. Protestantism
This faith alone, when based upon the sure
promises of God, must save us; as our text
clearly explains. ± Martin Luther
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Thomas Jefferson
We are saved by our good works, which are
within our power, and not by our faith, which
is not in our power.
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Denis Dierot, 1713-1784
Very critical of Christianity
All human behavior is
determined by heredity
Warned against blind
optimism of growth of
physical knowledge and belief
in automatic social and
human progress
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Swiss, 1712-1778
Di scourse on the Or igi n and Foundati ons of Inequal it y (1754)
± the natural, moral state of man had beencorrupted by society
T he Soci al C ont ract (1762) ± famous opening line, "Man is born free; and
everywhere he is in chains."
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Rousseau, Di scourse on Inequal it y
The first man who had fenced in a piece of land,said "This is mine," and found people naïve
enough to believe him, that man was the truefounder of civil society. From how many crimes,wars, and murders, from how many horrors and
misfortunes might not any one have savedmankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the
ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of
listening to this impostor; you are undone if youonce forget that the fruits of the earth belong tous all, and the earth itself to nobody.
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Rousseau, T he Soci al C ont ract
Sovereignty
The power to makelaws
Sovereignty
The power to makelaws
In the hands of thepeople
In the hands of thepeople
opposed to idea peopleshould exercisesovereignty via
representative assembly
opposed to idea peopleshould exercisesovereignty via
representative assembly
ensures they obeythemselves because they
are the authors of thelaw
ensures they obeythemselves because they
are the authors of thelaw
The real sovereign is thelaw
The real sovereign is thelaw
the city state, e.g.Geneva, was a model
the city state, e.g.Geneva, was a model
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The Scottish Enlightenment Adam Smith (1723-90)
± T he Weal th of Nati ons,
1776
± Attack on
merchantilism
± Advocate of free trade
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Adam Smith and lai ssez-fai reMercantilism:
system of political economy
based on nationalpolicies of accumulating
bullion, establishing
colonies and a merchant
marine, and developing
industry and mining toattain a favorable
balance of trade through
government regulation
laissez-faire:
opposes governmentalregulation of orinterference in
commerce beyond theminimum necessary fora free-enterprise system
to operate according toits own economic laws
The Invisible Hand
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What does this look like in the
geopolitical sphere?
Arguments against slavery
Punishment as deterrent
± E.g. prison over public executions
± rehabilitation
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The Enlightenment in America Observation,
experiment,
reason, new
thinking
Ben Franklin
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BenF
ranklin Franklin stove
Lightening rod
Founded a library
Fire company
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The Thirty Years War (1618 1648)
A series of wars in central Europe beginning in1618 that stemmed from conflict betweenProtestants and Catholics and political strugglesbetween the Holy Roman Empire and other
powers
Conflict begins between Catholics (Habsburg) andCalvinists (Bohemia) ± Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain join in
Peace of Westphalia (1648) End of the Holy Roman Empire
± Social and Economic effects debated
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The Thirty Years War
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The Decline of Spain
Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607
Philip III (1598 1621)
Philip IV (1621 1665)
± Gaspar de Guzman and attempts at reform
The Thirty Years War
± Expensive military campaigns
± Civil War ± The Netherlands lost
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England and the Emergence of
ConstitutionalMonarchy
Revolution and Civil War
James I (1603 1625) and the House of Stuart ± Divine Right of Kings
± Parliament and the power of the purse
± Religious policies
The Puritans
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Charles I
Charles I (1625 1649)
± Petition of Right
1628) Petition sent by Parliament to King Charles I complaining of a series of breaches of law
sought recognition of four principles: ± no taxation without the consent of Parliament
± no imprisonment without cause
± no quartering of soldiers on subjects,
± no martial law in peacetime
» Charles was compelled to accept the petition, but he later ignored its
principles.
± Personal Rule (1629 1640): Parliament does not meet
± Religious policy angers Puritans
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Civil War (1642 1648)
Oliver Cromwell
NewModel Army
Charles I executed (January 30, 1649) Parliament abolishes the monarchy
Cromwell dies (1658)
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Restoration & a Glorious Revolution
Charles II (1660 1685) ± Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
we cannot but heartily wish, as it will easily be believed, that all the people of
our dominions were members of the Catholic Church.
Test Act (1673) Only Anglicans could hold military andcivil offices
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William and Mary
Mary and William of Orange offered throne(1689) ± Bill of Rights
no catholics or wife or husband of a catholic could become
king or queen one restriction on royal power: ability of a monarch to
maintain an army in peace time
confirmed that parliamentary debate and elections shouldbe free; Parliament should meet regularly
condemned manipulation of juries affirmed the rights of law abiding citizens in face of royal
power
± The Toleration Act of 1689
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Responses to the Revolution
Thomas Hobbes (1588 1679)
± Leviathan (1651)
± People form a commonwealth
±
People have no right to rebel John Locke (1632 1704)
± Two Treatises of Government
± Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property
±
People and Sovereign form a government ± If government does not fulfill its duties, people have the
right to revolt
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Meanwhile, during the English Civil
War . . .
Dutch shipping companies taken over trade
with English colonies
± Oliver Cromwell persuaded Parliament to pass
Navigation Act (1651)
All goods imported by England or colonies arrive on
English ships
± Crewed by English
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Meanwhile, during the English Civil
War . . .
Navigation Act of 1660
± Ship crews ¾ English
± Raw materials from
colonies shipped only to
England or other
colonies
Tobacco, cotton, sugar
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Then . . .
Navigation Act of 1663
± All ships carrying goods
from Europe to America
must dock in England, beoffloaded, pay a duty
before going to Americas
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Then . . .
Navigation Act of 1673
± Plantation Duty Act
± Every captain loading
raw materials in coloniespay a duty on them
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Looking at all of this together . . .
Enlightenment and mans natural rights
Bill of Rights and Toleration Act limit
monarchys powers and some freedom of
worship
Overthrow of James II sets precedent for
monarchial overthrow
Locke when natural rights violated, right to
overthrow monarch and change government
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