an analysis of sentence structure in tennessee williams’ a
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Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009
AN ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ A
STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE
A THESIS
BY
YUN FRISKA IRENE GINTING
REG. NO. 070721007
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
MEDAN
2009
Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire” adalah suatu analisis struktur kalimat yang terdapat di dalam play A Streetcar Named Desire. Skripsi ini mengkaji struktur kalimat dengan mengunakan pendekatan sintaksis yang tergambar dalam diagram pohon. Adapun struktur kalimat yang terdapat di dalam skripsi ini dibagi menjadi empat kalimat yaitu kalimat sederhana, kalimat majemuk, kalimat komplek, dan kalimat majemuk – komplek. Metode yang digunakan dalam menganalisis data yaitu deskriptif kualitatif untuk memaparkan langkah – langkah yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data dan metode “purposive sampling” untuk pengumpulan data. Data – data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini dikutip dari play berbahasa Inggris karangan Tennessee Williams yang berjudul A Streetcar Named Desire. Di dalam play tersebut terdapat sebelas babak cerita, akan tetapi penulis menyeleksi enam babak cerita untuk dianalisis. Data yang telah dikumpulkan kemudian dihitung dengan mengunakan formula Bungin untuk mencari persentase masing – masing kalimat. Setelah melakukan penganalisisan, penulis memperoleh kesimpulan yaitu pertama, terdapat 373 kalimat di dalam play, kalimat yang mendominasi play adalah kalimat sederhana sebanyak 205 kalimat dengan persentase 54, 96%, di urutan kedua terdapat kalimat komplek sebanyak 107 kalimat dengan persentase 29, 69%, di urutan ketiga terdapat kalimat majemuk sebanyak 35 kalimat dengan persentase 9, 38%, dan di urutan terakhir terdapat kalimat majemuk – komplek sebanyak 26 kalimat dengan persentase 6, 97%. Kedua, play yang berjudul A Streetcar Named Desire adalah suatu karya sastra yang menarik untuk dibaca dari segi struktur kalimat yang terdapat di dalamnya.
Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to thank and praise to Jesus Christ who always
gives me blessing, health, spirit, patience, and also chance to complete this thesis. In
accomplishing this paper, the writer did not do it by myself but got much help and
support from lecturers and friends.
On this opportunity, the writer would like to express her best gratitude and
appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Letters Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D., for all the
opportunity and facilities have given to me till the end of my study in this faculty.
The writer also thanks to the head of English Department Dra. Swesana
Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and the Secretary of English Department Drs. Yulianus
Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL., who have given support, advice, and guidance during
finishing this thesis.
Special thank goes to my supervisor Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum and my
Co-supervisor Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. who were always kind when providing the
writer guidance, support, suggestion and constructive critics in accomplishing this
thesis.
The most gratitude is dedicated to the writer’s beloved mother P br Sinulingga
and father J Ginting for their prayer and support not only in the form of materials but
also extra care. I love you all and this is all what I can do to make you happy and proud
of me. Special thank also goes to the writer’s nice sisters Nia Agnes Tika br Ginting
and Eva Natalia br Ginting, and funny youngest brother Andre Jose Ginting who
always accompany me in happiness and sadness.
Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009
The writer also thanks to all friends in Faculty of Letters especially English
extension students 07 and special friends in Rainbow who always gave me motivation
and spirit in completing this thesis.
Finally, the writer realizes this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore,
the writer is waiting for any constructive critics and suggestion. The writer hopes this
thesis will be useful for everyone who wants to enhance the knowledge about sentence
structure.
Medan, April 2009
The writer
Yun Friska Irene br Ginting
Reg. No. 070721007
Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009
ABBREVIATIONS
S: Sentence
NP: Noun Phrase
Vp: Verb Phrase
AP: Adjective Phrase
PP: Preposition Phrase
AdvP: Adverb Phrase
Det: Determainer
Art: Article
Adv: Adverb
Prep: Preposition
Adj: Adjective
Aux: Auxiliary
Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Analysis
1.2. The Scope of the Analysis
1.3. The Problem of the Analysis
1.4. The Objective of the Analysis
1.5. The Significance of the Analysis
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYNTACTICAL THEORY
2.1.1. The Understanding of Syntax
2.1.2. The Analysis of Syntactical Theory
2.2. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SYNTAX
2.2.1. Word Class
2.2.2. Phrase Structure
2.2.3. Clause Structure
2.2.4. Sentence Structure
2.2.4.1. Kinds of Sentences
2.2.4.2. Forms of Sentences
2.2.5. Sentence Elements
Yun Friska Irene Ginting : An Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, 2009. USU Repository © 2009
2.2.5.1. Subject and Predicate
2.2.5.2. Object and Complement
2.3. RELEVANCE STUDY
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Method
3.2. Data Collecting Method
3.3. Data Analyzing Method
CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF DATA FOUND IN TENNESSEE
WILLIAMS’ A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE
4.1. Types of Sentences
4.2. Tree Diagrams
4.3. Percentage of Sentences
4.4. Characteristics of the play
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of the Analysis
A sentence is a group of words which is usually a grammatically complete
statement. A sentence is basically a group of words which are tied together and convey
an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain order and
rules regarding ways to either expand or shorten it. The boundaries of a sentence are
easily recognized, as it begins with a capital letter and ends with a terminal punctuation
mark (period, question mark or exclamation point).
Miller (2002:76) stated that traditional definitions of sentence talk of
grammatical unit built up from smaller unit. The smaller units (phrases and clauses) are
linked to each other by various head- modifier relations. Sentence themselves cannot be
described as occurring in any particular slot in a piece of text. This definition implies
that the sentence has a certain sort of unity, being grammatically complete, and has a
degree of semantic independence which enables it to stand on its own independent of
context.
There are four different sentence types according to the number of clauses they
contain; simple, compound, complex, compound-complex. A simple sentence has only
one subject-verb combination and expresses a complete thought. A compound sentence
is made up of two or more complete thought, the process of joining two ideas of equal
importance is known as coordinator. A complex sentence includes one independent
statement and at least one dependent statement, which cannot stand alone. A compound-
complex sentence contains three or more clauses- at least two independent clauses and
one subordinate clause.
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The network of relations between the words of a sentence is called structure.
Farlex (2009) defined that Sentence structure is the grammatical arrangement of words.
When discussing about sentence structure, it is explained more deeply in Syntax
because Syntax is often equated with the study of sentence structure. In linguistics,
Syntax (from Ancient Greek syn-, "together", and táxis, "arrangement") is the study of
the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. In addition to
referring to the discipline, the term Syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and
principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language. We learn
Syntax because it enables human beings to compose complete message.
Traditionally, the grammar of most languages is discussed under two heads,
Syntax and Morphology. The sentence structures, which we discussed, are placed under
the former heading, and so are the types of substitution (Chomsky, 1965:141). Sentence
structure in Syntax can be portrayed in two ways; constituent- structure or phrases
structure and tree diagram. Constituent - structure rules or phrases structure rules are:
1. S Np Vp (Adv)
2. Np Np S
Det N (S)
S
3. Vp V Np (NP)
Vp
Ap
4. Ap Adj (S)
PP
5. Det Art
3
Tree diagrams are the other way of graphically representing the sentence
structure. Syntax and tree diagrams - the two seem to belong to different world
altogether. Interestingly, the fact is that syntax tree diagrams can help you understand
the grammatical structure of a sentence in a better and easier way. Wayne (2009)
defined “Syntax is an important part of language and is usually difficult to grasp”. A
syntax tree diagram can also be used to understand the different types of sentence
structure in a language. Sometimes you find that a sentence is an ambiguous one and the
meaning is not clear. A syntax tree diagram can help you understand these ambiguous
sentences too.
Play is one of the real samples of written language. One of an outstanding
playwright in America is Thomas Lanier (Tennessee) Williams. He was born on March
26, 1911 in Columbus, Mississippi. He wrote A Streetcar Named Desire. It hit theaters
in 1947. The play cemented William's reputation as one of the greatest American
playwrights, winning him a New York's Critics Circle Award and a Pulitzer Prize.
Tennessee William’s writing is very accessible and easy to read.
A Streetcar Named Desire deals with a culture clash between two symbolic
characters, Blanche DuBois, a pretentious, fading relic of the Old South, and Stanley
Kowalski, a rising member of the industrial, urban immigrant class. The reference to the
streetcar called Desire—providing the aura of New Orleans geography—is symbolic.
Blanche not only has to travel on a streetcar route named "Desire" to reach Stella's
home on "Elysian Fields" but her desire acts as an irrepressible force throughout the
play—she can only hang on as her desires lead her.
