analysis of swimming pool by ve tech
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ANALYSIS OF SWIMMING POOL BY USING VALUE ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE
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ABSTRACT
Todays engineer is turning to rational cost analysis in lieu of subjective
selection of materials and designs. This requires both value engineering and least
cost analysis. Value engineering is the critical first step to ensure that correct
alternates are used in the least cost analysis. Otherwise, the engineer may be
comparing apples and oranges.
Alternative designs offer even more promise and savings of as much as
30% are possible compared with the costs of conventional designs. Thus,
innovative use of design techniques can offer truly substantial savings, with no
sacrifice in either quality or performance.
Barriers to cost effectiveness are listed as lack of information, wrong
beliefs, habitual thinking, risk of personal loss, reluctance to seek advice, negativeattitudes, over-specifying and poor human relations.
VE saves money and ensures that projects are cost-effective; improves the
quality of the project; eliminate unnecessary design elements and fosters
innovation and improves productivity. It helps us to identify high cost areas in the
design and uses a functional approach that makes it necessary for the designer to
identify the real requirements of the project.
VE techniques have been applied in one of the building facilities, which is
swimming pool. The VE job plan was implemented which involves the three mainphases such as the Pre Study Phase, VE Working Phase and Post Study Phase.
The study has given successful outcome in terms of cost and come up with
feasible alternatives.
During the study VE team had analysed the alternative materials and
currently existing materials involved in swimming pool and conducted a rate
analysis, technical feasibility, aesthetic and function of the materials and
equipments.
The key areas where value engineering has been applied are, Filter unit
and material, Heater, Drain system, Pumps, Use of aesthetically pleasing and
more durable materials.
It is noticed that cost savings may be few percent of overall cost incurred in
the construction of swimming pool. But there is incredible increase in terms of
value, function and aesthetic of suggested alternative materials and equipment. It
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also increases the comfort level of the bathers and increase monetary value to the
developer.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The construction sector is one of the key players in economic growth of
nation. Today, the construction industry is the second largest sector offering
rich employment opportunities after agriculture and plays an important role in
nations economy. In a changing real estate environment, providing all basic
facilities will emerge as a pre-requisite. Developers will have to tie up with
providers of such services to ensure a better selling price for their properties.
On the other hand, corporate will continue to avail the benefits of facilities
and services for their spaces to enhance their overall image and brand value.
In India although the industry situations is fiercely competitive yet the
subject of value engineering could not get its due importance amongst
businessmen, engineers and consultants. This is partly due to lack of training
in the subject, lack of publicity and lack of vigorous application of the
technique in the industry situations.
High cost and poor value have always been urgent concerns for all the
people. This has assumed new dimensions in these times of spiraling cost
and poor availability of money. Constraints on expenditures, tightening of
funds and an invasions of competitors through liberalization of policies has
made value engineering one the most talked fields amongst the
management experts.
Keeping costs low with traditional costs has been a commonly applied
practice to improve competitiveness. Saving money and, at the same time,
providing better value, is a concept that everyone emphasis. Value
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Engineering (VE) is a practice whose goal is, always, to achieve value for
money.
VE aims to deliver measurable value improvements through cost
reduction and/or improve quality and enhance design features for the
customer. These disciplines cannot be ignored if a company is to continue
meeting the rising expectations of its customer, who will always take their
business to where they can get the highest quality at the lowest possible
price.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
A well managed building is often a key parameter for most clients whilst
Looking for space. This is specifically so in the case of the real estate sector
where poor facility can lead to loss of sales for the tenants and in turn affect
the developer's profitability. Also, sub standard facility and maintenance
leads to dilapidation and losses in asset value over a period of time.
Value engineering is a methodology used to analyze the function of the
goods and services and to obtain the required functions of the user at the
lowest total cost without reducing the necessary quality of performance. To
keep the project cost on the lower best cost, traditional cost management
system is commonly applied to improve the competitiveness. Merely keeping
the costs down by affecting the efficiency is not an advisable thing. Here
Value Engineering comes into picture. Value Engineering study results in
cost reduction without hampering the quality and functions to be addressed
in completion of the project. Value Engineering study helps in identification
of risk, alternative construction methods & materials and additional functions
that improve the out come of the project.
1.3 CASE STUDY UNDER RESEARCH
The study mainly aims at an attempt to apply VE technique to the
Kumar meadows project at Hadapsar, pune. The problem under study is
basic amenities especially swimming pool of area 980m2 which includes spa
pool, wading pool, teens pool and Jacuzzi bench. Kumar builders Pvt Ltd are
developing the project located at Hadapsar, pune. This particular project was
considered for the case study, because of complex design and latest
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technology has been used. Thus the scope for application of value
engineering is very high.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
There is always a scope to improve value, in terms of material value or
the worth. The main objective is to provide all necessary functions at a
lowest cost. It also includes:
- To achieve true value for owner as well as customer.
- To understand and identify the areas of poor value in structure.
- To study for viable alternatives that can improve the value of the structure.
- To understand and compare the cost saving attained after conducting VE
study with that of conventional one.
- Recommendation of best alternatives to the organization of case study.
The following basic suggestions are helpful to keep in mind when
conducting a value engineering study,
- Team member must believe that there can be improvement made to the
project.
- There is always room for improvement in the design.
- Be receptive to new ideas.
- Eliminate the word impossible from your thinking.
- Suspend judgment.
- Develop as many ideas as possible.
- Look for association of ideas.
- Dont be afraid to experiment.
- Encourage all team members to participate.
- Test your own view in the form of questions.
- Help your team members to work through the ideas.
- Record all value engineering ideas.
1.5 METHODOLOGY
Method used for conducting this study is as under:
Literature collection and study
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Various books, papers, journals, Internet and relevant literature
regarding value engineering and value management in construction
were collected and the concept was studied in depth.
- Selection of case
With due permission of client, a residential project with all basic
amenities mainly swimming pool which is about 20% complete was
selected for case study as this provides scope for value analysis (VA)
and at the same time Value Engineering (VE) for next repetitive project.
Data collection
All necessary and authentic information regarding the swimming
pool were collected by visiting the head office and site directly. The
information includes financial and technical aspects of the swimmingpool. The data were collected through meetings, interview and
questionnaire with owner, consultant, contractor and architect. Other
information regarding alternative materials was collected from
manufacturers and dealers.
Interpretation of data
From the mass of the data available, required data related to
scope of the case were interpreted.
Identification of feasible alternatives
The areas where value engineering could be applied were
identified for improving value. The other alternatives performing the
same function at a lower cost and with better attributes were
recognized.
Conclusions/ Recommendations
The scope and application of VE in a swimming pool project was
successfully implemented, which yielded improvement in the value of
the case under study.
1.6 LIMITATION OF RESEARCH
VE can be applied in all possible areas of project like logistics, material
procurement, use of alternative materials, structural design, architectural
planning, design of services, construction methodology, energy efficiency
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etc. Experts on group dynamics have showed it in numerous case studies
that total performance of teams is better compared to performance of
individuals. A team having person from various disciplines is found to be very
effective. Since the study being conducted as an academic 3-member team
with restricted time frame as a constraint only planning, Energy efficiency,
and Building Material aspects of the building have been studied.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
In this work, an attempt has been made to apply Value Engineering
technique in the use of alternative materials only for the swimming pool
under study.
