ana-blood report
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8/7/2019 ANA-Blood Report
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General
Functions of Blood
General
Functions of Blood
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General Functions of BloodGeneral Functions of Blood
�Transportation�Regulation
�Protection
�Transportation�Regulation
�Protection
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Materials
Transportedby Blood
Materials
Transportedby Blood
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Materials Transported by BloodMaterials Transported by Blood
�Nutrients
�Waste Products
�Gases�Hormones
�Nutrients
�Waste Products
�Gases�Hormones
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Characteristics
of Blood
Characteristics
of Blood
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� Amount±A person had 4 to 6 liters of
blood, depending on his/her size
±38%-48% of blood volume:composed of various blood
cells, also called formed
elements±52%-62% of blood volume:
plasma
� Amount±A person had 4 to 6 liters of
blood, depending on his/her size
±38%-48% of blood volume:composed of various blood
cells, also called formed
elements±52%-62% of blood volume:
plasma
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�Color ±Arterial blood is bright
red because it containshigh levels of oxygen
±Venous blood hasdarker, dark red color
�Color ±Arterial blood is bright
red because it containshigh levels of oxygen
±Venous blood hasdarker, dark red color
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� pH±7.35 to 7.45
±Slightly alkaline
� Venous blood normally has
lower pH than does arterial
blood because of thepresence of more carbon
dioxide.
� pH±7.35 to 7.45
±Slightly alkaline
� Venous blood normally has
lower pH than does arterial
blood because of thepresence of more carbon
dioxide.
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� Viscosity±Blood is about three to five
times thicker than water
� Viscosity is increased by the
presence of blood cells and
the plasma proteins, and this
thickness contributes to
normal blood pressure.
� Viscosity±Blood is about three to five
times thicker than water
� Viscosity is increased by the
presence of blood cells and
the plasma proteins, and this
thickness contributes to
normal blood pressure.
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PlasmaPlasma
� Plasma is the liquid part of
blood and is approximately91% water.
� The solvent ability of water
enables plasma to transport
many types of substances.
� Plasma is the liquid part of
blood and is approximately91% water.
� The solvent ability of water
enables plasma to transport
many types of substances.
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PlasmaPlasma
� Plasma Proteins
± The proteins that circulate inplasma: include albumin, globulins,
and clotting factors.
� Albumin ± most abundant plasma
protein; contributes to the colloid
osmotic pressure of blood, which pulls
tissue fluid into capillaries.
� Plasma Proteins
± The proteins that circulate inplasma: include albumin, globulins,
and clotting factors.
� Albumin ± most abundant plasma
protein; contributes to the colloid
osmotic pressure of blood, which pulls
tissue fluid into capillaries.
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BLOOD
CELLS
BLOOD
CELLS
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Blood CellsBlood Cells
�RedB
loodC
ells�White Blood Cells
�Platelets
�RedB
loodC
ells�White Blood Cells
�Platelets
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Blood CellsBlood Cells
� Blood cells are produced from
stem cells in hemopoietictissue. After birth, this is
primarily the red bone marrow,
found in flat and irregular bones such as the sternum,
hip bone, and vertebrae.
� Blood cells are produced from
stem cells in hemopoietictissue. After birth, this is
primarily the red bone marrow,
found in flat and irregular bones such as the sternum,
hip bone, and vertebrae.
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Blood CellsBlood Cells
� Lymphocytes mature and
divide in lymphatic tissue,found in the spleen,
lymph nodes, and thymusgland.
� Lymphocytes mature and
divide in lymphatic tissue,found in the spleen,
lymph nodes, and thymusgland.
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Red BloodC
ells
Red BloodC
ells(Erythrocytes)(Erythrocytes)
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Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
� Biconcave disks
� Only human cells without nuclei� Normal RBC count ranges from 4.5 to
6.0 million cells per microliter (L) of
blood
� Hermatocr it ± way to measure
amount of RBCs
� Biconcave disks
� Only human cells without nuclei� Normal RBC count ranges from 4.5 to
6.0 million cells per microliter (L) of
blood
� Hermatocr it ± way to measure
amount of RBCs
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FunctionFunction
� Hemoglobin ± gives the RBCs
the ability to carry oxygen.±Each RBC contains
approximately 300 million
hemoglobin molecules, each of which can bond to four oxygen
molecules
� Hemoglobin ± gives the RBCs
the ability to carry oxygen.±Each RBC contains
approximately 300 million
hemoglobin molecules, each of which can bond to four oxygen
molecules
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FunctionFunction
� In the pulmonary capillar ies,
RBCs pic up oxygen andoxyhemoglobin is formed.