Writing that contains mostly short, simple sentences can be uninteresting or even
irritating to read. Writing that consists of mostly long, complex sentence is usually
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difficult to read. Good writers, therefore, use a variety of sentence types. They also
occasionally start complex (or compound-complex) sentences with the dependent clause
and not the independent clause (http://esl.fis.edu/learners/advice/syntax.htm).
The other statement explained that one could write a grammatical essay using
only simple sentences, but the result would inevitably be choppy, repetitious, and
boring. Someone can add interest to her or his prose by varying types of sentences you
use in an essay (Grinnel college writing lab). From both statements the writer was
interested in analyzing the play according to its sentence structure whether it is
interesting or boring. Therefore, the writer chooses this thesis entitles An Analysis of
Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire.
1.2. The Scope of the Analysis
This thesis deals with English syntax. To analyze all aspects of syntax is
impossible for writer because my knowledge is still limited. Thus, the main scope of
this analysis is sentence structures that portrayed in tree diagram found in “A Streetcar
Named Desire”.
1.3. The Problem of the Analysis
Base on scope that was stated previously, the problems to be analyzed in this
thesis are as follow:
1. What types of sentences exist in “A Streetcar Named Desire”?
2. How are sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram found in the play?
3. Which type of sentence is dominant in this play?
4. What is the characteristic of this play?
5
1.4. Objective of the Analysis
To answer the previous questions, there are four objectives in doing this analysis,
namely:
1. To find types of sentences appear in the play.
2. To describe sentence structures through tree diagram.
3. To search which dominant sentence can be found in the play.
4. To find the characteristic in the play.
1.5. Significance of the Analysis
Theoretically, this analysis will enhance the study of Syntax, especially
concerning with type of sentences and their structure.
Practically, this analysis will be useful for English Department students who are
interested in studying syntax. So, they can use this thesis as reference for their analysis.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SYNTACTICAL THEORY
2.1.1. The Understanding of Syntax
The study of the structure of a sentence and its ordering elements is what
syntax is all about. It is a branch of linguistics that is concerned with the study. There
are some definitions about Syntax according to some language dictionary.
“Syntax is the study of rule where by words or other elements of structure
are combined to form grammatical sentences” (Home Library Dictionary).
“Syntax is the way in which words are put together to form phrase, clauses
or sentences” (Webster’s New College Dictionary, 1975).
Some linguists also gave definition about Syntax.
“Syntax studies the organization of words into phrases and phrases into
sentences” (Dwight, 1975:171).
“Syntax is the part of grammar dealing with the other types of grammatical
units” (Douglas, 2002:13).
“Syntax is the grammatical tool that deals with how sentences are put
together and the relationship between words” (Bryan, 2009).
“Syntax is the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence. It concerns
both word order and agreement in the relationship between words. Syntax is
primarily concerned with structure of sentences.” (Knowsley, 2004).
7
“Syntax is the rules of sentence formation. Also, syntax represents the component of the mental grammar that represents speakers’ knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences” (Chomsky, 1965)
From some definitions previously the writer concluded that Syntax is the
branch of grammar which is concerned with:
• Word syntactic structure
• Phrase syntactic structure
• Clause syntactic structure
• Sentence syntactic structure
2.1.2. The Analysis of Syntactical Theory
Linguists used some general theories in analyzing all parts and elements of
language parallel with the development of linguistic science itself. The theories will be
arranged historically from the oldest theory to the modern theory.
• Traditional Analysis (word class rules)
This course is part of a long tradition of grammatical analysis which
stretches back two thousand years to the grammarian of Ancient Greece and Rome.
They were describing the structures of Greek and Latin, where they discovered all the
basic ideas of grammar- word- classes, dependency links, coordination, dependent type
( such as subjects and objects) and form- based contrast like finiteness. This is so- called
‘traditional grammar’ which you will find alive and well in most modern books that deal
with grammar, especially dictionaries and grammars of foreign languages. It is also the
foundation on which all modern thinking about grammar rest.
8
• The Structural Theory or Linier Arrangement Analysis
(Neo-Grammar)
The structural theory of language was the first major new approach to
descriptive linguistics in the twentieth century. This school was introduced by the
famous Swiss linguist Fernard de Saussure in Europe and by Leonard Bloomfield in
America. This school flourished for about thirty years, until the early 1960s.
The structuralist school emphasized on the investigation of concrete
linguistic data, and logically followed the late nineteenth century neo-grammarian
school. Structuralism was geared towards ‘descriptive linguistics’. It involved isolating,
classifying, analyzing and segmenting the observed linguistic data. Structural linguistics
has been criticized for making no attempt to deal with the relationship between
language and mind. That is, the way humans understand and interpret the meanings of
sentences. That is why structuralism is often linked with the psychological theory of
‘behaviorism’.
• Transformational Generative Grammar.
The term Transformational Generative Grammar is used to Noam
Chomsky’s theories about Syntax. These theories were first rut forward in a book
entitled Syntactic Structure which has published in 1957. In this Chomsky tried to find
certain rules which would create well-formed sentence of a language. According to
Chomsky, his grammar is Generative, since it can generate or create an infinite number
of sentences. It is called Transformational since a basic or simple sentence like
I read the book
Can be changed or transformed into a number of sentences with either the same
meaning
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The book is read by me.
or with different meanings.
Do I read the book?
I read the book, don’t I?
I do not read the book.
What has been done is that the basic sentence has been transformed by
adding words, deleting words, and by the movement of words. These changes are also
take place through specific rule, which are called Transformational Rule. Thus,
Grammar generates and transforms sentences. Therefore, it can be called
Transformational Generative Grammar. In generative /transformational grammar there
are three important aspects of sentence structure:
1) The linear order of words from left to right
2) The categorization of words into parts of speech
3) The groupings of words
In the framework of transformational- generative grammar, the structure of
a sentence is represented by phrase structure trees, otherwise known as phrase
markers or tree diagram. Such trees provide information about the sentences they
represent by showing the hierarchical relations between their component parts. For an
instance:
John hit the ball.
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S
NP VP
V NP
Det N
John hit the ball
2.2. THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SYNTAX
2.2.1. Word Class
One way to begin studying basic sentence structures is to consider the
traditional parts of speech (also called word classes): nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and interjections. The parts of speech come
in many varieties and may appear just about anywhere in a sentence. To know for sure
what part of speech a word is, we have to look not only at the word itself but also at its
meaning, position, and use in a sentence. There are eight word classes in English; they
are:
Noun
A noun is a word used to name a person, place, or thing. A noun can
function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject
complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective and an adverb.
Examples: cat, horse, mother, Denmark. Person, place, thing or idea usually preceded
by articles or demonstratives. Noun in English can be classified into two types, namely:
11
Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense. Concrete nouns can be classified
into:
• Common nouns are used to name all member of a class or group. Such as:
farmer, book, girl, boy, dictionary, lamp, light, gun, cassette, teacher, etc.
• Proper nouns are used to name a specific person, place or thing. Such as: Bill
Gates, New York, Toba Lake, Binjai, Medan, etc.
• Material nouns are used to name all materials. Such as: bronze, gold, copper,
iron, steel, silver, zinc, coal, etc.
• Collective nouns are used to name a group. Such as: army, crowd, flock, fleet,
people, nation, team, committee, family, etc.
Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities. Such as: beautiful, liberty, truth, marry,
happy, sad, good, cruel, stingy, deny, etc.
Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that replaces or stands for ("pro" = for) a noun.
Examples: he, she, it. Pronoun can be divided into six types; they are:
1. Personal pronouns: These show whether a person is represented as speaking,
being spoken to, or spoken of; I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them.
2. Possessive pronouns: These show possession; mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours,
theirs.
3. Reflexive pronouns: these identify “self”; myself, yourself, herself, himself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
4. Relative pronouns: These relate to an antecedent, or a preceding noun or
phrase; who, whose, whom, that, which, what.
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5. Interrogative pronouns: These are used in asking questions; who, which,
what.
6. Indefinite pronouns: These forms refer to no one person or thing in particular;
each, every, either, neither, all, any, few, some, several, one, other, another,
none, both, such.
Verb
A verb is used to show an action or a state of being. According to the object
they are requiring, verbs can be:
1. Transitive verbs: Verbs which have direct objects (no prepositions are needed
to connect verb and object); He sees the house. We believe you.
2. Intransitive verbs: Verbs which do not have a direct object. This includes both
intransitive verbs which take an indirect object (usually with a preposition), such
as I spoke to him, and intransitive verbs which have no object at all, such as I
aged slowly.
