american psychological association (apa) formatting guidelines developed for florida gulf coast...
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American Psychological Association
(APA) Formatting Guidelines
Developed for Florida Gulf
Coast UniversityBy Writing
Center Staff
APA Style is used in research writing for several majors. Always check with your professor if you’re not sure which format to use.
BusinessEducation
CriminologyEconomicsPsychologySociologyNursing
• Header should read “Running head:” followed by shortened title in capitals, followed by the page number:
Running head: PRIMARY EDUCATION 1• The running head should be no more than 50 characters
(including spaces and punctuation)• Full title (12 or fewer words) should be centered in the upper
half of the page• Title is followed by student’s name and university.
Title page
Title page
Running head: SHORT TITLE ALL CAPS IN HEADER 1 1
Full Title of Paper: Sentence Case, Centered Left to Right
Name of Student Author
Name of University
No more than 50 characters
Full title is centered in upper half of the page
Abstracts
When required, an abstract should be placed on the page immediately following the title page.
• Indicate the thesis and main points of the paper.• Touch on the conclusions or implications of the research.• Do not indent on the first line.
Abstract
Source: Lambert, S., et al. (2005). Risk factors for community violence exposure in adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology. 36(1-2), pp. 29-49.
Brief summary describing purpose and findings of the paper
Average length 150- 250 words Written as a single paragraph
with no indentations Word “Abstract” centered at the
top Includes a header (title and
page number)
RISK FACTORS 2
Abstract
Community violence is
recognized as a significant
public health problem. However,
only a paucity of research has
examined risk factors for
community violence exposure
across domains relevant to
adolescents or using longitudinal
data. This study examined youth
aggressive behavior in relation
to community violence.
Page FormattingFont Times New Roman 12-point Margins 1 inchSpacing double 5-space indent at
the beginning of each paragraph
Justification Left
INTERACTIVE CONFLICT
5
Begun primarily with the focus on the study of peace and
prevention of war (Harty & Modell, 1991), the field of conflict
resolution has since expanded its influence to all spheres
from family, to business and community, to international
relations.
The effort, in fact, has been to shift international conflict
resolution from being primarily the domain of the government
and the military to that of social scientists.
The most difficult aspect of intergroup and international
conflicts is their tendency to become protracted. Azar (1990)
suggests that such conflicts occur “when communities are
deprived of satisfaction of their basic needs on the basis of
their communal identity” (p. 12).
Paraphrase
Writers cannot claim the words OR ideas of another as their own.
Each time you paraphrase another author (put his or her ideas in your own words or summarize a passage), you must credit the source in the text.
Paraphrase
In your own words
Cite with author and year of publication
Critics of the workshops again called into question the applicability of a
very intense method of human-relations training (the Tavistock model)
to the situations of sensitive and volatile intergroup relations (Fisher,
1997).
Appears exactly the way it does in the original text Surrounded by quotation marks Cited with author, year of publication, and page number. If no page number, use paragraph number.
Short quotesfewer than 40 words
Azar (1990) suggests that such conflicts occur when “communities are
deprived of satisfaction of their basic needs on the basis of their
communal identity” (para. 12).
Such conflicts occur when “communities are deprived of satisfaction of
their basic needs on the basis of their communal identity” (Azar, 1990,
p. 12).
Short quotesfewer than 40 words
Block Quotes
• Longer than 40 words
• No quotation marks
• Starts on a new line
• Double-spaced
• Whole quote indented ½”
• Citation after the period
Block Quote
Contrary to conclusions reported by Dylan (1979) and Forbes
(1980), new research demonstrated many things about placebo
effects on behaviors. The placebo effect, which had been
verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors
were studied in this manner. Earlier
studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a
placebo effect. (Smith, 1982, p. 234)
Such future work must be both methodologically and
scientifically sound.
Citing multiple authors
Use ‘&’ in parenthetical citations One author
Two authors
Three to five authors (first citation)
• Six and more authors
Jones and Smith (2000) or (Jones & Smith, 2000)
(Williams, Jones, Smith, & Torrington, 2003)
(Williams et al., 2003)
Smith (2002) or (Smith, 2002)
Citing an indirect sourceName the original source in your signal phrase.List the secondary source in your reference listInclude the secondary source in the parentheses.
Levine (1998) (as cited in Barr, 2000) feels that students often fail to
maximize their potential.
Reference list: Use secondary source (Barr).
Citing using titleswhen no author is listed
Book title
Article or chapter title
Organization name
(Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 2000)
(“Rats and Placebos,” 2003)
(National Institute of Mental Health, 2001)
Citation <---> ReferenceIn-text citations must always match with the reference entries:
In-text Citation
Reference Entry
“The club-and-bar scene is a new addition to the [student fun] list” (Levine
& Cureton, 1998).
Levine, A., & Cureton, J. (1998). When hope and fear collide: A portrait of
today’s college student. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.
ReferencesAlphabetize by author’s last name Double-spaceHanging indent for each entryArticle title - only capitalize first wordBook title - italicize, only capitalize first word Journal title - italicize and capitalize all words
References GUIDE TO WRITING 5
References
Fine, M., & Kurdek, L. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and
authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. American
Psychologist, 48, 1141-1147.
GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.gatech.edu/gvu/ usersurveys/survey1
Nicol, A., & Pexman, P. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical guide for
creating tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
ResourcesTutorial about APA style
• http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm
Sample APA paper
• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf
For more information
please refer to the APA Manual or
go to or go to www.apastyle.org
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