american revolution declaration of independence shot heard around the world constitution federal...

Unit 2 causes of the american revolution

American Revolution Declaration of Independence Shot Heard around the World Constitution Federal Govt takes shape George Washington alliance with the

French

The French and Indian War

British Suggested that the colonies organize under a federal govt. This was called the Albany plan of union.

The French and Indian War was the British and its Indian allies and the French and its Indian allies.

Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1763. Ending French power in North America. Britain the loan super power in North America

Discontent

1763 Natives started attacking forts and towns

Proclamation of 1763- This limited western settlement from going across the Appalachians mountains

Taxes Sugar act- changed tax rates on sugar,

molasses imported from foreign colonies. (also silk, wine, coffee, pimento)

Taxation w/o represntation

Proclamation line of 1763

Stamp Act Crisis

Stamp act 1765- required for most printed material . Newspapers, pamphlets, wills, dice, and

playing cards

Declaratory act- which gave England the power to make laws for the colonies.

Townshend Acts- Charles Townshend introduced a new set of Regulations and taxes Revenue act of 1767- new customs

duties on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea. Allowed for writs of assistance- British officials

right to seize property without following due process.

Boston Massacre Sons of liberty encouraged colonist

to support the boycott of British goods.

1770 British troops fired into colonist in Boston killing a man named Crispus Attucks.

This became known as the Boston massacre.

Son’s of Liberty tarring and feathering tax collectors

Britain started intercepting colonist ships in the Atlantic ocean smuggling goods.

Thomas Jefferson- wanted colonies to create committee of correspondence-communication between colonies what Britain is doing. Unified colonies more

Boston Tea party

Dec. 1773 tea ships arrived from British east India company and colonist boarded ships and dumped tea in harbor. Became known as Boston tea party.

Boston Tea Party led to British passing the Intolerable acts. Boston harbor closed Military governor over Massachusetts Expanded Canadian boarder.

1st continental congress

First Continental congress met in Philadelphia. 1774 Wrote the declaration of rights and

Grievances- which expressed loyalty to the king but condemned the coercive acts.

A plan for every town to boycott British goods

Revolution Begins

. Town of concord created a special unit called the minutemen Minutemen- trained and ready to fight

the British at a minute’s warning.

Colonist divided

Loyalists- remained loyal to the king and felt British laws should be upheld. Govt. officials, merchants, landowners

Patriots- thought the British were tyrants. Artisans, farmers, planters, urban

workers

First shots of the war.

General Gage were going to seize a supply depot in concord.

To get there British army need to pass through Lexington.

Paul Revere and William Dawes were sent to Lexington to warn the people the British were coming (midnight Ride)

Dr. Samuel Prescott went to warn people of concord.

Midnight ride of Paul Revere

Shot Heard Around the World First shots of the war were at

Lexington . This is the shot heard around

the world. Concord there were about 400

minutemen. They pushed back the British.

Battle at bunker Hill Battle of bunker Hill- colonist turned

back two British advances. Proved colonist could stand with the

British army.

Decision for Independence

July 1775 Continental Congress sent the olive branch petition to the king. Stated the colonist were still loyal to the king

Same time radicals in Congress had ordered an attack on British troops in Quebec.

Thomas Paine wrote the pamphlet called common sense which inspired the colonist to call for independence.

July 4 1776 Committee approved a document Thomas Jefferson had wrote most of the Declaration of Independence

The continental congress issued the Declaration of independence

The American Revolution had begun.

The two sides

British Gen William Howe commander of a

disciplined, well grained, and well equipped British army.

Continental Army- Army of colonist George Washington commander Was inexperienced, poorly equipped and had

difficulty keeping soldiers

British army had to fight the continental army and local militias. Militias often used Guerilla warfare- hid

behind trees, walls and then ambushed troops British needed to win war quickly before

public opinion changed. .

Northern Campaign

George Washington planned unexpected winter attacks on the British mercenaries called Hessians at Trenton an Princeton, NJ

He Lead his troops across the Delaware river.

Continental Army camped at Valley Forge for the rest of the winter.

Conditions were terrible at valley forge but Washington trained his army

Saratoga- is where 5000 British troops were taken prisoners and was the turning point of the war. This convinced France to send troops

Feb 1778- Americans signed two treaties with France. France 1st country to recognize the U.S. as

independent country

War at sea

American Warships attacked British merchant ships to disrupt trade.

Congress issued letters of marque- licenses to private ships owners authorizing them to attack British merchant ships.

Southern Campaign

The British started focus attention on south, they thought they had more loyalist support

. Charles Cornwallis took over for Clinton in

south.