There are three types of verbs, namely:
1. Regular verbs end in –ed or –d.
2. Irregular verbs change forms, such as write- wrote.
3. Linking verbs express a state of being, such as shows and appear.
Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. In English,
adjectives precede the noun they describe. Examples of adjectives include: pretty, red,
old, nice, large, etc. An adjective can be classified into four types:
1. A possessive adjective is similar to a possessive pronoun, but it modifies a
noun or a noun phrase.
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2. A demonstrative adjective is identical to a demonstrative pronoun, but it is
used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrase.
3. An interrogative adjective is like an interrogative pronoun, but it modifies a
noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own.
4. An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun. It modifies a noun,
pronoun, and noun phrase.
Adverb
An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb. Ex: carefully,
quickly, wisely. Also sometimes modifies an adjective. ("She was very tall." 'Very' is an
adverb modifying 'tall,' which in turn an adjective is modifying 'she'.) Adverbs usually,
but not always, end in "-ly". (However, not every word ending in "ly" is an adverb:
"friendly," for example, is an adjective.)
Preposition
Literally a preposition is a word that indicates the relationship of a noun (or
noun phrase) to another word. Examples of prepositions are to, at, with, for, against,
across. Nouns and pronouns most often follow prepositions. Examples of prepositions
include: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at before, behind,
below, beneath, beside(s), between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, during except,
for, from, in(to), like, of, off, on, over, past, since, through(out), toward, under(neath),
until, unto, up, with, within, without.
Conjunction
Conjunctions are words that connect two words, phrases or sentences.
Coordinating conjunctions connect two independent clauses (sentences that can stand
alone) together, while subordinating conjunctions combine a subordinate to a principal
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element in the sentence. Examples of coordinating conjunctions include: and, or, nor
but, for. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include: after, although, as, as if, as
much as, as though, because, before, how, if, in order that, provided, since, than, that,
though, unless, until, when, where, while.
Interjection
An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical
relation to other words in the sentence. For instance: Oh!, Alas!, Nonsense!, etc.
2.2.2. Phrase Structure
A phrase structure is an expression (can be a single word, but usually more)
which contains a single thought but is not necessarily a complete sentence. According to
Jim (2002: 18) a phrase is a slot in which one or more words can occur, or indeed in
which other phrases can occur. A phrase does not have a subject or a verb, so it cannot
stand alone as an independent unit. Phrases may be classified by the type of the head
they take:
1. Noun phrase (NP) with a noun as its head. For instance: the black cat, a beautiful girl.
2. Adjectival phrase (AP) with an adjective as its head. For instance: full of toys, with
green dress.
3. Adverbial phrase (AdvP) with an adverb as its head. For instance: very carefully,
with louder voice.
4. Verb phrase (VP) with a verb as its head. For instance: eat cheese, jump up and
down.
5. Prepositional phrase (PP) with a preposition as its head. For instance: in love, over
the rainbow.
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2.2.3. Clause Structure
A clause consists of a subject and a verb. Jim (2002: 6) defined that the
clause is a unit as a minimum consists of a verb and its complements but which may
consist of a verb, its complements and its adjuncts. There are two types of clauses:
independent and subordinate (dependent). An independent clause consists of a subject
verb and also demonstrates a complete thought: for example, "I am sad." A subordinate
clause consists of a subject and a verb, but demonstrates an incomplete thought: for
example, "Because I had to really move." There are three main types of dependent
clause:
1. A noun clause typically acts as the subject of a verb or as the object of a verb or
preposition. For examples:
• I keep thinking about what happened yesterday.
• I imagine that they are having a good time.
• What you say is not as important as how you say it.
2. An adjectival clause modifies a noun phrase. In English, adjectival clauses
typically come at the end of their noun clause. Most adjectival clauses start with
the pronouns who, whom, why, whose, which, that, when, where. For examples:
• The man I spoke to said otherwise.
• We have to consider the possibility that he is lying to us.
• The traffic is never light on the days when I am in a hurry.
3. An adverbial clause typically modifies its entire main clause; at the beginning of
a sentence, in the middle of a sentence, and at the end of a sentence. For
examples:
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• Wherever Jane goes, she leaves broken heart behind.
• Tom liked the meal more than Tim did because he is a greedy.
• Jack wanted to quit because he was bored with his old job.
2.2.4. Sentence Structure
Sentences are made up of two parts - subjects and predicates. Dwight
(1975:156) stated that the traditional definition of a sentence is the minimum part of
language that expresses a complete thought, and certainty some sense of completeness
is essential to it. In sentences there are differences between the deep and surface
structure. The surface structure of a sentence is its grammatical form, while the deep
structure is understood as its meaning. According to Ann (2004:1) a sentence in
standard written English has certain essential requirements:
• Each new sentence must begin with capital letter.
• A sentence must end with a period, a question mark, or an exclamation
point.
• A sentence must contain a subject that is only stated once.
• A sentence must contain a complete verb phrase, containing any auxiliary
verbs; is, were, has, will, etc.
• A sentence must contain standard word order.
• A sentence must have one independent core idea that can stand alone.
All of the above mentioned issues are in the focus of attention of linguists
dealing with syntax, where, in order to analyze sentences structures, specific methods
and symbols had to be introduced. This is where syntax tree diagram comes in, and it is
utilized to perform the analysis. Tree diagrams are the other way of graphically
17
representing the sentence structure. Syntax and tree diagrams - the two seem to belong
to different world altogether. Interestingly, the fact is that syntax tree diagrams can help
you understand the grammatical structure of a sentence in a better and easier way.
Wayne (2009) defined “Syntax is an important part of language and is usually difficult
to grasp”. A syntax tree diagram can also be used to understand the different types of
sentence structure in a language. Sometimes you find that a sentence is an ambiguous
one and the meaning is not clear. A syntax tree diagram can help you understand these
ambiguous sentences too.
Tree diagrams, also known as analytical tree, systematic diagram or hierarchy
diagram, are the structural representations of a topic. They convert ideas into charts and
graphs. Functioning of tree diagrams is similar to the tree functions. It consists of
multiple choices or sub-parts, which come under one broad category. Syntactic trees
give a clear representation of the syntactic makeup of a sentence (Wayne, 2009). By
observing a sentence which has been “broken down” into its constituents by means of a
syntactic tree, we can see how each part acts on the others to fit together as a syntactic
tree, we can see how each part acts on the others to fit together as a meaningful
sentence. This is particularly useful for teachers and learners of a language.
Sentence structures that are portrayed in tree diagram can be drawn in two ways.
According to Robert (1977:101) they are:
1. Top-down derivation of sentences.
2. Bottom-up diagramming of sentences.
But in this thesis, the writer chose top-down derivation of sentences in drawing tree
diagram. The rules are:
S S NP
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NP VP NP VP ADV NP S
NP NP NP
DET N DET N S S
2.2.4.1. Kinds of Sentences
There are four kinds of sentences based on their purpose: declarative,
exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative:
1. Declarative a declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type,
commonly makes a statement: I am going home.
2. Interrogative an interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request
information — When are you going to work? — but sometimes not; see
rhetorical question.
3. An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of
statement: What a wonderful day this is!
4. An imperative sentence or command tells someone to do something: Go to work
at 7:30 tomorrow morning.
2.2.4.2. Forms of Sentences
The classification of sentences by forms is based on the number and kind of
clauses within sentences. Clauses are also grammatical forms which maybe defined in
the same way as sentences. There are two kinds of clauses;
1. Independent Clause: A subject and predicate that can stand on its own as a
sentence.
2. Dependent or Subordinate Clause: Part of a sentence that cannot stand on
its own, usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
19
One traditional scheme for classifying English sentences is by the number
and types of finite clauses. There are four types of sentences:
• A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent
clauses. For instance:
1. The ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun.
2. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. (It contains a compound
subject).
3. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. (It contains a compound
verb).
• A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no
dependent clauses. These clauses are joined together using conjunctions; for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so, punctuation, or both. For instance:
1. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
2. Jane is clever in the school, but her brother is lazy to do anything.
3. It is going to rain, so it is better staying at home.
• A complex sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with at least
one dependent clause. A dependent clause starts with a subordinating
conjunction. Examples: that, because, although, where, which, since.
1. I don't like dogs that bark at me when I go past. (One independent clause
and two dependent clauses).
20
2. You can write on paper, although a computer is better. (One independent
clause and one dependent clause).
3. None of the students were injured when the tree fell through the school
roof. (One independent clause and one dependent clause).
