anatomical terms

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Unit 1: Intro to AnatomyChapter 1.2

Anatomical Terms

Anatomic variationNot everyone is exactly the sameDifferent races, hair color, eye color, sex, height, body type etc.

People have different anatomy!

What is “normal” or “average”?Male: 22 years old, 70 Kg (154 Lbs)Female: 22 years old, 58 Kg (128 Lbs)

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Directional Terms

Directional TermsUsed to describe the “location” or “direction” of one organ compared to anotherMore “scientific” way of saying that your heart is “above your stomach, and in front of your lungs”

+Anatomical position

- Standing straight up, feet flat on the ground, arms at your side, and palms facing forward

- It is from this position that the rest of the anatomical terms will be derived

Directional TermsSuperior: “above” something else“Your brain is superior to your heart”

Inferior: “below” something else“your kidneys are inferior to your lungs”

+Anterior (Ventral): towards your front• Your nose is anterior to your ears.

•Posterior/Dorsal: towards your back• Your ears are Your ears are posteriorposterior to your to your nose.nose.

Let’s Review• The nails are ______ (dorsal or

ventral) in the anatomical position.ANSWER: Dorsal - recall that the

anatomical position calls for your palms to face forward…your nails would face your back

• The sternum is ____ (superior or inferior) to your mouth.

ANSWER: Inferior

Proximal: closer to the trunk or attachment pointThe elbow is proximal to the shoulder.

The knee is proximal to the hip.

Distal: Farther from the trunk or attachment pointThe wrist is distal to the shoulder.

The ankle is distal to the hip.

+Central – toward the brain or spinal cordThe spinal cord is central to the limbs

Peripheral – away from the brain or spinal cord (toward the limbs)The arms are peripheral to the spinal cord

Superficial: Close to the body surface (when looking from the inside towards the skin)“You can see superficial bruises because they’re on the surface”

Deep: Closer to the inside of the body (farther from the surface of the body)“Bones are deep to the muscle”

Medial - Towards the middle “Your heart is medial to your lungs”

“Your nose is medial to your ears”

Lateral: Away from the middle (towards a side)“Your arms are lateral to your heart”

“Your ears are lateral to your nose”

Supine = Body laying face up “when you are laying on your

back you are supine” Prone = Body laying face

down “when you are laying on

stomach you are prone”

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Planes of the Body

+Planes of the Body

Imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Planes are often used in directions for dissections or as reference in figures

+Sagittal (Median) PlaneDivides into left and right portionsMidsaggital plane - passes through the midline of the bodyParasaggital plane – a cut that does not pass through the midline

+Frontal (Coronal) PlaneDivides body into anterior and posterior sections

+Transverse (Horizontal) PlaneDivides the body into superior and inferior portionsDivides the body horizontally

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Regions of the Body

+Axial Region – Cephalic (Head)ANTERIOR

Cephalic - headFrontal – foreheadOrbital – eyeBuccal – cheekMental – chinFacial – on your face

POSTERIOROccipital

+Axial Region – Cervical (Neck)

Cervical: front of your neck

Nuchal: back of your neck

+Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic ANTERIOR Celiac - abdomen Mammary – breast Sternal - area in the center of

your chest, the sternum Pectoral - area around your

breast Costal - ribs Inguinal – groin Genital – reproductive organs Coxal - hip

Celiac (abdomen)

Mammary (breast)

Costal (rib)

+Axial Region – Torso or Thoracic POSTERIOR Dorsum: the back Vertebral: area of your

spine (on your back) Interscapular: area

between both of your shoulder blades (on your back)

Lumbar: lower back Sacral: between hips Perineal: between the anus

and the pubic arch

Interscapular (between shoulder blades)

+Appendicular Region – Upper Limb

Acromial - point of shoulder Brachial - arm Antecubital – front of elbow Cubital - elbow Antebrachium - forearm Palmer - palm Axillary - Armpit Digital - fingers

Antebrachium (forearm)

Axillary (armpit)

Digital (fingers)

+Appendicular Region – Lower Limb

Gluteal – buttocks

Femoral – thigh Popliteal – back of knee Patellar – knee Cural – leg Plantar – sole of footPedal – foot

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Body Cavities

+ Body Cavities

Posterior Cavity

cranial cavity & vertebral cavity

Anterior Cavity thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity

diaphragm (a muscle) separates the two cavities

+Posterior (Dorsal) Body Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Skull encloses the brain

Vertebral Cavity

Vertebrae enclose the spinal cord

+Anterior (Ventral) Body CavityThoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity•Pleural Cavity – lungs•Pericardial Cavity – heart•Mediastinum – thymus, vessels from heart

•Abdominal Cavity – digestive organs, kidneys•Pelvic Cavity – bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

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Post

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Cranial

Vertebral

Thoracic

Diaphragm

Abdominal

Pelvic