Apart from application in the above-mentioned areas, VE technique can
also be applied in the following areas,
i. Logistics
ii. Material procurement
iii. Design of services (architectural planning, structural design etc)
iv. Construction methodology
v. Quality
vi. Inventory Management
vii. Planning and scheduling.
Thus, it is observed that the scope for application is almost in every
aspect of any industry. In this study, an attempt has been made to find the
scope and application of Value Engineering in Real Estate Construction
mainly basic amenities, with the aid of a case study.
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CHAPTER-II
BASIC APPROACH TO VALUE ENGINEERING
This chapter elucidates the objective, concept, method and application of
Value Engineering bringing to light that Value is added to the project not by
replacing with a cheaper material but by using a more economical, functional and
which gives a much better life cycle costing.
2.1 THE CORE OF VALUE ENGINEERING
Value Engineering, which originated as Value Analysis in an attempt for
substituting scarce materials, has been well established as an ideal
technique for reducing costs. Hitherto, the emphasis has been on "providing
the required function or service at the lowest overall cost, without any
diminution of quality". However, in the recent post- liberalization years, its
problem solving methodology, viz., a cross- functional team approach, and
the combination of analytical tools and creativity, has been proved to be most
effective in meeting the challenges of competition.
Often we see a slogan Do it right the first time1 which implies that
there is a right way and if this right way is followed, one would have a zero
defect and that there would be no further improvement is possible. The value
specialist does not think this way, but on the contrary, believes that always a
corner of improvement is possible. This is because of the dynamics of
knowledge which is so fast that by that time this right methods is
established somewhere in some corner of the world developments are taking
place to make this right way obsolete or a group creativity may consider
other aspects of this right way and may suggest an improved way of doingthat job. There are factors such as availability of time to the designer,
collective creativity and technological innovation, which always provide us
better ways of doing things.
1 S Lomash,Value Management, Sterling Publisher Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 1998.
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Today, VE is not only recognized but also acclaimed as one of the best
Value Improving Practices that management can employ. Its successful
application to strategic planning, quality improvement, management studies,
manufacturing, and construction has demonstrated both its versatility and its
durability as a management practice.
A number of case studies and success stories are now available from
Indian industries, highlighting the successful application of Value Engineering
for cost reduction, improving quality, enhancing VALUE to the customer and
reducing response time.
Value Engineering (VE) is widely used in the design and development
stage of a product prior to capital expenditure. Payback is high, as some
70% of product life cycle costs are built in at the design stage.
Value Analysis (VA) focuses on 'find and fasten' solutions for existing
products and processes. Reduction of unnecessary cost and improvements
in functionality are high priorities.
2.2 VALUE ENGINEERING CONCEPT
Value Engineering2 is a proven management technique using a
systematized approach to seek out the balance between the cost, reliability
and performance of a project or a product. The program seeks to improve the
management capability of people and to promote progressive change by
identifying and removing unnecessary cost. It has several techniques that
serve as the tool kit of the value analyst.
2.3 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF VE
Value-based decision process
Uses functional approach
Follows a very systematic and organized "job plan
Directs efforts towards maximum possible alternatives through creativity
techniques
2 Zimmermann, W Larry, Glenn D Hart, Value Engineering A practical Approach for Owners,Designers and Contractors, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd,1999.
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2.4 WHAT VALUE ENGINEERING COSTS?
Value Engineering study for any project is an additional expense, which
normally company wont look into it. In the short term of the company, it
might feel that the cost of VE study is an unnecessary cost but if the long-
term benefits of using the VE studies in the projects are examined, then they
out shadow the expenses. Value is such a service, which is not easily
achieved. It entails itself many aspects like quality, customer satisfaction etc.,
which makes the company profitable. The expenses for implementing the VE
study often incur 1% of the project cost, but it gives a saving of 10% of the
total project cost1.
2.5 REASONS FOR POOR VALUE
There are various parameters, which effects the smooth and effective
functioning of Value Engineering. Below are the few of them, which are of
most importance:-
2.5.1 Lack of Information
- Failure to get sufficient facts before starting.
- Lack of knowledge or misunderstanding of the full requirements of
the original project plan.
- Decisions based on "educated guesses."
- Wrong beliefs
- Erroneous interpretations or conclusions of the facts.
- Unfortunate experiences with past applications of materials, etc.
- Bias against proven technology.
2.5.2 Habitual Thinking
- Doing things the same way we've always done them.
- Tendency to re-use what worked the last time.
- Copying standards of other agencies.
- Lack of attention to the current state-of-the-art.
1 Greve, Jhon W, Frank W Wilson, Value Engineering in Manufacturing, Prentice Hall Inc, New
Jersey, 1987.
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2.5.3 Risk of Personal Loss
- Risk associated with trying something that you have not tried
before.
- Decisions based on "nearly related" data, rather than the actual
case.
- Reluctance to Ask for Advice
- Designers are often very reluctant to seek advice from others in
their field.
- Failure to admit that they might not know all the answers.
2.5.4 Time Pressures
- Need to provide a project design as quickly as humanly possible,
sometimes even quicker.
- Pressure becomes so great that anything with a reasonable
chance of working is designed into the project.
- Acceptance of the first workable solution in order to complete the
design on time.
- No time to sit and contemplate.
- No time to sit and think up alternative approaches.
2.5.5 Negative Attitudes
- Some people are reluctant to consider a change of any type
regardless of its merit.
- Most designers feel they always provide the best, the first time,
regardless of how much time they spend developing the design.
2.5.6 Rapidly Changing Technology
- Rapid strides taking place in the development of processes,
products, and materials.
- Technology is constantly changing.
- No one person can be expected to be completely current in any
field.
2.5.7 Strict Adherence to Requirements
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- Requirements are often unrelated to required performance,
materials, safety or procedures.
- Assumed requirement when not specifically specified.
- Concentration on the development of a reliable system4, which
exceeds all known and assumed requirements.
- Each unnecessary requirement, which is met in a design, costs
money, but worse still, increases the chance of failure of the
overall system.
2.5.8 Poor Human Relations
- Poor communications.
- Misunderstandings.
- Jealousy.
- Normal friction between human beings.
2.5.9 Lack of Fee
- Various shortcuts to stay within budget
- Improper funds
- Price of contracts
2.6 VALUE ENGINEERING JOB PLAN
The organized and systematic approach of the VE job plan is the key
to success in VE study. It is through the job plan that the study identifies
the key areas of unnecessary and seeks new and creative ways of the
performing the same function as the original part, process or material.
2.6.1 Reason For VE Job Plan
Maximizing effectiveness
Reduce time cycle of study
Clarity of purpose
Cost consciousness
Objectivity approach
4 Seeley.L.H., Building Economics, 3rd
Edition, McMillan, London, 1983
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Breaks barriers and habits
Universal applicability
Organized approach
The key features that separate the VE Job Plan from other methods
used to solve routine engineering problems are:
i. Analysis of function;
ii. Specific creative effort to develop many design alternatives;
iii. The principal of not degrading the required performance; and
iv. Assigning costs to perform each function.