• A compound – complex sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at
least one of which has at least one dependent clause.
1. I don't like dogs, and my sister doesn't like cats because they make her
sneeze. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).
2. You can write on paper, but using a computer is better as you can easily
correct your mistakes. (Two independent clauses and one dependent
clause).
3. A tree fell onto the school roof in a storm, but none of the students was
injured although many of them were in classrooms at the top of the
building. (Two independent clauses and one dependent clause).
2.2.5. Sentence Elements
2.2.5.1. Subject and Predicate
A normal sentence in English usually contains at least three elements:
subject, verb, and object. For examples:
Subject Verb Object The cat eats the goldfish John likes football Mary chose the wallpaper
21
The subject is usually a noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing.
The something or someone that the sentence is about is called the subject of the
sentence.
Predicate is syntactical name marking/identifying the verb used to express
the action or the state of the subject. The predicate contains information about someone
or something that is the subject. The verb (or predicate) usually follows the subject and
identifies an action or a state of being.
2.2.5.2. Object and Complement
An object receives the action and usually follows the verb. The object is
syntactical element which suffers, directly or indirectly, the action/state expressed by
the predicate. Object can be divided into:
1. A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action. For
examples:
• John’ jumper no longer fits him.
• She can invite whomever she wants.
2. An indirect object tells to or for whom something is done. For
examples:
• Bill gave us a pair of socks.
• Jane gives a letter to me.
The term complement is used with different meanings. The core meaning of
complement is a word, phrase, or clause which necessary in a sentence to complete its
meaning. Complement can be classified into two; they are:
22
1. Subject complement tells more about the subject by means of the verb. The
pattern is Subject + Verb + complement. For instance:
• Mr Jenner is a management consultant.
• She looks ill.
2. Object complement tells more about the object by means of the verb. The
pattern is Subject + Verb + Object + Complement. For instance:
• We elected him chairman.
• He paints the house white.
2.3. RELEVANCE STUDY
In accomplishing this thesis with entitled An Analysis of Sentence Structure
in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire, the writer consulted some relevance
study that related to this thesis. According to Eva Savitry (1999) in her thesis entitled
“An Analysis of English Sentence Structure Found in Time Magazines”, there are five
clauses or 6.3% from the total number of the data. In her thesis the most occurred
sentence type is simple sentence; it is 55.7% or 44 sentences from the total number of
the data. Second, compound sentence; it is 24.1% or 19 sentences from the total number
of the data. Third, complex sentence; it is 10.1& or 8 sentences. The last is compound-
complex sentence; it is 3.8% or 3 sentences from the total number of the data.
Montessori Siagian (1998) in his thesis entitled “An Analysis of Sentence
Structure Found in Hello Magazine stated that in Hello Magazine” the most occurred
sentence type is simple sentence; it is 50% or 17 sentences from the total number of the
data. Second, complex sentence; it is 26.5% or 9 sentences from the total number of the
data. Third, compound sentence; it is 14.9% or 5 sentences. The last is compound-
complex sentence; it is 2.9% or 1 sentence from the total number of the data.
23
There are two similarities between my thesis and both of the previous
theses; we analyzed sentence structure and we also used Descriptive Qualitative method
to make description accurately and systematically. The differences are the object to be
analyzed here is the play and I analyze sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram.
24
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Research Method
The essential part in analyzing problem, especially in scientific study, is
to have method of the analysis. To analyze this thesis entitle “An Analysis of Sentence
Structure in Tennessee Williams’ Streetcar Named Desire”, the writer used library
research that consists of collecting some books relate to the study and information from
internet. The books that the writer consulted are syntax books especially introduction to
English Syntax by Jim Miller. After collecting and reading some books and information
from internet, finally the writer summarizing the data which have collected before.
3.2. Data Collecting Method
Having a method in collecting the data is necessary in accomplishing this
thesis. In this thesis entitled An Analysis of Sentence Structure in Tennessee Williams’
A Streetcar Named Desire the writer applied Descriptive Qualitative method to make
description accurately and systematically. The data of this thesis are declarative
sentences that found in the play “Streetcar Named Desire”. In the play there are 11
scenes but the writer chose 6 scenes purposively as down sample.
Bungin (2001:118) says “Teknik purposive sampling ini digunakan
berdasarkan pengetahuan yang jeli terhadap populasi, maka unit-unit yang dianggap
‘kunci’, diambil sebagai sample penelitian.”(This purposive sampling is used according
to accurate understanding about population, therefore only the “key” are collected as
25
research sample). He also stated that if the population consists of a large number, the
sample will be taken depends on researcher’s capability. It will be 10% - 50% or more.
After reading the play, the writer obtained 373 sentences from scene 1 to
scene 6. So the writer chose the least percentage x 373 = 37. Thus, it is about 37
sentence structures that are portrayed in tree diagram.
The most frequent sentences type will be counted to put in the top of the
table and followed by sentences which have less frequency by calculating the data in
percentage on following formula from Bungin. (2005: 171-172)
FX = Individual frequency (one type of sentences)
N = Number of occurrence (all type of sentences)
3.3. Data Analyzing Method
The data analysis method applied in this research is content analysis
method. Marshal (2009) stated that content analysis is a highly flexible research method
that has been widely used in library and information science (LIS) studies with varying
research goals and objectives. According to Karyanto (2004) the steps of content
analysis are determining the object research, collecting the data, process of inferention,
analyzing the data and conclusion.
Based on those explanation, the process of analyzing the data in this thesis
are 1) Determining the object research. The object research of this thesis is the play “A
Streetcar Named Desire”. 2) Data Collecting. Data in this research is obtained through
careful reading towards the play. 3) Data analyzing; in analyzing the sentences structure
26
portrayed in tree diagram the writer used Chomsky, Robert and Ronald Theory. 4)
Conclusion and writing research report.
CHAPTER IV
THE ANALYSIS OF DATA FOUND
IN TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE
In this chapter the writer will analyze type of sentences, sentence structures
portrayed in tree diagrams, and the characteristics of the play. Before analyzing more
deeply about those data above, the writer described types of sentences and its total
numbers of each sentence in the table below.
NO Types of Sentences Scene
Total 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Simple Sentence 52 32 50 23 36 12 205
2 Compound Sentence 9 4 8 6 - 8 35
3 Complex Sentence 25 35 25 7 2 12 107
4 Compound – Complex Sentence
9 6 - 2 3 6 26
TOTAL 373
4.1. The Types of Sentences
4.1.1. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject
and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. According to John and Janet (2003: 52)
a simple sentence has only one subject-verb combination and expresses a complete
though. The characteristics of simple sentence are:
• A simple sentence may have more than one subject.
27
• A simple sentence may have more than one verb.
• A simple sentence may even have several subjects and verb.