War in South

Battle at kings mountain- the militia destroyed the loyalist army. This battle was turning point of war in the south.

Francis Marion (swamp Fox)- most famous person who led hit and run raids on British camps.

We won the war.

Spring 1781 British invaded Virginia, hoping to keep the south

General Cornwallis linked up with Benedict Arnold to conquer Virginia.

Cornwallis troops had to retreat to Yorktown.

American and French troops surrounded Yorktown and the British surrendered on Oct 1781.

Treaty of Paris was signed on September3, 1783. British recognized the U.S. as a new nation

with Mississippi River as it western border.

Chapter 5 section 1

Nov 1777, continental congress adopted the articles of confederation. – loose union of that states under congress. 1st govt of United States

Articles- had power to declare war, raise armies and sign treaties .

National level could not impose taxes or regulate trade and only met once a year.

Shay’s rebellion- Massachusetts 1786 raised taxes

Farmers could not pay tax. Daniel shay led a rebellion with about 1200 farmers. They tried to seize a state arsenal.

This showed the weakness of the articles of confederation. Needed a stronger national govt.

Articles are Weak

Weaknesses Federal govt Could not tax Congress needed 9 states to pass a law Congress had no power to enforce laws Did not provide for a governor or courts States could ignore laws

United States won its independence from england. Peace treaty of Paris 1783.

People who supported a strong central govt. were called nationalist. Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander

Hamilton Virginia Plan

National govt. made up of 3 branches of Govt. Congress would be two houses(bicameral)

based on population Benefited large states.

New Jersey Plan

Wanted to Revise the articles to make central govt. stronger

Congress single house(unicameral) with each state having equal representation

Benefited small states

Compromises

Great Compromise House of Representatives- states represented

according to population Senate would have equal representation Voters elected house of representatives State legislature would choose the senators

Three-fifths compromise- for every five enslaved people they would count as three free person. Determining Representation and taxes

The new constitution would need 9 our of 13 states to ratify it.

3/5 and great compromises deal with representation in congress

Constitution

Constitution based on popular sovereignty- rule by the people.

Federalism- divided govt. between national and state

Separation of powers among the 3 branches Legislative- make laws(two houses) Executive – enforce laws Judicial –interpret

Montesquieu said need 3 branches (S o P)

5 Principles of the Constituion

1 .Checks and balances Keeps one branch from becoming to

powerful. Each branch can check or restrain the power of the other.

Amendments- change to constitutionProposal has to have 2/3 of

congressRatified by 3/4 of the states.

2. popular sovereignty- will of the people

3. Rule of law

Government is also limited by the rule of law. This means that the law applies to everyone

4. Separation of Powers

This split of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is called the separation of powers. Baron de Montesquieu came up with

separation of powers

5. Federalism

Under federalism, power is shared by the national government and the states. Americans must obey the laws of both.

Federalist- people who supported the constitution.

Antifederalists- opponents of the constitution. They wanted a bill or rights Example John Hancock and Patrick Henry

The federalist explained why the constitution should be ratified in The Federalist papers. Written by James Madison, Alexander

Hamilton and John Jay

George Washington and James Madison presented strong arguments at the Virginia convention for ratification

A bill of rights was added and Virginia ratified constitution

By 1788 all but two states had ratified the constitution .

Bill of rights is the first 10 amendments James Madison is known as the father of

the Constitution

George Washington became the 1st president. Alexander Hamilton became head of the

treasury department. Judicial branch and the first federal judges

was established. John jay 1st chief justice of supreme court.

Alexander Hamilton got the bank of the united states started by using the necessary and proper clause.

Whisky Rebellion- Hamilton got a tax on American Whisky.

Western farmers were mad and started a rebellion.

Washington had to send 13,000 troops in. This showed the new constitution

was strong not like the articles

First two political parties

Congress split over Hamilton’s financial plan

Federalist- (James Madison,Hamilton and John Adams) strong national govt. in the hands of the wealthy

Republicans- ( Jefferson)- believed strength came from its independent farmers.

Washington’s Foreign Policy

Civil war in France- known as the French revolution

1793 France Declared War on Britain. Washington issued a proclamation that

U.S. would be neutral .

Jay’s Treaty gave Britain right to seize American cargo U.S. got most-favored nation status-

American merchants would not be discriminated against when they traded with Britain

Pinkney’s treaty- gave the U.S. right to navigate the Mississippi and deposit goods in New Orleans.

Washington farewell address

Avoid sectionalism Warned against political parties Entangled alliances United States should be neutral

(policy of Neutrality)

French angered over jay’s treaty stopped American ships. Adams sent negotiators to France. This became known as XYZ affair

Wanted a bribe