The job plan is the systematic approach that follows the five basic
phases. A multidiscipline team of experienced personnel is brought
together in a workshop setting to analyze the project. Time is also spent
prior to the study gathering information and reviving background data for
the study. The five-phase job plan to describe the procedure is as follows,
2.7 INFORMATION PHASE
The information phase of the VE job plan involves defining the project,
obtaining background information that leads to the project design, limitations
on the project, and a sensitivity to the costs involved in owning and operatinga facility. The purpose of this phase is for the VE team to gain as much as
information and knowledge as possible on the project design. The quality of
output is dependent on the quality of input. The quality of information should
be correct and up to date. The benefits derived from a VE project are directly
dependent on correctness of input information.
It is important to realize that design engineer or architect for the project
has spent considerable time in developing the plans and specifications to this
point. The value engineering team needs to know the information that wentinto the development of that design. What was the rationale used by the
designer for the development of the project? What were the assumptions that
made in establishing the design criteria and in selecting materials and
equipment to perform the required functions? The intention is not to dispute
the work that the design engineer has accomplished. It is to come up with
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new and different alternatives and comparisons of designs that will reduce
the cost of the project. In most cases, the design engineer can provide
valuable information that will give a better feel to the circumstances that led
to the project, and indicate areas that he feels have high costs.
The information on costs should be as detailed as possible. In many
cases only estimates would be available. It must be tried to get estimated
versus actual costs. The purpose of cost information is to visualize cost of
functions, potential savings, analysis of ideas and life cycle cost analysis.
The quality and completeness of information provided by the owner and
the designer on the background of their project directly affects the quality of
value engineering team study. The team depends heavily on the designer
and the owner to provide necessary information. There are several areas of
information that are needed to conduct the value engineering study. Some of
the most relevant areas are,
Design criteria (system requirements)
Site conditions (topography, soil condition, soil borings, surrounding area,
Ariel photographs)
Regulatory requirements
Elements of the design
History of the project
Constraints imposed on the project
Available utilities
Requirements resulting from public participation
Design computations.
2.7.1 Cost Information
The cost model is used as a method of organizing costs into
identifiable areas in order to determine the high cost areas of thedesign. All value engineering studies are done on the basis of life
cycle costs. Therefore, the cost needed from the designer of the
project is not only the initial construction cost estimate, but his best
estimate of the cost of owning and operating the facility. Much of this
information has been prepared while analyzing concepts for the
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design. Because cost is the medium that is used for comparison if
ideas, its importance and accuracy cannot be overstated. One of the
first assignments of the value engineering team is to review the cost
information of the project and to validate it. The cost estimates serves
as a basis for comparison of future value engineering
recommendations its accuracy is mandatory.
2.7.2 Life Cycle Cost
Value Engineering differs from all other cost reduction
techniques in different ways. The time value of money and well-
recognised procedure are important considerations in the decision
making process. A formal analysis using engineering economics
provides the answer. The VE cost reduction is over the life time of the
product or facility. Life cycle costs entail all costs from project
conception to the final scraping and disposal of the project or product2.
It includes all costs of operation, repairs, maintenance, energy-
consumption, rentals, insurance etc., discounted to the present and
added to the initial or capital cost. In simple words LLC is that cost
which is for owning and operating the facility.
2.8 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
The purpose of the function analysis is to clearly define the work
involved and the requirements for the project. If functional approach is not
being used while doing an exercise of reducing cost then it is merely cost
reduction and not value engineering and may land up in cheapening the
product or quality or reduce the function. The purpose of VE is not cost
reduction, but cost effectiveness.
2.8.1 Objective of Functional Analysis
The objective of VE is to achieve true value for the owners. This
value can be increased by reducing the cost by cutting unnecessary
5 Seeley, Ivor H, Building Economics, McMillan Press Ltd, London 1996.
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cost, or by providing more workable product that would decrease the
cost of owning and operating the facility or by providing better product,
which increase the esteem or prestige to the owner, at the same cost.
2.8.2 Value Evaluation Criteria
Each individual has evaluation criteria to assess value. The
criteria used to determine the value of a product depends on who the
owner is and his terms of ownership. The evaluation criteria depend
on purchaser, individual, owner and by the designers involved in the
project.
Typical evaluation criteria for assessing value are
i. Initial costii. Energy cost
iii. Return on profit
iv. Functional performance
v. Reliability
vi. Operability Ease of maintenance
vii. Quality
viii.Salability
ix. Regard or esthetics and
x. Environment owner requirements Safety
2.8.3 Verb-Noun Approach
During the VE study, in the functional analysis phase, functions
are defined by two words A Verb and a Noun, also known as 2-
Word Abridgement.
A verb is an action verb and a noun, an action noun. In other
works the verb should be active and should describe what it is that theitem does. The noun should be measurable and describe what it is
that the verb description is acting upon. The noun should be
understood in measurable terms because a specific value will be
assigned to it in the evaluation process, where cost is related to
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function. Verb answers the question What does it cost and noun
answers the question What does it do it to?
The advantages of this approach are
Forces conciseness, which saves time when people become
familiar with the process.
The individual functions are easily understood.
Avoids focusing on specific solutions.
2.8.4 Classification of Function
Each function is classified as basic function which defines a
performance feature that must be attained. It reflects the primary
reason for an item or system. A clear understanding of the users
need is necessary if an adequate definition of the basic function is to
be developed.
However, an item may possess more than one basic function.
An example is the campers hand axe with a flat head of driving tent
stakes and a sharp blade for cutting firewood. Thus a basic function
answers the question, What must it do?
A secondary function also defines performance feature of a
system or item other than those that must be accomplished. It
answers the question what else does it do? The secondary function
supports the basic function but generally exist because of the
particular design approach that has been taken to perform the basic
function. Many times, the presence of a secondary function depends
on the method chosen to achieve a basic function and, if the method
to achieve the basic function is changed, the secondary function may
be eliminated.
The next step is to identify the cost and worth related to each
function. Worth is defined as the least cost required to perform the
function. Assigning a worth is difficult, as it requires making
comparisons and devising new ideas as alternatives to the present
design.
The next step is to compare the overall system cost to the sum
of the worth of the basic function. The resultant is defined as the cost
to worth ratio.the purpose of assigning is to develop list of alternatives
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solutions to the original design. Based on past experience in
comparing cost, a cost worth ratio greater than two will usually
indicate possibilities for removing cost within the project. Having
completed the functional analysis and the cost model fore the project,
the VE team now ready to venture into creative phase.
2.9 CREATIVE PHASE
The creative phases of the value engineering job plan is intended to
force the value engineering participants to think deeper than they are usually
accustomed. Engineers and architects are creature of habits, just like other
individuals. There is instinct is to take the first solution that comes to mind,
develop it put it in to design and casted in concrete. In the course of their
experience on projects, they may have several different alternatives thathave worked well for them I the past, and which they traditionally used as
solution to design. Creative techniques are used to foster an atmosphere of a
free flow of information.