The simple sentences that found in the play from scene 1 consists of 52
sentences, scene 2 consists of 32 sentences, scene 3 consists of 50 sentences, scene 4
consists of 23 sentences, scene 5 consists of 36 sentences and scene 6 consists of 12
sentences. The simple sentences can be seen in table below:
NO Simple Sentences Scene
1 I’ve got a date there. I 2 I’m all right. I 3 This here is Elysian Fields. I 4 You don’t have to look no further. I 5 I’m looking for my sister, Stella DuBois. I 6 I mean Mrs. Stanley Kowalski. I 7 That is the party. I 8 You just did miss her. I 9 I’ll go tell her you come. I
10 Stella spoke of you. I 11 She showed our picture of your home-place, the plantation. I 12 A place like that must be awful hard to keep up. I 13 I’ll drop by the bowling Alley and hustle her up. I 14 You haven’t said a word to me. I 15 He loves it. I 16 Those are the L & N tracks. I 17 New Orleans isn’t like other cities. I 18 This has got nothing to do with New Orleans. I 19 Blanche, you know that’s not true. I 20 I couldn’t put all those details into the wire. I 21 Mr. Graves is the high school superintendent. I 22 You haven’t said a word about my appearance. I 23 You look just fine. I 24 You just have to watch around the hips a little. I 25 You ought to have it cut in a feather bob with your dainty features. I 26 I never had anything like your energy, Blanche. I 27 I never had your beautiful self-control. I 28 They haven’t slipped one particle. I 29 We’re going to put you in here. I 30 I brought some nice clothes to meet all your lovely friends in. I 31 They’re Stanley’s friends. I 32 They’re a mixed lot, Blanche. I 33 You seem a bit nervous or over wrought or something. I
28
34 I couldn’t stand that. I 35 Stanley doesn’t know yet. I 36 He’s on the road a good deal. I 37 You just came home in time for the funerals, Stella. I 38 I’m going into the bathroom to wash my face. I 39 My mother’s still sick. I 40 I made the spaghetti dish and ate it myself. I 41 You never phoned me one. I 42 I told you at breakfast and phoned you at lunch. I 43 You must be Stanley. I 44 I’m Blanch I 45 I rarely touch it. I 46 You just get your self home here once in a while. I 47 My clothes are sticking to me. I 48 It is mine. I 49 It’s hard to stay looking fresh. I 50 I never was a very good English student. I 51 Travelling wears me out. I 52 Stella spoke of you a good deal. I 53 I put you a cold plate on ice. II 54 She is soaking in a hot tub to quiet her nerve. II 55 She is terribly upset. II 56 She’s been through such an ordeal. II 57 She wasn’t expecting to find us in such a small place. II 58 That is important with Blanch. II 59 I get the idea. II 60 She will hear you. II 61 I’ll have him in here to appraise it. II 62 The lord and lady of the house have not yet returned. II 63 A Rhinestone Tiara she wore to a costume hall. II 64 I’ll have him to make an appraisal of this. II 65 The Kowalskis and the DuBois have different notions. II 66 I am going outside. II 67 I can’t do nothing with them. II 68 In my youth I excited some admiration. II 69 I was fishing for a compliment Stanley. II 70 I don’t go in for that stuff. II 71 She didn’t say nothing. II 72 I’m sure you belong in the second category. II 73 I cannot image any witch of woman casting a spell over you. II 74 I’m through dressing, honey. II 75 Your sister and I are having a little talk. II 76 I’m ready to answer all questions. II 77 I’ve nothing to hide. II 78 I’m talking of legal papers. II 79 There were some papers. II
29
80 It will be faster and simpler. II 81 I keep my papers mostly in this tin box. II 82 These are love-letters, yellowing with antiquity, all from one boy. II 83 I’m not young and vulnerable anymore. II 84 The guests are gathering for the poker party. II 85 I’m out again. III 86 I oughta go home pretty soon. III 87 I gotta sick mother. III 88 You all are married. III 89 I’m going to the bathroom. III 90 The game is still going on. III 91 I feel so hot and frazzled. III 92 Blanche and I took in a show. III 93 This is Mr. Gonzales and Mr. Hubbell. III 94 Poker is so fascinating. III 95 My nerves are in knots. III 96 This is Harold Mitchell. III 97 She appreciated your sending over that custard. III 98 I thought he had a sort of sensitive look. III 99 His mother is sick. III 100 He is on the precision bench in the spare parts department. III 101 I’ve looked at him. III 102 I would lie to see their wives. III 102 I can imagine. III 104 I didn’t hear you name it. III 105 He was looking through them drapes. III 106 I’ll be out in a minute. III 107 The little boys’ room is busy right now. III 108 We’ve been drinking beer. III 109 I hate beer. III 110 It’s a hot weather drink. III 111 I can’t make it out. III 112 There is a story connected with that inscription. III 113 It sounds like a romance. III 114 The girl’s dead now. III 115 She must have been fond of you. III 116 Sick people have such deep, sincere attachments. III 117 I think sorrow makes for sincerity. III 118 It sure brings it out in people. III 119 I believe you’re right about that. III 120 Your boys are responsible for it. III 121 I’m not accustomed to having more than one drink. III 122 It is a French name. III 123 We are French by extraction. III 124 Our first American ancestors were French Huguenots. III 125 Stella is my precious little sister. III
30
126 I bought this adorable little colored paper lantern at a Chinese shop on bourbon.
III
127 I’m very adaptable to circumstances. III 128 I teach high school. III 129 Poker should not be played in a house with woman. III 130 She ran downstairs and went back in here with him. III 131 There is nothing to be scared of. III 132 They are crazy about each other. III 133 I am not properly dressed. III 134 There is so much- so much confusion in the world. III 135 He has gone to get the car greased. IV 136 I will repeat the question quietly now. IV 137 You are making much too much fuss about this. IV 138 It is always a powder-keg. IV 139 Stanley is always smashed things. IV 140 There is some coffee left on the stove. IV 141 You’re so matter of fact about it, Stella. IV 142 He has taken the radio to get it fixed. IV 143 Only you’re not sensible about it. IV 144 I’m going to do something. IV 145 You can get out. IV 146 I am not in anything I want to get out of. IV 147 I don’t understand your indifference. IV 148 I have an idea of some kind. IV 149 I went out with him at college and wore his pin for a while. IV 150 I ran into him last winter. IV 151 He has them, all over Texas. IV 152 Texas is literally spouting gold in his pockets. IV 153 I have got to write it down first-the message. IV 154 Blanche, you saw him at his worst last night. IV 155 It brought me here. IV 156 I am not being or feeling at all superior, Stella. IV 157 You must have got under the car. IV 158 I am writing a letter to Shep. V 159 She is coming downstairs. V 160 Some of your sister’s friends have stayed in the city. V 161 She and Steve had a row. V 162 You need somebody V 163 I could not get near for the crowding. V 164 I am sorry to hear that. V 165 Mother is sick. V 166 He hates me. V 167 A teacher’s salary is barely sufficient for his living expenses. V 168 That sort of commonness is not necessary. V 169 He stalks through the rooms in his underwear at night. V 170 There are just these portieres between the two rooms at night. V
31
171 I am surprised to hear that. V 172 He is insufferably rude. V 173 That is putting it mildly. V 174 We were together in the two-forty first. V 175 We should all go out together some night. V 176 They have gone out with Mr and Mrs Hubbell upstairs. V 177 That won’t be necessary. V 178 You are light as a feather. V 179 My weight is not a very interesting subject to talk about. V 180 Last Christmas I was given a membership to the New Orleans
Athletic club. V
181 You have a massive bone-structure and a very imposing physique. V 182 You are not the delicate type. V 183 They call that stuff Alpaca. V 184 My shirt is sticking to me. V 185 I want you to be comfortable. V 186 I better leave it on. V 187 We are going to be very Bohemian. V 188 I am lighting a candle. V 189 This crashing around in the dark is my search for some liquor. V 190 We will have a night-cap. V 191 I was just obeying the law of nature. V 192 I simply couldn’t rise to the occasion. V 193 I spoiled it for you. VI 194 I will walk over to Bourbon and catch an owl-car. VI 195 This doesn’t always work. V 196 I will drop by later. VI 197 I am collecting for the Evening Star. VI 198 I want his respect. VI 199 I never was hard or self-sufficient enough. VI 200 The odor of cheap perfume is penetrating. VI 201 I have seen it and smelled it. VI 202 Stanley was born just five minute after Christmas. VI 203 Aries people are forceful and dynamic. VI 204 You can count on it up to five hundred. VI 205 I must jot that down in my notebook. VI
TOTAL 205
4.1.2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a
coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. As a simple
sentence, a compound sentence cannot have any subordinate clauses. We can use these
32
conjunctive adverbs to this construction; accordingly, besides, for instance, moreover,
on the other hand, then, afterall, consequently, furthermore, nevertheless, otherwise,
therefore, again, finally, however, nonetheless, regardless, though, also, for example,
indeed, notwithstanding, still, thus, etc.
The compound sentences that found in the play from scene 1 consists of 9
sentences, scene 2 consists of 4 sentences, scene 3 consists of 8 sentences, scene 4
consists of 6 sentences, scene 5 does not have compound sentences and scene 6 consists
of 8 sentences. The compound sentences can be seen in table below:
NO Compound Sentence Scene 1 You keep right on going and you will find it. I 2 She has got the downstairs here and I got the up. I 3 We own this place so I can let you in. I 4 You never did give me a chance to say much, Blanche so I just got in
the habit of being quiet around you. I
5 The summer dad died and you left us. I 6 I brought nice clothes and I will wear them. I 7 I am not meaning this in any reproachful way, but all the burden
descended on my shoulders. I
8 All right, we will play at my place but you bring the beer. I 9 Some people rarely touch it, but it touches them often. I
10 There weren’t any papers, she didn’t show any papers, I don’t care about papers.
II
11 Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff and some men aren’t. II 12 I don’t like pinks and creams and I never cared for wishy-washy
people. II
13 Blanch utters a sharp, frighten cry, and shrinks away; then she laughs breathlessly again.
II
14 Everything is all right; we thrashed it out. III 15 She says to go out, so I go, but I don’t enjoy it. III 16 Nobody’s going to get up, so don’t be worry. III 17 It isn’t on his forehead and it isn’t genius. III 18 I don’t think so; it always makes me warmer. III 19 The shoe let out at eleven and we couldn’t come home on account of