� In the systemic capillar ies,
hemoglobin gives up much oxygen and becomes reduced
hemoglobin
� In the pulmonary capillar ies,
RBCs pic up oxygen andoxyhemoglobin is formed.
� In the systemic capillar ies,
hemoglobin gives up much oxygen and becomes reduced
hemoglobin
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FunctionFunction
� Iron ± mineral essential to the
formation of hemoglobin±Four atoms of iron in each
molecule of hemoglobin
±Bonds to the oxygen
±Makes RBCs red
� Iron ± mineral essential to the
formation of hemoglobin±Four atoms of iron in each
molecule of hemoglobin
±Bonds to the oxygen
±Makes RBCs red
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Production
andMaturation
Production
andMaturation
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
� Red blood cells are formed
in red bone marrow in flatand irregular bones
� Stem Cells ± precursor cells within RBM
� Red blood cells are formed
in red bone marrow in flatand irregular bones
� Stem Cells ± precursor cells within RBM
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
� Hemocytoblasts ± stem cells of
the red bone marrow; constantlyundergo mitosis to produce all the
kinds of blood cells, many of
wh
ich
are RBC
s. The rate of production is very rapid, and a
major regulating factor is oxygen
� Hemocytoblasts ± stem cells of
the red bone marrow; constantlyundergo mitosis to produce all the
kinds of blood cells, many of
wh
ich
are RBC
s. The rate of production is very rapid, and a
major regulating factor is oxygen
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
� Hypoxia ± lack of oxygen
� Erythropoietin ± hormoneproduced by kidneys which
stimulates the RBM to
increase the rate of RBC
production
� Hypoxia ± lack of oxygen
� Erythropoietin ± hormoneproduced by kidneys which
stimulates the RBM to
increase the rate of RBC
production
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
�Normoblast ± last stage
with a nucleus
� Reticulocyte ± has
fragments of theendoplasmic reticulum
�Normoblast ± last stage
with a nucleus
� Reticulocyte ± has
fragments of theendoplasmic reticulum
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
� These immature cells are
usually found in the red bonemarrow, although a small
number of reticulocytes in the
peripheral circulation isconsidered normal.
� These immature cells are
usually found in the red bonemarrow, although a small
number of reticulocytes in the
peripheral circulation isconsidered normal.
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
� Large numbers of reticulocytes
or normoblasts in thecirculating blood mean that the
number of mature RBCs is not
sufficient to carry the oxygenneeded by the body.
� Large numbers of reticulocytes
or normoblasts in thecirculating blood mean that the
number of mature RBCs is not
sufficient to carry the oxygenneeded by the body.
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
� Protein and Iron ± necessary for
the synthesis of hemoglobin andbecome part of hemoglobin
molecules
� Copper ± part of some enzymesinvolved in hemoglobin synthesis
� Protein and Iron ± necessary for
the synthesis of hemoglobin andbecome part of hemoglobin
molecules
� Copper ± part of some enzymesinvolved in hemoglobin synthesis
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation
� Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
± required for DNA synthesisin the stem cells of the RBM
� Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
± required for DNA synthesisin the stem cells of the RBM
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Production and MaturationProduction and Maturation� Vitamin B12 is also called the
extr insic factor because its sourceis external, our food
� Parietal cells of the stomach liningproduce the intrinsic factor, a
chemical that combines with vitaminB12 in food to prevent its digestionand promote its absorption in thesmall intestine.
� Vitamin B12 is also called theextr insic factor because its sourceis external, our food
� Parietal cells of the stomach liningproduce the intrinsic factor, a
chemical that combines with vitaminB12 in food to prevent its digestionand promote its absorption in thesmall intestine.
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AnemiaAnemia
� Anemia is a deficiency of
red blood cells, or insufficient hemoglobin
within the red blood cells.
� Anemia is a deficiency of
red blood cells, or insufficient hemoglobin
within the red blood cells.