During the value engineering study, the value engineering team
continuously analyzing and synthesizing ideas to come up with the best
balance between the cost, performance, and reliability of the project.
Creative techniques are used to bring about improvements and
progress. Creative thinking may be seen as a means of overcoming
problems that confront us. The solution of creative ideas, are often new and
different from the original concept. There is always new preposition that
improves the required function. Even if the basic premises sound, there are
always to improve the concept. When the project is value engineered a good
design is made with more cost effective. The options are unlimited. Finding
the best solution is where the challenge occurs.
2.9.1 Crux of Creative Thinking
It is applied in a VE study, requires that you separate the
creative portions of your mind from your judgment portion of the mind
for two reasons.
- To allow more associations of ideas
- To accumulate the greater quantity of ideas
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2.9.2 Brain Storming
This is one of the most common techniques used in the VE
Speculation phase. In this technique, a group of individuals
representing different disciplines in a construction project (VE team)
are brought together in a group. The VMTC (value management team
coordinator) who leads the group is supposed to be the facilitator of
this session and it is his responsibility to conduct the session on a
productive manner.
The brewing of the many alternatives for the various areas
under consideration is initiated and the collection of ideas using the
Brainstorming Technique or the Pooling of ideas is done. The primary
objective that is satisfying the function of that item is kept topmost onpriority during the sessions.
The members of the VE team are prompted to spontaneously
produce ideas regarding specific aspects or general areas of the
project. This session is characterized by certain rules, which are as
follows:
- The problem under should be described to the team in advance.
- This description regarding this will be satisfied in the functional
evaluation in the previous phase.
- A positive environment should be established by the VMTC prior to
the start of this phase.
- The group should be diversified and a small in number. To bring
about diversity in the thought process it is advisable to entertain a
proper gender mix, as women are believed to think differently.
- Illogical ideas and freewheeling are encouraged.
- Quantity is what matters and not Quality at this stage.
- Judgment of ideas is prohibited.
- The combination and improvement of ideas are encouraged. To
enable this process, the ideas are written in flip charts for all team
members to see what are generated.
2.9.3 Checklists
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Some of the problems, which are taken for discussion in the
creative phase of the study, might have come in previous VE studies
conducted by the organization. This is a very common phenomenon in
the field of construction. Since all the VE studies are well documented
in each and every stage, the ideas, which may have sprung up in the
creative phase of a previous project, could be used as a checklist and
hence a wider approach is facilitated. Extreme care should be taken in
the fact that while using the checklist the ideas in the checklists should
not be forced to fit in the problem under study as it may provide faulty
conclusions.
2.10 JUDGMENT PHASE
The judgment phase of the VE study is used to screen the ideas listed
in the creative phase. In this phase we will evaluate those ideas to see if they
can be developed further for recommendations resulting in increased value
to the owners. There are also advantages when evaluating creative ideas in
trying to look at the total list of creative ideas to see one or more may be
combined for recommendations.
2.10.1 Evaluation Criteria
- Other cost benefits to the recommendation
- Does the other proposed idea meet the required functional
requirements?
- Is the new idea reliable?
- Are the original design requirements excessive?
- What is the impact on the design and construction schedule of
the project?
- Is there improvement over the original design?
- Has the proposed design being used in the past?
- Is there past record of performance on the new design proposal?
After listing advantages and disadvantages of each of the
creative ideas, the ideas are rated on the basis 1-10, the 10 being
most desirable and 1 being the least desirable. Ideas that are found
to be irrelevant or not worthy of additional study are disregarded,
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and those ideas that represent the greatest potential for cost savings
and improvements to the project are then further developed.
2.11 DEVELOPMENT PHASE AND RECOMMENDATION PHASE
The recommendations formulated by the VE team are given a fair and
thorough evaluation by the appropriate managers of the department. Value
Engineering teams should provide management with as many
recommendations as practicable. The recommendations should then be
evaluated by staff offices whose specialty areas are impacted by the
proposed recommendation. Management must then decide, based on all
available information, whether or not to approve the recommendation.
2.12 EXPECTATIONS FROM VE
Most often, cost reductions are recommended, but in some instances,
recommend an increase becomes essential. Because, while short-term
costs are increased on a specific project, if that means that bridge or road
or a township lasts longer and well need less ongoing maintenance, one
can pay less throughout the lifetime of the facility, which is called life-cycle
cost reduction.
The reasons for adopting Value Engineering is
- VE saves money and ensures that projects are cost-effective.
- VE improves the quality of the project.
- VE can eliminate unnecessary design elements.
- VE fosters innovation and improves productivity.
This chapter had given a brief idea about scope, objective, concept,
methods and application of value engineering. The application of VE in our
case study will be dealt in detail in the next chapter.
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CHAPTER III
SWIMMINGPOOL
Swimming is a widely accepted exercise to keep the body fit and healthy.
The specialty of swimming is that along with thorough exercise it offers a
recreational value, which is probably greater than any other form of physical
exercise. Swimming pool is not only restricted in specialized centers like
gymnasium and fitness clubs but also have become an integral part of a modern
housing scheme.
3.1 DEFINITIONS
The following are the various terms used in swimming pool.
Bather Area means any area normally occupied by bathers as they
participate in bathing activities. Bather areas include pools, decks, slides,
and dressing rooms.
Bather Load means the number of persons using a pool at any one time
or specified period of time.
Diver area means the area of a pool that is designed, operated, andreserved around each diving board or platform.
High Bather Load means 90% or greater of the designed maximum
bather load."
Hydrotherapy Pool means a pool designed primarily for medically
prescribed therapeutic use.
Non-swimmer area means each area of a pool with water five feet, 1.52
meters, or less in depth.
Pool means a man-made basin, chamber, receptacle, tank, or tub which,
when filled with water, creates an artificial body of water used for
swimming, bathing, diving, recreational and therapeutic uses.
Pool Deck means the area contiguous to the outside of the pool curb,
diving boards, diving towers and slides.
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Private Residential Swimming Pool means a swimming pool, spa pool
or wading pool used only by an individual, family, or living unit members
and guests, but not serving any type of multiple unit-housing complexes
of four or more living units.
Public Pool means a swimming pool, spa pool, wading pool, or special
purpose pool facility which is not a private residential pool."
Spa Pool means a pool which uses hydrotherapy jet circulation, hot
water, cold water, bubbles produced by air induction, or any combination
of these, to impart a massaging effect upon a bather. Spa pools include,
spas, whirlpools, hot tubs, or hot spas.
Special Purpose Pool means a pool with design and operational
features that provide patrons recreational, instructional, or therapeutic
activities which are different from that associated with a pool used
primarily for swimming, diving, or spa bathing.
Swimmer area means each area of a pool with water over five feet, 1.52
meters, in depth, which is not designed, operated, or reserved as a diver
area.
Swimming Pool means a pool used primarily for recreational, sporting,
or instructional purposes in bathing, swimming, or diving activities.
Turnover means the circulation of a quantity of water equal to the pool
volume through the filter and treatment facilities.
Wading Pool means any pool or pool area used or designed to be used
by children five years of age or younger for wading or water play
activities.