the poker game so we had to go somewhere and drink. III
20 It means woods and Blanche means white, so the two together mean white woods.
III
21 You may teach school but you are certainly not an old maid. III 22 It didn’t land on the pavement so only one tube was smashed. IV 23 I took the trip as an investment, thinking I would meet someone with a IV
33
million dollars. 24 Stanley doesn’t give me a regular allowance, he likes to pay bills
himself, but this morning he gave me ten dollars to smooth things over. IV
25 You take five of it, Blanche and I will keep the rest. IV 26 You won’t pick up nothing here; you aren’t heard before. IV 27 He goes in and out of Laurell all the time so he can check on it and
clear up my mistake. IV
28 I am looking for the Pleiades, the seven sisters, but these girls are not out tonight.
VI
29 I work out there with the weights and I swim and I keep myself fit. VI 30 You’re tall man and you can carry a good deal of weight without
looking awkward. VI
31 I weight two hundred and seven pounds and I am six feet one and one half inches tall in my bare feet without shoe on.
VI
32 I didn’t save a penny last year and so I had to come here for the summer.
VI
33 I am sorry, but I haven’t noticed the stamp of genius even on Stanley’s forehead.
VI
34 I am spending the summer on the wing, making flying visits here and there.
VI
35 I’m going to ask favor of you in a moment. VI TOTAL 35
4.1.3. Complex Sentence
Complex sentence contains an independent clause plus one dependent
clause. (A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction. Examples: that,
because, although, where, which, since, whether, rather than, than, even if, if, unless,
provided that, though, even though, so, so that, in order that, wherever, since, until,
when, while, after, before, once, whenever, etc.
The complex sentences that found in the play from scene from scene 1
consists of 25 sentences, scene 2 consists of 35 sentences, scene 3 consists of 25
sentences, scene 4 consists of 7 sentences, scene 5 consists of 2 sentences and scene 6
consists of 12 sentences. The complex sentences can be seen in table below:
NO Complex Sentence Scene
1 They mustn’t have understood what number I wanted. I 2 Tomorrow you’ll see him at the cashier’s window getting them I
34
changed into quarters. 3 You’ll hear them tapping on the shutters. I 4 What I meant was I would like to be left alone. I 5 I don’t know what we’ve got to mix with. I 6 I am afraid you won’t think they are lovely. I 7 He said he’d give us even money. I 8 If you will excuse me, I am just about to drop. I 9 I had forgotten how quiet you were. I
10 You know you can catch cold sitting around in damp things, especially when you been exercising hard like bowling is.
I
11 You’ll get along fine together, if you’ll just try not to well compare him with men that we went out with at home.
I
12 I am going to try to keep Blanche out till the party breaks up because I don’t know how she would take it.
I
13 You haven’t asked me how I happened to get away from the school before the spring term ended.
I
14 I was exhausted by all I’d been through my nerve broke. I 15 You’d never suspect there was the struggle for breathe and bleeding. I 16 I haven’t asked you the things you probably thought I was going to ask. I 17 It’s just incredible, Blanche, how well you are looking. I 18 I don’t like a bed that gives much I 19 He had those on when he is away for night. I 20 I assure you I wasn’t just blinded by all the brass. I 21 She doesn’t go to sleep until I come in at night. I 22 You see I’d tried to gloss things over a little in my letters. I 23 I guess that is what is meant by being in love. I 24 I’ll expect you to be understanding about what I have to tell you. I 25 The best I could do was make my own living, Blanche. I 26 I thought you might have resigned. II 27 Everyone has something he won’t let others touch because of their
intimate nature. II
28 I told you and phoned you we were playing. II 29 I can’t stand a naked light bulb, anymore than I can a rude remark or a
vulgar action. II
30 I’m afraid I will strike you as being the unrefined type. II 31 I don’t care if she hears me. II 32 I guess that money is always nice to get hold of. II 33 It seems like it wasn’t sold. II 34 There was something different about the boy, a nervousness, a softness
and tenderness which wasn’t like a man is, although he wasn’t the least bit effeminate looking-still that things was there.
II
35 I am sorry I must have lost my head for a moment. II 36 I saw how she was. II 37 I am sorry he did that to you. II 38 You see I’d tried to gloss things over a little in my letters. II 39 I am not sure it would have made any difference where I saw him. II 40 You come out with me while Blanche is getting dressed. II
35
41 Life is too full of evasions and ambiguities, I think. II 42 You saw how she was last night. II 43 If you do I will laugh in your face. II 44 I think I will bathe. II 45 Of course that was all that I could you tell about you. II 46 You’re simple, straight foward and honest, a little bit on the primitive
side I should think. II
47 In the state of Louisiana we have the Napoleonic code according to which what belongs to the wife belongs to the husband and vise versa.
II
48 Those are inexpensive summer furs that Blanche has had a long time II 49 I got an acquaintance who deals in this sort of merchandise. II 50 She knew she was dying when she gives me this. II 51 It looks like my trunk has exploded. II 52 I have an acquaintance that works in a jewelry store. II 53 It looks like you raided some stylish shops in Paris II 54 In ended the conversation that was all. II 55 I like an artist who paints in strong, old colors, primary colors. II 56 There is such a thing in this state of Louisiana as the Napoleonic code
according to which what belongs to the wife belongs to the husband and vise versa.
II
57 Everything that I own is in the trunk. II 58 People have got tolerate each other’s habits, I guess. II 59 A firm that made loans on the place II 60 I ought to go there on a rocket that never comes down. II 61 All the while I keep wondering how she is. III 62 I’ll alone when she goes. III 63 It makes me so mad when he does that in front of people. III 64 You take it for granted that I am in something that I want to get out of. III 65 I have told you I love him. III 66 Suddenly in the middle of the dance the boy I had married broke away
from me and even ran out of the casino. III
67 I am compiling a notebook of quaint little words and phrases I’ve picked up here.
III
68 I guess I am just feeling nervous about our relations. III 69 I sure hope not because I am expecting a caller bye-bye. III 70 I guess you are used to girls that like to be lost. III 71 I am ashamed of the way I perspire. III 72 I don’t like to wear a wash-coat even in summer because I sweat
through it. III
73 I don’t want you to think that I am severe and old main school-teacherish or anything like that.
III
74 I don’t like to wear a wash-coat even in summer because I sweat through it.
III
75 I don’t think he understands you. III 76 I don’t think he hates you. III 77 She worries because I am not settled. III 78 I think you have a great capacity for devotion. III
36
79 You see, there is no privacy here. III 80 I guess we strike you as being a pretty rough bunch. III 81 It was the finest present I ever was given. III 82 I guess it must be pretty late and you are tired. III 83 I am afraid you haven’t gotten much fun out of this evening, Blanche. III 84 Stanley’s the only one of his crowd that is likely to get anywhere. III 85 It is a shame this had to happen when you just got there. III 86 In the first place, when men are drinking and playing poer anything can
happen. IV
87 He didn’t know what he was doing. IV 88 I think of money in terms of what it does for you. IV 89 He could do it with half what his wife throws away at the races. IV 90 I know how it helps your morale just having a little pocket –money on
you. IV
91 You don’t have to worry about anything while you are here. IV 92 I understand how it happened. IV 93 You must have got pretty close if you could smell it. V 94 I wasn’t so good the last two years or so, after Belle Reve had started
to slip through my fingers. When I was sixteen, I made the discovery love.
V
95 I didn’t know that stars took up collections V 96 Honey, you open the door while I take a last took ate the sky. VI 97 I don’t know whether you want me to or not. VI 98 You’re natural gentleman, one of the very few that are left in the
world. VI
99 If it weren’t for Stella about to have a baby, I would be able to endure things here.
VI
100 I don’t see how anybody could be rude to you. VI 101 You probably wonder why I don’t move out. VI 102 I understand what that is.
VI
103 He was a boy, just a boy, when I was a very young girl. VI 104 When I was sixteen, I made the discovery love. VI 105 It was like you suddenly turned a blinding light on something that had
always been half in shadow that is how it struck the world for me. VI
106 I had forgotten how excitable you are. VI 107 I bet you were born under Aries. VI
TOTAL 107
4.1.4. Compound – Complex Sentence
Compound-complex sentence contains 3 or more clauses (of which at least
two are independent and one is dependent).