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AnemiaAnemia
� Iron-Def iciency Anemia ±
caused by lack of dietary iron, andthere is not enough of this mineral
to form sufficient hemoglobin
� Pernicious Anemia ± deficiencyof Vitamin B12; RBCs are large,
misshapen, and fragile
� Iron-Def iciency Anemia ±
caused by lack of dietary iron, andthere is not enough of this mineral
to form sufficient hemoglobin
� Pernicious Anemia ± deficiencyof Vitamin B12; RBCs are large,
misshapen, and fragile
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AnemiaAnemia
� Sickle-Cell Anemia ± genetic
disorder of h
emoglobin, which causes RBCs to sickle, clog
capillaries, and rupture
� Ap
las
tic
Anemi
a - suppression of the RBM, with decreased production
of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
� Sickle-Cell Anemia ± genetic
disorder of h
emoglobin, which causes RBCs to sickle, clog
capillaries, and rupture
� Ap
las
tic
Anemi
a - suppression of the RBM, with decreased production
of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
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AnemiaAnemia
� Hemolytic Anemia ± any
disorder that causes rupture of RBCs before the end of their
normal life span.
� Hemolytic Anemia ± any
disorder that causes rupture of RBCs before the end of their
normal life span.
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Life SpanLife Span
� Red blood cells live for
approximately 120 days. As theyreach this age they become fragile
and are removed from circulation
by cells of the t
issuemacrophage system
� Red blood cells live for
approximately 120 days. As theyreach this age they become fragile
and are removed from circulation
by cells of the t
issuemacrophage system
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Life SpanLife Span� The organs that contain macrophages
are the liver, spleen, and red bone
marrow
� The old RBCs are phagocytized and
digested by macrophages, and the iron
they contained is put into the blood to bereturned to the red bone marrow to be
used for the synthesis of new hemoglobin
� The organs that contain macrophages
are the liver, spleen, and red bone
marrow
� The old RBCs are phagocytized and
digested by macrophages, and the iron
they contained is put into the blood to bereturned to the red bone marrow to be
used for the synthesis of new hemoglobin
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Life SpanLife Span
� Excess iron is stored in the
liver � Jaundice ± sign caused by
excessive accumulation of
bilirubin in the blood
� Excess iron is stored in the
liver � Jaundice ± sign caused by
excessive accumulation of
bilirubin in the blood
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Blood
Types
Blood
Types
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Blood TypesBlood Types
� ABO group ± contains four blood
types: A,B
, AB
, andO
� The letters A and B represent
antigens (protein-
oligosaccharides) on the red bloodcell membrane
� ABO group ± contains four blood
types: A,B
, AB
, andO
� The letters A and B represent
antigens (protein-
oligosaccharides) on the red bloodcell membrane
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Blood TypesBlood Types
� Circulating in the plasma are
natural antibodies for thoseantigens not present on the
RBCs
� Circulating in the plasma are
natural antibodies for thoseantigens not present on the
RBCs
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Blood TypesBlood TypesType Antigens Present
on RBCs
Antibodies
Present in Plasma
A A Anti-B
B B Anti-A
AB Both A and B Neither anti-A nor anti-B
O Neither A nor B Both anti-A and
anti-B
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Blood TypesBlood Types
� Rh Factor ± antigen (often called D)
th
at may be present on RBC
s� Rh positive ± people with Rh
antigen
� Rh negativ
e ± people without R
h antigen
� Rh Factor ± antigen (often called D)
th
at may be present on RBC
s� Rh positive ± people with Rh
antigen
� Rh negativ
e ± people without R
h antigen
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Rh Disease of the
Newborn
Rh Disease of the
Newborn
Erythroblastosis FetalisErythroblastosis Fetalis
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Rh Disease of the NewbornRh Disease of the Newborn� Erythroblastosis fetalis is the result
of an Rh incompatibility between
mother and fetus. During a normal
pregnancy, maternal blood and fetal
blood do not mix in the placenta,
However, during delivery of theplacenta, some fetal blood may enter
maternal circulation.
� Erythroblastosis fetalis is the result
of an Rh incompatibility between
mother and fetus. During a normal
pregnancy, maternal blood and fetal
blood do not mix in the placenta,
However, during delivery of theplacenta, some fetal blood may enter
maternal circulation.
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