Water Slide means a recreational facility consisting of f lumes upon which
bathers descend into a splash pool3.
3.2 SWIMMING POOL CONSTRUCTIONThe fig 3.1 shows the flow chart which gives the detail procedure for the
construction of swimming pool
3 www.swimcrete.com
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Fig : 3.1 Flow Chart for Swimming Pool (Execution)
Layout and Positioning
Excavation
Soling and Pcc
Form Work and Rebar
Skimmer box
Returns
Lights
Pipe work
Connection to main
drain
Laying Shahbad Tiles
Plumbing Work
Electrical Installation
Concreting
Pool Internal Finish
Pool Surrounding Deck
Equipment Installation
Testing for Leakage
Commissioning of Pool
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3.3 TYPES OF SWIMMING POOL
Swimming pool can be classified on the basis of position of swimming
pool and the material used for construction. Types of swimming pool are
given as under
3.3.1 In Ground Pools
In ground pools, like the name states are built into the ground. In
ground pools can be built to allow for diving or not, depending on the
depth. A diving pool typically needs to have a deep end depth of 86
or more, where typically, non-diving pools have a depth of 3 to 56.
never add or replace a diving board without first contacting your pool
builder.
3.3.2 Above Ground Pools
Like the name says, above ground pools are built above the
ground. Some are constructed with corrosion resistant steel wall
panels with a vinyl liner covering the inside. Other above ground pools
is made of a thick vinyl-type bladder, which is supported by PVC
poles. Most above ground pools are round or oval, but some are also
rectangle. There is to be no diving in an above ground pool as most
have a maximum depth of 4 to 6 feet.
3.3.3 Concrete Pool
Some pools are constructed by poured concrete. The concrete is
poured, finished and allowed to dry to form the walls and floor. When
the concrete is dry, its painted with the desired color chosen by the
pool owner. Paint touch-ups are typically required, periodically, in
various areas make sure you use the same type of paint as the
original. Two common types of paint for concrete pools are
Chlorinated Rubber or Epoxy. If a concrete finish becomes rough and
chipped in numerous areas, its best to have your concrete pool
professionally sandblasted and repainted an investment that will
extend the life of your concrete pool.
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3.3.4 Gunite / Shot Crete Pool
Gunite (or a variation called Shot Crete) is a type of reinforced
concrete; it is strong and adaptable to unusual shapes. Instead of
being poured, gunite is sprayed. Gunite starts with a dry mixture of
cement and sand, which is then combined with water and mixed
thoroughly. The finished product is then pressure sprayed over a
framework of steel rods and wire mesh to form the walls and floor.
There are a variety of colors / speckle finishes available to the pool
owner.
3.3.5 Vinyl-Liner Pool
Compared to other in ground pools, vinyl-liner pools (shown in
photo no. 11 & 12) are generally the most affordable, easy to maintain
and are available in a standard set of designs. Although the vinyl-liner
is the only part visible to the pool owner, it does not make up structure
and integrity of the pool. After digging and shaping the hole for the
pool, pre-manufactured panels are bolted together to form the walls,
and then a base is poured to form the floor. Lastly, a track (coping) is
installed to the top of the pool walls to hold the vinyl-liner in place.
These types of pools are popular in cold-weather states, since the
panels have some degree of flex and hold up well under freeze/thaw
conditions. Vinyl-liners are available in many colors, patterns and
designs and will last an average of 8 to 10 years, after which time a
new liner can be installed.
3.3.6 Fiberglass Pool
Fiberglass4 pools are made of a one-piece fiberglass molded
shell that makes up the entire pool. While a fiberglass pool is typically
the quickest to install, there are fewer choices for size, shape and
depth compared to other pool types. Because the surface is non-
porous, fiberglass pools are easy to care for and long lasting.
4source-swimmingpool101.com
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Concrete Pools have been around for years. They are made of
solid materials, and are sure to last for a long time. Once you add one
of these pools to your home you add value to the final sale of your
home. A backyard pool is an asset no matter where you live, and the
size of your home.
When it comes to finding in ground swimming pools nothing
beats the quality and low maintenance of fiber glass Unlike above
ground pools, installing an in ground pool is a permanent home
improvement option. They are made of stronger, more durable parts,
and have fewer problems with things like leakage and tears. This
home improvement adds value to your home, not to mention the hours
of fun it adds to your life.
3.4 POOL BASICS
Swimming pools come in all shapes and sizes, but nearly all of them, from the
backyard personal pool to the water park wave pool, work in the same basic way. They
use a combination of filtration and chemical treatment to continually clean a large
volume of water.
A typical swimming pool needs seven major components:
A basin
A motorized pump
A water filter
A chemical feeder
Drains
Returns
PVC plastic plumbing connecting all of these elements5
3.4.1 Pool Basin
The basic idea is to pump water in a continual cycle, from thepool through the filtering and chemical treatment systems and back to
the pool again. In this way, the pumping system keeps the water in the
pool relatively free of dirt, debris and bacteria. Some pools also
5Philip H perkins, swimming pool, London and new york publishers,fourth edition.
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include heaters in the mix, in order to keep the water at a certain
temperature
3.4.2 Motorised Pool Pumps
A pool pump is a crucial mechanical device that works in
conjunction with the filter to maintain your pool's cleanliness. Pool
pumps are offered in a large selection with many different sizes and
pumping capabilities. Some are designed for smaller above ground
pool while others are better for in ground ones.
A pool pump works by extracting water from the pool, running it
through a basket and then a filter to trap debris and dirt. The pump
then sends clean water back into the pool. A pump can have one or
two speeds and different levels of power.
Every pump has a capability level that lets you know how much
water it can circulate. It is important to look at the pump's circulation
ability and see how much it can pump either by the minute or by the
hour. A good rule to follow is that a residential pool should be able to
circulate its entire water contents in 8-10 hours.
Some pool pumps come equipped with a straining basket to catch
debris and many have transparent lids to allow you to monitor the
Fig-3.2 A Typical Pool System
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basket.
It is important to look into the energy efficiency of the pump as
well as the warranty stipulations to ensure you get the best bang for
your buck. Also, specific pumps are able to work best with different
filter types.
A pool pump can cost anywhere between $70 and $500. Above-
ground pumps tend to be less expensive than in ground models.
3.4.3 WATER FILTER
Basic Requirements Of Water Filter.
A public pool must either use a rapid sand filter, hi-rate sand filter,
diatomaceous earth filter, or a cartridge filter.
The filter system must be provided with influent pressure, vacuum,
or compound gauges to indicate the condition of the filters. Air-
relief valves must be provided at or near the high point of the filter
or piping system.
The filter tank and all components must be installed in compliance
with the manufacturer's recommendations.
An air-relief valve must be provided at or near the high point of the
filter.
The filter system must be provided with an influent pressure
gauge to indicate the condition of the filter.
The design rate of filtration may not exceed 2.0 g.p.m./sq.ft., 7.57
liters/929 cm2, of effective filtering surface without continuous body
feed, nor greater than 2.5 g.p.m./sq.ft., 9.46 liters/929 cm2, with
continuous body feed.