37
The compound – complex sentences that found in the play from scene 1
consists of 9 sentences, scene 2 consists of 6 sentences, scene 3 does not have
compound – complex sentences scene 4 consists of 2 sentences, scene 5 consists of 3
sentences and scene 6 consists of 6 sentences. The compound – complex sentences can
be seen in table below:
NO Compound – Complex Sentence Scene
1 St. Barnabas would send out his dog to lick her and when he did she would feel an icy cold wave all up and down her.
I
2 It is sort of messed up right now but when it is clean it is real sweet. I 3 I thought you would volunteer that information if you wanted to tell
me. I
4 I guess you are hoping I will say I will put up at a hotel. I 5 I think she said you thought school. I 6 I haven’t said anything yet, I am waiting until she gets in quieter
condition. I
7 It looks to me like you have been swindled, baby, and when you’re swindled under the Napoleonic code I am swindled too.
I
8 I thought I would if it’s not inconvenient for you all. I 9 I will wait till she gets through soaking in a hot tub and then I will
inquire if she is acquainted with the Napoleonic code. I
10 I am taking Blanche to Glatoire’s for supper and then to a show because it is your poker night.
II
11 I feel a bit shaky, but I think I handled it nicely. II 12 The poor little thing was out there listening to us and I have an idea
she doesn’t understand you as well as I do. II
13 There plenty of time to ask her questions later but if you do now she will go to piece again.
II
14 I don’t understand what happened to Belle Reve but you don’t know how ridiculous you are being when you suggest that my sister or anyone of our family could have perpetrated a swindle on anyone else.
II
15 I never met a woman that didn’t know if she was good-looking or not without being told, and some of them give themselves credit for more than they’ve got.
II
16 He was as good as a lamb when I came back and he’s really very, very ashamed of himself.
IV
17 I said I am not in anything that I have a desire to get out of. IV 18 I didn’t know anything except I loved him unendurably but without
being able to help him or help herself. VI
19 He promised this morning that he was going to quit having these poker parties, but you know how long such a promise is going to keep.
V
20 I wouldn’t mind if you would stay down at four Deuces, but you always going up.
V
38
21 I know how it must have seemed to you and I an awful sorry it had to happen, but it wasn’t anything as serious as you seem to take it.
V
22 A man with a heavy build has got to be careful of what he puts on him so he doesn’t look too clumsy.
VI
23 When I started there, I was getting soft in the belly but now my belly is hard.
VI
24 I told my mother how nice you were, and I liked you. VI 25 There was something different about the boy, a nervousness, a
softness and tenderness which wasn’t like a man is, although he wasn’t the least bit effeminate looking-still that things was there.
VI
26 I like you to be exactly the way that you are, because in all my experience I have never known anyone like you.
VI
TOTAL 26
4.2. The Tree Diagrams
4.2.1. Simple Sentence
There are 205 simple sentences found in scene 1 to 6 in the play. According
to Bungin’s statement previously so the writer took 15 simple sentences purposively
as down sample because some of simple sentences have the same structure.
1. I’ve got a date there.
S
NP VP
V VP
V NP
Det N Adv
I have got a date there
39
2. You don’t have to look no further.
S
NP VP
V VP
V VP
V NP Adv
Det N
You do not have to look no Ø further
3. She showed our picture of your home-place, the plantation.
S
NP VP
V NP PP NP Det N Prep NP Det N Det N She showed our picture of your home- place, the plantation
4. A place like that must be awful hard to keep up.
S
NP VP
Det N Prep Adv V AP AdvP V
A place like that must be awful hard to keep up
40
5. I’ll drop by the bowling Alley and hustle her up. (Compound verb)
S
NP VP
V VP NP
V Prep NP S
Det N NP Aux VP
I will drop by the bowling Alley V NP Adv
I will hustle her up
In this sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram has compound verb and same subject. In
the sentence it is just showed compound verb (one subject is deleted) but in tree diagram there are
two same subjects exist.
I couldn’t put all those details into the wire.
S
NP VP
Aux V NP PP
Det N P NP
Det N
I could not put all those details into the wire
6. You ought to have it cut in a feather bob with your dainty features.
S
NP Aux VP V NP VP
V NP PP Det N P NP
Det Adj N
41
You ought to have it cut in a feather bob with your dainty features
7. The lord and lady of the house have not yet returned. (Compound subject)
S
NP VP
NP and NP PP V VP
Det N P NP Adv V
Det N
The lord lady of the house have not yet returned
8. I brought some nice clothes to meet all your lovely friends in.
S
NP VP
V NP NP
Det Adj N S
NP VP
V NP Prep
Det Adj N
I brought some nice clothes I meet all your lovely friends in
In this sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram has same subject. In the sentence it is
just showed one subject but in tree diagram there are two same subjects exist.
9. I told you at breakfast and phoned you at lunch. (Compound verb)
S NP VP V NP PP NP P NP S and NP VP V NP PP Det N
42
I told you at breakfast I phoned you at lunch In this sentence structure portrayed in tree diagram has compound verb and same subject. In
the sentence it is just showed compound verb (one subject is deleted) but in tree diagram there are
two same subjects exist.
10. Your sister and I are having a little talk. (Compound subject)
S
NP Aux VP
NP and NP V NP
Det N Det Adj N
Your sister I are having a little talk
11. He is on the precision bench in the spare parts department.
S
NP VP
V PP PP
Prep NP Prep NP
Det Adj N Det N
He is on the precious bench in the spare parts department
12. I bought this adorable little colored paper lantern at a Chinese shop on bourbon.
S
NP VP
V NP PP
Det Adj N P NP P NP
43
I bought this adorable little coloured paper latern at Chinese shop on bourbon
13. This crashing around in the dark is my search for some liquor.
S
NP VP
Det N Adv PP V NP PP
Prep NP Det N Prep NP
Det N Det N
This crashing around in the dark is my search for some liquor
14. Stella spoke of you
S
NP VP
V PP
Prep NP
Stella spoke of you
4.2.2. Compound Sentence
There are 35 compound sentences found in scene 1 to 6 in the play.
According to Bungin’s statement previously. So the writer took 9 compound sentences
purposively as down sample because some of compound sentences have the same
structure.
1. You keep right on going and you will find it.
a) You keep on going
b) You will find it.
44
The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by
conjunction “and”.
S
S and S
NP VP NP Aux VP
V Adv PP V NP
Prep NP
You keep right on going you will find it
2. I don’t like pinks and creams and I never cared for wishy-washy people.
a) I don’t like pinks and creams
b) I never cared for wishy – washy people.
The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by
conjunction “and”.
S
S and S
NP Aux VP NP Adv VP
V NP V PP
NP and NP Prep AP
Adj N
I do not like pinks and creams I never cared for wishy-washy people
3. I am not meaning this in any reproachful way, but all the burden descended on
my shoulders.
a) I am not meaning this in any reproachful way.
b) All the burden descended on my shoulders.
The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by
conjunction “but”.
45
S
S but S
NP Aux VP NP VP
V NP Det N V PP
N PP Prep NP
Prep NP Det N
Det Adj N
I am not meaning this in any reproachful way all the burden descend on my shoulders
4. Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff and some men aren’t.
a) Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff.
b) Some men aren’t.
The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by
conjunction “and”.
S
S and S
NP VP NP VP
Det N V PP
Prep NP Det N
Some men took by this Hollywood glamour stuff some men are not
5. The shoe let out at eleven and we couldn’t come home on account of the poker
game so we had to go somewhere and drink.
a) The shoe let out at eleven.
b) We couldn’t come home on account of the poker game.
c) We had to go somewhere and drink.
46
The compound sentence above consists of three independent clauses joined by
conjunction “and, so”.
S
S and S
NP VP NP Aux VP
Det N V PP V NP
N PP
Prep NP
The shoe let out at eleven we could not come home on account of the poker game
S
so S
NP Aux VP
V Adv NP
We had to go somewhere S
NP Aux VP
We had drink
We had to go somewhere and drink consists of compound verb and it has the same
subject. In the sentence one subject is deleted but in tree diagram it exists.
6. I weight two hundred and seven pounds and I am six feet one and one half inches tall
in my bare feet without shoe on.
a) I weight two hundred and seven pounds.
b) I am six feet one and one half inches tall in my bare feet without shoe on.
The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by
conjunction “and”.
47
S
S and S
NP VP NP VP
V NP V NP
NP and NP NP and NP PP
PP PP
I am Prep NP Prep NP
I weight two hundred seven pounds six feet one one half in my bare without shoe on inches tall feet
7. There weren’t any papers, she didn’t show any papers, I don’t care about papers.
a) There weren’t any papers.
b) She didn’t show any papers.
c) I don’t care about papers.
The compound sentence above consists of three independent clauses joined by
punctuation “comma”.
