an impaired musculoskeletal system

CONSEQUENCES OF AN IMPAIRED MUSCULOSKELETAL

SYSTEM ON SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION

APPRECIATING A HEALTHY MUSCLULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Consequences of an impaired musculoskeletal system on support and locomotion

• Practise ways to care for the musculoskeletal system

An impaired musculoskeletal system

• Cause by :1) unbalanced diet2) unhealthy lifestyle3) aging process4) hereditary / genetic

Arthritis Arthritis

Muscular Muscular dystrophy dystrophy

OsteoporoOsteoporosis sis

• Disease in which bone mass is reduced and the bones become porous and lighter

• Occurs most often in old people and menopause women (not produce estrogen causes more bone minerals to be lost than deposited - the bones become soft and brittle).

• Can be prevent by doing weight bearing exercise to stress the bones, taking a diet rich in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and refraining from smoking.

Osteoporosis

bones that are thin and brittle, with lots of holes inside them like a sponge

Muscular dystrophy• Caused by the progressive degeneration

and weakening of the skeletal muscles that control movement. (from legs upwards, chest muscle and neck)

• The affected muscles enlarge owing to deposits of fat and connective tissues but the muscle fibres degenerate and become small.

• This disease is caused by a mutated gene in the X chromosome and mainly affects boys.

• Most common & serious form : Duchenne muscular dystrophy (degeneration of muscle)

• At present, there is no cure for muscular dystrophy but another technique still being studied (genetic engineering)

• Currently, steroid injection are being used to improve the strength of muscle but do not cure the disease

Muscular dystrophy

Muscles are made up of bundles of fibers (cells). A group of interdependent proteins along the membrane surrounding each fiber helps to keep muscle cells working properly. When one of these proteins, dystrophin, is absent, the result is Duchenne muscular dystrophy; poor or inadequate dystrophin results in Becker muscular dystrophy.

Muscular Muscular dystrophydystrophy

• Refers to a group of skeletal disorders – inflammation or degeneration of the joint.

• The joint become swollen, stiff and painful • The ageing process caused by decreasing

production of the synovial fluid in the joint.• Cartilage covering the ends of the bones

becomes thinner, the ligaments shorten and lose elasticity.

• 100 different of arthritis but the most ones are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis

• It is cause by the wear and tear of the cartilage between the bones inside certain joints.

• Patient suffer from painful, swollen, stiff knee.

• Treatment – a surgeon can replace the damaged joints with artificial ones. (plastic/metal)

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

• Inflammation of the synovial membrane of the joints in the finger, wrist, ankle and feet

Gout

• Deposition of uric acid in the joints.• Uric acid is a normal waste product excreted

in the urine• The actual build-up of uric acid can result

when the body has difficulty eliminating uric acid through the kidneys and urine or when the body produces too much uric acid.

• The tendency to accumulate uric acid is often hereditary

• Symptom : intense pain in one or more joints, redness, swelling and warmth over the joint

Gout

Appreciating a Healthy Musculoskeletal System

Ways to care for the musculoskeletal system1. Following a balanced diet2. Having good posture 3. Using proper attire 4. Taking appropriate precautions during

vigorous exercise 5. Practicing correct and safe exercise

technique

Following a balanced diet

• A diet rich in protein, vitamins A, C and D calcium, phosphates and iron for building of strong bones

• Calcium and vitamin D : prevent osteoporosis

• Drinking fluoridated water : to harden bones

• Getting plenty of weight-bearing exercise : to increase bone mass

• Is the position of the body and the way a person holds his or her body

• To ensure our body is always well supported

• Bad posture : will put undue pressure on our muscle and spine and will effect the internal organ, can cause us to tire easily.

Good posture

Good posture

Good posture

Using proper attire

• A good shoes : strong & flexible soles and cushioned insoles

• Cloth : not inhibit the movement of body

Taking appropriate precautions during vigorous exercise

• Stretching activities : to avoid cramps or injuries

• Drink water : to keep the body adequately hydrated

QUESTION 1 : TRIAL MARA 2004EXERCISE : ESSAY ITEM

i) Before 30 years old

• F1 : by taking a diet rich in calcium

• E1 : calcium is important for healthy bone

formation

• F2 : by doing weight-bearing exercise

• E2 : to increase bone mass/to stress the

bones

ii)

Cont…

• F3 : drink fluoridated water

• E3 : to give the bone and teeth more

harden

• F3 : intake of vitamin D

• E3 : for absorption of calcium

• F3 : intake of magnesium & boron

• E3 : for maintaining calcium in bones

• F3 : intake of vitamin C

• E3 : increase bone mass

Cont…

QUESTION 2(i) :TRIAL MARA 2005 Exercise : Structured Item

• F1 : by taking a diet rich in calcium such

as milk

• E1 : calcium is important for healthy bone

development

• F2 : by doing weight-bearing exercise

• E2 : to increase bone mass/to stress the

bones

• F3 : drink fluoridated water

• E3 : to give the bone and teeth more

harden

• F1 : by taking calcium pill

• E1 : to increase the formation of bones

• F1 : During pregnancy, women’s body undergo reduction / lose of calcium

• E1 : calcium for synthesis of foetus’s bones

• F2 : the reduction of estrogen / menopause process

• E2 : less absorption of calcium / more bone minerals to be lost than deposited

QUESTION 2(ii) :TRIAL MARA 2005 Exercise : Structured Item