Where fabric is used, filtering area must be determined on the
basis of effective filtering surfaces. The filter and all component parts must be designed and constructed of materials which will withstand normal
continuous use without significant deformation, deterioration, corrosion or wear which could adversely affect
filter operations.
The filter plant must be provided with influent pressure, vacuum, or
compound gauges to indicate the condition of the filter. In vacuum-
type filter installations where the circulating pump is rated at two
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horsepower or higher, an adjustable high vacuum automatic shut-
off device must be provided to prevent damage to the pump. Air-
relief valves must be provided at or near the high point of the filter
system.
A filter must be designed to facilitate cleaning by one or more of the
following methods: backwashing, air-bump-assist backwashing,
automatic or manual water spray, or agitation.
The filter system must provide for complete and rapid draining of
the filter.
The designed rate of filtration may not exceed 0.375 gallons, 1.42
liters, per minute per square foot, 929 cm2, of effective filter area.
The filter must be fitted with influent and effluent pressure gauges,
vacuum, or compound gauges to indicate the condition of the filter.
In vacuum type filter installations where the circulating pump is
rated at two horsepower or higher, an adjustable high vacuum
automatic shut-off must be provided to prevent damage to the
pump. Air- relief valves must be provided at or near the high point
of the filter system.
3.4.3.1 Typesof Fil ter.
Pool filters are made for both in ground and above
ground pools and are designed specifically to work in
correlation with different pumps. There are three common
types of pool filters found on the market today.
Sand Filters quite simply have sand in a pressurized canister
that stops debris. They are very popular because they work
well and are the most affordable in filter options. The average
cost of a sand filter can be between $180 and $450.
Sand filters (shown in photo no - 4) use specially graded
sand as the filter media. The water enters the tank through
the diffuser. As the water goes down through the bed of
sand, the dirt and debris is trapped between the grains of
sand. When the water reaches the bottom of the filter, it
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enters the laterals and is returned to the pool. Sand filters
filter out debris down to about 40 microns in size.
Cartridge Filters use cartridges that clean the water by
trapping dirt in the cartridge. You must clean the cartridge to
get rid of the debris. They work well and range in price from
$200-$800.
Cartridge filters use a paper-type cartridge as the filter
media. They do not filter as finely as DE, and in our
experience produce about the same water quality as sand
filtration.
Cartridge filters (shown in photo no - 5) used to have a
bad reputation as a nuisance to maintain, but manufacturers
have come up with newer filters with enough surface area
(300-500 square feet) to need cleaning only once or twice
each year. This makes the maintenance issue a plus with
these filters.
Diatomaceous Earth (De) filters use powder-coated filter
grids that can catch the smallest of particles. They are the
most expensive type but are extremely effective. A DE filter's
cost ranges from $280-$800. Some filters needs to be
backwashed, which essentially washes out debris from the
filter by reversing the stream of water. Similar to a pump, a
filter is measured in the amount of water it can circulate in a
given amount of time.
DE filters (shown in photo no - 6) use diatomaceous
earth as a filter media. The DE filter has plastic grids covered
with a plastic type of fabric. A layer of filter powder called
Diatomaceous Earth covers the grids and does the filtering.
As the water passes through the filter powder, any
debris down to 5-8 microns is filtered out. Because the DE is
much finer that sand, it is able to filter much more finely than
a sand filter.
3.4.4 Chemical Feeder
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Chemical feeder is equipped in pool to control and
moniter chemicals to the pool circulation system
3.4.4.1 Disinfectant
i. A pool must be equipped with a disinfectant feeder or
feeders, adjusted output rate chemical-feeding equipment
and flow through chemical feeding equipment for
swimming pools, or be deemed equivalent by the
department.
ii. A spa pool must be equipped with oxidation reduction
potential controllers which monitor chemical demands,
including pH and disinfectant demands, and regulate the
amount of chemicals fed into the pool circulation system.Supervisory water testing, calibration checks, inspection
and cleaning of sensor probes and chemical injectors
must be performed in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations. If specific manufacturer's
recommendations are not made, the inspections,
calibration checks, and cleaning of sensor probes must be
done at least weekly.
iii. Where compressed chlorine gas is used, the following
additional features must be provided:
(a) Chlorine and chlorinating equipment must be located in a
secure, well-ventilated enclosure separate from other
equipment systems or equipment rooms. Such enclosures
may not be below ground level. If an enclosure is a room
within a building, it must be provided with vents near the
floor, which terminate at a location out-of-doors.
Enclosures must be located to prevent contamination of
air inlets to any buildings and areas used by people.
Forced air ventilation capable of providing at least one
complete air change per minute, must be provided for
enclosures.
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(b) Substances, which are incompatible with chlorine, may not
be kept in the chlorine enclosure.
(c) Chlorine cylinders must be secured to prevent their falling
over. An approved valve stem wrench must be maintained
on the chlorine cylinder so the supply can be shut off
quickly in case of emergency. Valve protection hoods and
cap nuts must be kept in place except when the cylinder is
connected.
(d) Doors to chlorine gas and equipment rooms must be
labeled DANGER CHLORINE GAS in letters at least four
inches, 10.16 cm.
(e) The chlorinator must be designed so that leaking chlorine
gas will be vented to the out-of- doors.
(f) The chlorinator must be a solution feed type, capable of
delivering chlorine at its maximum rate without releasing
chlorine gas to the atmosphere. Injector water must be
furnished from the pool circulation system with necessary
water pressure increases supplied by a booster pump.
The booster must be interlocked with both the pool
circulation pump and with a flow switch on the return line.
(g) Chlorine feed lines may not carry pressurized chlorine
gas.
(h) An unbreakable bottle of ammonium hydroxide, of
approximately 28 percent solution in water, must be
readily available for chlorine leak detection.
(i) A self-contained breathing apparatus approved by NIOSH for entering environments that
are immediately dangerous to life or health must be available and must have a minimum
capacity of fifteen minutes.
(j) The breathing apparatus must be kept in a closed
cabinet located outside of the room in which the
chlorinator is maintained, and must be accessible
without use of a key or lock combination.
(k) The facility operator shall demonstrate to the local
health department through training documentation, that
all persons who operate, or handle gas chlorine
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equipment are knowledgeable about safety and proper
equipment handling practices to protect themselves,
staff members, and the public from accidental
exposure to chlorine gas.
(l) The facility operator or his designee shall immediately
notify the local health department of any inadvertent
escape of chlorine gas.
iv. Bactericidal agents, other than chlorine and bromine, and
their feeding apparatus may be acceptable if approved by
the department.
v. Equipment of the positive displacement type and piping
used to apply chemicals to the water must be sized,
designed, and constructed of materials which can be
cleaned and maintained free from clogging at all times.
Materials used for such equipment and piping must be
resistant to the effects of the chemicals in use.
vi. All auxiliary chemical feed pumps must be wired
electrically to the main circulation pump so that the
operation of these pumps is dependent upon the operation
of the main circulation pump. If a chemical feed pump has
an independent timer, the main circulation pump and
chemical feed pump timer must be interlocked.