S
S S S
NP VP NP Aux VP NP Aux VP
V NP V NP V PP
Det N Det N Prep NP
There were not any papers she did not show any papers I do not care about papers
8. I am looking for the Pleiades, the seven sisters, but these girls are not out
tonight.
a) I am looking for the Pleiades, the seven sisters.
b) These girls are not out tonight.
48
The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by
punctuation “comma”.
S
S but S
NP Aux VP NP Aux AdvP
V PP Det N
Prep NP
NP NP
Det N Det N
I am looking for the Pleiades the seven these girls are not out tonight Sister
9. She has got the downstairs here and I got the up.
a) She has got the downstairs here.
b) I got the up.
The compound sentence above consists of two independent clauses joined by
conjunction “and”.
S
NP VP
V VP NP
V NP S
Det N Adv NP VP
V NP Prep
Det N
She has got the downstairs here I got the down up stairs
49
4.2.3. Complex Sentence
There are 107 complex sentences found in scene 1 to 6 in the play.
According to Bungin’s statement previously. So the writer took 10 complex sentences
purposively as down sample because some of complex sentences have the same
structure.
1. They mustn’t have understood what number I wanted.
a) They mustn’t have understood. ( Independent clause)
b) What number I wanted. ( Dependent clause)
S
NP Aux VP
V VP
V NP
They must not have understood what number I wanted
2. What I meant was I would like to be left alone.
a) I would like to be left alone. ( Independent clause)
b) What I meant. ( Dependent clause)
S
S Aux S
NP NP Aux VP
V VP
V AP
What I meant was I would like to be left alone
50
3. I had forgotten how quiet you were.
a) I had forgotten. ( Independent clause)
b) How quiet you were. ( Dependent clause)
S
S S
NP Aux VP NP
I had forgotten how quite you were
4. I’ll expect you to be understanding about what I have to tell you.
a) I’ll expect you to be understanding about. ( Independent clause)
b) What I have to tell you. ( Dependent clause)
S
S S
NP Aux VP NP
V NP VP
V NP
N Adv
I will expect you to be understanding about what I have to tell you
5. You come out with me while Blanche is getting dressed.
a) You come out with me. ( Independent clause)
b) While Blanche is getting dressed. ( Dependent clause)
51
S
S S
NP VP NP
V PP
Prep PP
Prep NP
You come out with me while Blanche is getting dressed
6. I don’t like to wear a wash-coat even in summer because I sweat through it.
a) I don’t like to wear a wash-coat even in summer. ( Independent clause)
b) Because I sweat through it. ( Dependent clause)
S
S S
NP Aux VP NP
V VP
V NP
Det N Adv pp
Prep NP
I do not like to wear a wash-coat even in summer because I sweat through it
7. Stanley’s the only one of his crowd that is likely to get anywhere.
a) Stanley’s the only one of his crowd. ( Independent clause)
b) That is likely to get anywhere. ( Dependent clause)
52
S
S S
NP VP NP
V NP
Det Adj Pron PP
Prep NP
Det N
Stanley is the only one of his crowd that is likely to get anywhere
8. I wasn’t so good the last two years or so, after Belle Reve had started to slip
through my fingers.
a) I wasn’t so good the last two years or so. ( Independent clause)
b) After Belle Reve had started to slip through my fingers. ( Dependent
clause)
S
S
NP Aux AdvP
Adv NP NP Adv
Det AdvP
I was not so good the last two years or so
S
NP
After Belle Reve had started to slip through my fingers
53
9. I like an artist who paints in strong, bold colors, primary colors.
a) I like an artist. ( Independent clause)
b) Who paints in strong, bold colors, primary colors. (Dependent clause)
S
S S
NP VP
V NP
Det N
I like an artist who pains in strong, bold colors, primary colors.
10. He had those on when you met him.
a) He had those on.
b) When you met him.
S NP VP
V NP NP
Det Prep S
When you met him
He had those on
54
4.2.4. Compound – Complex Sentence
There are 26 compound-complex sentences found in scene 1 to 6 in the play.
According to Bungin’s statement previously so the writer took 5 compound-complex
sentences purposively as down sample because some of compound-complex sentences
have the same structure.
1. It is sort of messed up right now but when it is clean it is real sweet.
a) It is sort of messed up right now. ( Independent clause)
b) When it is clean. ( Dependent clause)
c) It is real sweet. ( Independent clause)
S
S S S
NP VP NP NP VP
V NP when it is clean V Adv Adj
It is sort of messed up right now it is real sweet
2. I will wait till she gets through soaking in a hot tub and then I will inquire if she
is acquainted with the Napoleonic code.
a) I will wait. ( Independent clause)
b) Till she gets through soaking in a hot tub. ( Dependent clause)
c) I will inquire. ( Independent clause)
d) If she is acquainted with the Napoleonic code. ( Dependent clause)
55
S
S S
NP Aux VP NP
I will wait till she gets through soaking in a hot tub
S
S S
NP Aux VP NP
I will inquire if she is acquainted with the Napoleonic code
3. When I started there, I was getting soft in the belly but now my belly is hard.
a) When I started there. ( Dependent clause)
b) I was getting soft in the belly. ( Independent clause)
c) Now my belly is hard. ( Independent clause)
S
S S S
NP NP Aux VP Adv NP VP
When I started there V AdjP PP Det N V Adj
Prep NP now my belly is hard
Det N
I was getting soft in the belly
4. I like you to be exactly the way that you are, because in all my experience I have
never known anyone like you.
56
a) I like you to be exactly the way. ( Independent clause)
b) That you are. ( Dependent clause)
c) In all my experience I have never known anyone like you. ( Independent
clause) S
S S NP VP NP
V NP VP That you are V AdvP Adv NP Det N
I like you to be exactly the way S
PP NP VP
Prep NP V Adv VP
V NP
In all my experience I have never known anyone like you
5. St. Barnabas would send his dog to lick her and when he did she would fell an
icy cold wave all up and down her.
a) St. Barnabas would send his dog. ( Independent clause)
b) It licks her. ( Independent clause)
c) When he did. ( Dependent clause)
d) She would fell an icy cold wave all up and down her. ( Independent
clause).
57
S
NP VP
V VP
V NP NP
Det N S
NP VP
V Det
St. would send his dog it licks her Barnabas
S
S S
NP NP VP (and when) he did V VP V NP NP Det Adj Adj N Det Prep Det She would feel an icy cold wave all up and her down
58
4.3. The Percentage of Sentences
There are 373 sentences from the six selected scenes that representing the whole
scene (there are eleven scenes) in the play. The percentages for the each of type of
sentences will be described below:
No Types of Sentences Frequency Percentage
1 Simple sentence 205 54, 96%
2 Compound sentence 35 9, 38%
3 Complex sentence 107 28, 69%
4 Compound – complex sentence 26 6, 97%
Total 373
4.4. The Characteristics of the Play
Writing that contains mostly short, simple sentences can be uninteresting or
even irritating to read. Writing that consists of mostly long, complex sentence is usually
difficult to read. Good writers, therefore, use a variety of sentence types. They also
occasionally start complex (or compound-complex) sentences with the dependent clause
and not the independent clause (http://esl.fis.edu/learners/advice/syntax.htm). According
to the previous statement the writer summarized that the play is interesting because
there is a variety of sentence types in Tennessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named
Desire.
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1. Conclusions
From the previous explanation and the analysis, the writer concluded
that:
• The play has four types of sentences which are simple sentence, compound
sentence, complex sentence, and compound – complex sentence.
• The most occurred sentence type is simple sentence; it is 54, 96% or 205
sentences from the total number of the data. Second, complex sentence; it
is 28, 69% or 107 sentences from the total number of the data. Third,
compound sentence; it is 9, 38% or 35 sentences. The last is compound-
complex sentence; it is 6, 97% or 26 sentence from the total number of the
data.
•
• Tennessee Williams in his play A Streetcar Named Desire used a variety
of sentence types in order to make it more interesting and easier to
understand so the readers are interested in reading the play.
60
5. 2. Suggestions
Finally the writer suggests to the readers who are interested in analyzing
sentence structure to make more details explanation about sentence structure that
portrayed in tree diagram and to collect the data accurately because there are many
various sentences contain in the play.
A Streetcar Named Desire is a good and an interesting play to be analyzed.
Tennessee Williams used some linguistic field studies to express his ideas. Thus, there
are still lot of data can be analyzed in term of Morphology or Semantic.
As the additional information in terms of Syntax, the reader should have
some methods and references as the reference to improve the way of the analysis.
61
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