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TABLE-3.1
Acceptable Chemical Levels
Description Minimum limit (ppm) Maximum limit (ppm)
Ph value 7.2 7.6
Free Chlorine 1.5 5.0
Combined chlorine 0.5 1.0
Total alkalinity 80 140
Calcium hardness 250 600
Cyanuric Acid 30 60
Sulphates 200 300
chlorides 200 600
3.4.5 Drains
We've already seen that the water in a swimming pool needs to circulate
through a filtering system, to remove dirt and debris. During normal operation,
water flows to the filtering system through two or more main drains at the
bottom of the pool and multiple skimmer drains around the top of the pool.
The main drains are usually located on the lowest point in the
pool, so the entire pool surface slants toward them. Most of the dirt
and debris that sinks exits the pool through these drains. To keeppeople from getting their hair or limbs caught in the plumbing, the
drains are almost always covered with grates or antivortex covers (a
cover that diverts the flow of water to prevent a dangerous vortex from
forming).
The skimmers draw waters the same way as the main drains, but
they suck only from the very top of the pool (the top eighth of an inch,
typically). Any debris that floats -- leaves, suntan oil, and hair -- leaves
the pool through these drains. The diagram below shows a common
system.
3.4.5.1 The Drain System
In the system described here, the floating weir, the door at the
inlet passageway, swings in and out to let a very small volume of
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water in at a time. To catch debris effectively, the goal is to skim just
the surface level. The water flows through the strainer basket, which
catches any larger debris, such as twigs and leaves. In addition to the
main inlet, the skimmer system has a secondary equalizer line leading
to a drain below the surface level. This line keeps the skimmer from
drawing air into the pump system if the water level drops below the
level of the main inlet.
Fig- 3.6 Typical Drain System
3.4.6 Return Port
The water is pumped through the filtering system and back out to
returns, inlet valves around the side of the pool. This system involves
a lot of suction, but if the pool is built and operated correctly, there is
virtually no risk of suction holding somebody against one of the drains.
The only way the plumbing system could apply this sort of suction is if
there were only one open drain. In a safe pool, there are always
multiple main drains as well as several skimmer drains, so if
somebody or something blocks one drain, the pumping system will
pull water from one of the other drains. This eliminates the suction on
the blocked drain (see photo no - 8).
3.5 POOL REQUIREMENTS
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3.5.1 Water Supply
i. The water supply serving a public pool and all plumbing fixtures,
including drinking fountains, lavatories and showers, must meet
the requirements for drinking water established by the Department
of Environmental Quality.
ii. All portions of water supply, re-circulation, and distribution systems
serving the facility must be protected against backflow. Water
introduced into the pool, either directly or through the circulation
system, must be supplied through an air gap6.
3.5.2 Water System
i. Each public pool must discharge waste water to a public sanitary
sewer system if the sewer system is within 300 feet of the property
line. Where no public sanitary sewer system is available within 300
feet of the property line, the local health department may approve
connections made to a disposal system designed, constructed,
and operated in accordance with the minimum requirements of the
Department of Environmental Quality.
ii. Each public pool must connect to a sewer or wastewater disposal
system through an air break to preclude the possibility of sewage
or waste backup into the piping system.
3.5.3 Construction Materials
i. Each public pool and the appurtenances necessary for it's proper
function and operation must be constructed of materials which are
inert, non-toxic to humans, impervious, enduring over time, and
resists the affects of wear and deterioration from chemical,
physical, radiological, and mechanical actions.
ii. Construction of a public pool must withstand the stresses associated with the normal uses for which the public
pool was designed.
iii. Each pool shell must be bonded to the supporting members.
iv. Each pool shell must be designed and constructed in a manner
that provides a smooth, easily cleanable surface.
6 www.swimmingpool 101.com
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CHAPTER IV
STANDARDS FOR SWIMMING POOL
This chapter briefly depicts the universal standard and recommendation
followed during design and construction of swimming pool. There are a number of
accepted Standards and Recommendations covering almost every aspect of
swimming pool design and construction. Ofcourse, the Standards and
Recommendations for commercial pools are similar to those for the private home
pools, but the heavy use that commercial pools endure means that some aspects
are different.
4.1 DEPTH AND FLOOR SPACES
i. In determining the horizontal slope ratio of a pool floor, the first number
shall indicate the vertical change in value or rise and the second number
shall indicate the horizontal change in value or run of the slope.
- The horizontal slope of the floor of any portion of a pool having a
water depth of less than five feet, 1.52 meters, may not be steeper
than a ratio of 1 to 10.
- The horizontal slope of the floor of any portion of a pool having a water depth greater than five feet, 1.52 meters,
must be uniform, must allow complete drainage and may not exceed a ratio of 1 to 3.
ii. A wading pool may not exceed a maximum water depth of two feet, 60.96 cm.
III. A spa pool may not exceed a maximum water depth of four feet, 1.22 meters.
4.2 POOL WALL
i. Pool walls must be vertical or within 11 degrees of vertical for a minimum
distance of 2'9", 83.82 cm, below the water line in areas with a depth of
five feet, 1.52 meters, or greater. Pool walls must be vertical or within 11
degrees of vertical for a minimum distance equal to or greater than onehalf the pool depth as measured from the water line.
ii. Where walls form an arc to join the floors, the transitional arc from wall to
floor must:
- Have its center no less than 2'9", 83.82 cm, below the water level in
areas with a depth greater than five feet, 1.52 meters.
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- Have its center no less than 75% of the pool depth beneath the water
level, in areas of the pool with a depth of five feet, 1.52 meters or less.
- Be tangent to the wall.
- Have a radius, which may not exceed a length greater than 25% of the water depth, in areas with a water depth of
five feet, 1.52 meters, or less.
4.3 LADDERS, RECESSED STEPS AND STAIRS
i. In areas of a pool where the water depth is greater than two feet, 60.96
cm, and less than five feet, 1.52 meters, as measured vertically from the
bottom of the pool to the deck or walk, steps or ladders must be provided,
and be located in the area of shallowest depth.
ii. In areas of the pool where the depth is greater than five feet, 1.52 meters,
as measured vertically from the bottom of the pool to the deck or walk,
ladders or recessed steps must be provided.
iii. A pool over 30 feet, 9.14 meters, wide must be equipped with steps,
recessed steps, or ladders as applicable, installed on each end of both
side walls.
iv. A pool over 30 feet, 9.14 meters, wide and 75 feet, 22.8 meters, or
greater in length, must have ladders or recessed steps midway on both
side walls of the pool, or must have ladders or recessed steps spaced at
equal distances from each other along both sides of the pool at distances
not to exceed 30 feet, 9.14 meters, in swimming and diving areas, and 50
feet, 15.23 meters in non-swimming areas.
v. Ladders or recessed steps must be located within 15 feet, 4.56 meters, of
the diving area end wall.
vi. The steps, recessed steps, and ladders, must have one or more
handrails.
vii. Steps must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material, be easily
cleanable, and be of a safe design. Steps leading into pools must be of non-slip design, have a minimum
run of 10 inches, 25.4 cm, and a maximum rise of 12 inches, 30.48
cm.
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Steps must have a line at least one inch, 2.54 cm, in width, and be of
a contrasting dark color for maximum visual distinction within two
inches, 5.08 cm, of the leading edge of each step.
Steps must have a minimum width of 18 inches, 45.72 cm as
measured at the leading edge of the step.
In a spa pool where the bottom step serves as a bench or seat, the
bottom riser must be a maximum of 14 inches, 35.56 cm.
viii. Pool ladders must meet the following requirements:
Pool ladders must be corrosion-resistant and must be equipped with
non-slip rungs.
All ladders must be designed to provide a handhold and must be
rigidly installed.
There must be a clearance of not more than five inches, 12.7 cm, nor
less than three inches, 7.62 cm, between any ladder rung and the
pool wall.
ix. The designing architect or engineer or the facility owner must anticipate
maximum loads on supports, platforms and steps for diving boards, and
ensure that supports, platforms, and steps are of substantial construction
and of sufficient structural strength to safely carry the maximum
anticipated loads.Handrails must be provided at all steps and ladders
leading to diving boards more than 3'3" feet, 1 meter, above the water.
x. Platforms and diving boards which are over 3'3" feet, 1 meter, high, must
be designed to protect divers from falls to the deck or pool curb by the
installation of guard railings.
4.4 DECKS AND WALKWAYS
i. A continuous, unobstructed deck at least five feet, 1.52 meters, wide as
measured from the pool side edge of the coping must extend completelyaround the pool.
ii. At least five feet, 1.52 meters, of deck area must be provided behind the
deck end of any diving board, platform, slide, step, or ladder.
iii. The deck must slope away from the pool to floor drains at a grade of 1/4
inch, 6.35 mm, to 3/8 inch, 9.53 mm, per linear foot.
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iv. Decks and walkways must be maintained free of standing water and must
have non-slip surfaces.
v. Deck drains may not return water to the pool or the circulation system.
vi. Decks must be maintained in a sanitary condition and free from litter.
vii . A spa deck must meet each of the following requirements: A spa pool must have a continuous, unobstructed deck at least 3 feet, 91.44 cm wide around 25 percent or more of
the spa. This width may include the coping.
A pool deck may be included as part of the spa deck
4.5 FENCING
i. A fence or other barrier is required and must provide complete perimeter security of the facility, and be at least six feet, 1.83
meters, in height. Openings through the fence or barrier, other than entry or exit access, may not permit a sphere greater than
4 inches, 10.16 cm, to pass through it at any location.
ii. A fence or barrier that has an entrance to the facility must be equipped with
a self-closing and self-latching gate or door. Except for self-locking
mechanisms, self-latching mechanisms must be at least 54 inches, 1.37
meters, above the ground and must be provided with hardware for locking
the gate when the facility is not in use.
iii. Bathing areas must be separated from non-bathing areas by barriers with a
minimum height of four feet, 1.22 meters, or by a minimum of 5 feet, 1.53
meters, distance separation.
4.6 DEPTH MARKING AND SAFETY ROPE
i. The depth of the water must be plainly marked at locations of maximum
and minimum pool depth, and at the points of separation between the
swimming and non-swimming areas of a pool. Pools must also be marked
at intermediate one foot, 30.48 cm., increments of depth, spaced at
distances which do not exceed 25 feet, 7.62 meters. Markings must be
located above the water line or within two inches, 5.8 cm, from the coping
on the vertical wall of the pool and on the edge of the deck or walk next to
the pool with numerals at least four inches, 10.16 cm. high.
ii. A pool with both swimming and diving areas must have a floating safety
rope separating the swimming and diving areas.
The safety rope must be securely fastened to wall anchors. Wall
anchors must be of corrosion- resistant materials and must be recessed
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or have no projections that may be a safety hazard if the safety rope is
removed.
The safety rope must be marked with visible floats spaced at intervals of
seven feet, 2.13 meters or less.
The rope must be at least one half of an inch, 1.27 cm, in diameter, and
of sufficient strength to support the loads imposed on it during normal
bathing activities.
iii. A pool constructed with a change in the slope of the pool floor must have the
change in slope designated by a floating safety rope and a line of
demarcation on the pool floor.
4.7 CIRCULATION SYSTEM
i. A circulation system, consisting of pumps, piping, filters, water
conditioning and disinfection equipment and other related equipment
must be provided.
Except for spas, wading pools, wave pools, slide pools, vehicle slide
pools, and floatation tanks, the circulation system shall clarify and
disinfect the entire volume of pool water in eight hours or less, thus
providing a minimum turnover of at least three times in 24 hours.
The circulation equipment must be operated continuously except for
periods of routine or other necessary maintenance and must be
designed to permit complete drainage of the system..
Piping must be of non-toxic material, resistant to corrosion and be
able to withstand operating pressures.
Plumbing must be identified by a color code or labels.
ii. The water velocity in discharge piping may not exceed 10 feet, 3.05
meters, per second, except for copper pipe where the velocity for piping
may not exceed 8 feet, 2.44 meters, per second.iii. Suction velocity for all piping may not exceed 6 feet, 1.83 meters, per
second.
iv. The circulation system must include a strainer to prevent hair, lint, etc.,
from reaching the pump.
v. A vacuum-cleaning system must be provided..
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vi. A rate-of-flow indicator, reading in gallons per minute, must be properly
installed and located according to manufacturer recommendations. The
indicator must be located in a place and position where it can be easily
read.
vii. A pool equipped with heaters must meet the requirements for boilers and
pressure vessels and must have a fixed thermometer mounted in the pool
circulation line downstream from the heater outlet. The heater must be
provided with a heat sink as required by manufacturer's instructions.
viii. The area housing the circulation equipment must be designed with adequate working space so that all equipment may be
easily disassembled, removed, and replaced for proper maintenance.
ix. All circulation lines to and from the pool must be regulated with valves in
order to control the circulation flow.
x. Written operational instructions must be immediately available at the
facility at all times.
xi. A wading pool must have a minimum of one turnover per hour and have a
separate circulation system.
xii. A spa pool must have a minimum of one turnover every 30 minutes. The
circulation lines of jet systems and other forms of water agitation used in
spa and therapy pool must be independent and separate from the
circulation-filtration and heating systems.
xiii.Slide and vehicle slide pools must be operated at a minimum of one
turnover every hour.
4.7.1 Inlet
i. Inlets for fresh or treated water must be located to produce uniform
circulation of water and to facilitate the maintenance of a uniform
disinfectant residual throughout the entire pool. Inlets from the
circulation system must be flush with the pool wall and submerged at
least five feet, 1.52 meters, below the water level, or at the bottom ofthe vertical wall surface.
ii. Each inlet must be designed as a non-adjustable orifice with sufficient
head loss to insure balancing of flow through all inlets.
iii. A wading pool must be provided with inlets around it's perimeter at a
minimum of one in each 20 feet, 6.10 meters, or fraction thereof.
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iv. Spa pool filtration system inlets must be provided for spa type pools
based on a minimum of one for each 20 feet, 6.10 meters, or fraction
thereof, of pool perimeter.
4.7.2 Outlet
The minimum requirement of outlets in swimming pool is as follows:
i The pool shall have a minimum of two grated outlets with each outlet
being separated by at least four feet
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