anatomy, physiology and disease chapter 3 the cells: the raw materials and building blocks
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Anatomy, Physiology and DiseaseAnatomy, Physiology and Disease Chapter 3Chapter 3
The Cells: The Raw Materials and The Cells: The Raw Materials and Building BlocksBuilding Blocks
Overview of CellsOverview of Cells
Cells are formedCells are formed from chemicals and structures from chemicals and structures Cells are foundCells are found in all living things in all living things Some nerve cellsSome nerve cells can be can be 2 feet long2 feet long or longer or longer Cells can be Cells can be flatflat, , roundround, , thread likethread like, or , or irregularly irregularly
shapedshaped 7.5 trillion cells7.5 trillion cells found in body work together to found in body work together to
allow for proper functioning of bodyallow for proper functioning of body
Figure 3-1 Figure 3-1 Various types of cells within the Various types of cells within the human bodyhuman body
Cell StructureCell Structure
Certain common traitsCertain common traits that almost all cells that almost all cells share:share: NucleusNucleus OrganellesOrganelles CytoplasmCytoplasm Cell membraneCell membrane
Figure 3-2 Cellular componentsFigure 3-2 Cellular components
Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Defined boundaryDefined boundary that possesses a definite shape that possesses a definite shape and actually holds cell contents together, acting and actually holds cell contents together, acting as protective coveringas protective covering
Allows materialAllows material in and out of cell in and out of cell Selectively permeableSelectively permeable because they choose what because they choose what
gets in or outgets in or out 3/10,000,0003/10,000,000 of an inch thick of an inch thick ExampleExample: : ElectrolytesElectrolytes
NaNa Sodium Sodium
K K Potassium Potassium ClCl Chloride Chloride Co2Co2 Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide
Na & K PumpNa & K Pump
Figure 3-3 The cell membraneFigure 3-3 The cell membrane
Na & K PumpNa & K Pump
Transport MethodsTransport Methods
Moving things in and outMoving things in and out of cell can be done in of cell can be done in two broad ways:two broad ways: Passive transportPassive transport: requires no extra form of : requires no extra form of
energy to completeenergy to complete Active transportActive transport: requires some addition of : requires some addition of
energy to make it happenenergy to make it happen
Transport Methods (cont’d)Transport Methods (cont’d)
Passive transportPassive transport can be divided into four types: can be divided into four types: DiffusionDiffusion Osmosis Osmosis FiltrationFiltration Facilitated diffusionFacilitated diffusion
DiffusionDiffusion Most common form of passive transportMost common form of passive transport in which in which
substance of substance of higherhigher concentration travels to concentration travels to area of area of lesserlesser concentration concentration
ExamplesExamples:: Adding packet of powdered drink mix to Adding packet of powdered drink mix to
pitcher of waterpitcher of water Smell of classmate’s perfume filling roomSmell of classmate’s perfume filling room
Necessary to move oxygenNecessary to move oxygen from lungs to blood from lungs to blood stream, or carbon dioxide from blood stream to stream, or carbon dioxide from blood stream to lungslungs
Figure 3-4 Two examples of diffusion
OsmosisOsmosis Another form of diffusionAnother form of diffusion in which water travels in which water travels
through through selectively permeable membraneselectively permeable membrane to to equalize concentrations of a substanceequalize concentrations of a substance
Dissolved substanceDissolved substance called a called a solutesolute
Osmosis contOsmosis cont
Water tends to travel across a membraneWater tends to travel across a membrane to to equalizeequalize concentrations of a solute; ability of concentrations of a solute; ability of substance to substance to pull waterpull water toward area of toward area of higherhigher concentration called osmotic pressureconcentration called osmotic pressure
The greater concentration of soluteThe greater concentration of solute, the greater , the greater osmotic pressure, or pull, it exerts to bring in waterosmotic pressure, or pull, it exerts to bring in water
FiltrationFiltration
Differs from osmosisDiffers from osmosis in that in that pressure is appliedpressure is applied to to force waterforce water and its dissolved materials across and its dissolved materials across membranemembrane
Similar to rush of peopleSimilar to rush of people pushing through pushing through turnstile during rush hourturnstile during rush hour
ExampleExample: pumping of heart, which forces blood : pumping of heart, which forces blood flow into kidneys, where filtration takes placeflow into kidneys, where filtration takes place
Figure 3-6Figure 3-6 The process of The process of filtrationfiltration in the kidneys, where smaller in the kidneys, where smaller solutes such as the solutes such as the electrolytes sodium and potassium passelectrolytes sodium and potassium pass through through
the membrane, while the larger the membrane, while the larger blood protein and cellsblood protein and cells normally do not. normally do not.
Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion
A variation of diffusionA variation of diffusion in which a substance is in which a substance is helpedhelped in moving across the membrane, similar to in moving across the membrane, similar to an an usherusher helping you to your seat helping you to your seat
Glucose is the substanceGlucose is the substance that is often passed into that is often passed into our bodiesour bodies
It can be imaginedIt can be imagined as moving into an already as moving into an already revolving door – once it steps into the door it is revolving door – once it steps into the door it is pushed along pushed along by by InsulinInsulin..
Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: Cystic FibrosisCystic Fibrosis
Incurable, fatal genetic disease affecting Incurable, fatal genetic disease affecting 1/3000 Caucasian babies1/3000 Caucasian babies
Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)
Etiology: Etiology: malformation in membrane channels malformation in membrane channels for for chloridechloride and and sodium ionssodium ions Sodium and chlorideSodium and chloride do not diffusedo not diffuse across cell across cell
membrane as they normally wouldmembrane as they normally would Fluid around cellsFluid around cells becomes extremely becomes extremely salty salty
due to excess sodium and chloridedue to excess sodium and chloride Results inResults in excessively excessively thick mucusthick mucus in in
respiratoryrespiratory, , digestivedigestive, and , and reproductivereproductive systems; mucus can cause systems; mucus can cause cloggingclogging in organs in organs
Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)
S/SS/S may include may include Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing (SOB) (SOB) Nutritional deficitsNutritional deficits due to decreased due to decreased
absorption of nutrientsabsorption of nutrients Increased risk of Increased risk of respiratory infectionrespiratory infection DiabetesDiabetes InfertilityInfertility (especially in males) (especially in males)
Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)
RX:RX: No cureNo cure; treatments help extend and improve ; treatments help extend and improve
quality of life quality of life Nutritional supplementsNutritional supplements AntibioticsAntibiotics to prevent pneumonia to prevent pneumonia Mucus thinning drugs (Mucus thinning drugs (Mucomyst-AscetlsysteineMucomyst-Ascetlsysteine)) With treatment today, average life span of With treatment today, average life span of
patient is patient is 35 years35 years
Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)Cystic Fibrosis (cont’d)
Diagnosis Diagnosis PrenatalPrenatal genetic testing genetic testing PostnatalPostnatal genetic testing genetic testing Testing pulmonary functionTesting pulmonary function Testing amount of Testing amount of sodium in sweatsodium in sweat
Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus
Lack of glucose transport into cellsLack of glucose transport into cells causes causes several problems several problems Lots of glucoseLots of glucose hangs around in bloodstream, hangs around in bloodstream,
causing big osmotic problems for cellscausing big osmotic problems for cells Cells can’t makeCells can’t make as much energy as they as much energy as they
need when glucose can’t need when glucose can’t bebe transported transported
Types of DMTypes of DM
Type I Type I results from the body's failure to produce results from the body's failure to produce insulin. insulin. 5-10%5-10% of diabetics have type I diabetes. of diabetics have type I diabetes. Must take insulin to Must take insulin to survivesurvive..
Type IIType II results from results from Insulin resistance, a , a condition in which cells condition in which cells failfail to use insulin to use insulin properly. properly. Most AmericansMost Americans who are diagnosed who are diagnosed with diabetes have type with diabetes have type 2 diabetes2 diabetes
GestationalGestational: Pregnant women who have never : Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high blood had diabetes before but who have high blood sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy. Affects sugar (glucose) levels during pregnancy. Affects about about 4%4% of all pregnant women of all pregnant women
EndocytosisEndocytosis
Used by cells for Used by cells for intakeintake of liquid and food when of liquid and food when substance too large to diffuse across membranesubstance too large to diffuse across membrane
Examples:Examples: PhagocytosisPhagocytosis: name for process if solid : name for process if solid
particle being transportedparticle being transported PinocytosisPinocytosis: name for process if water being : name for process if water being
transportedtransported
ExocytosisExocytosis TransportTransport of things of things outout of cell of cell Some cells produce substance needed outside Some cells produce substance needed outside
cellcell Once substance is madeOnce substance is made, it is surrounded by , it is surrounded by
membrane, forming a vesicle, and moves to cell membrane, forming a vesicle, and moves to cell membranemembrane
Vesicle becomes part of cell membraneVesicle becomes part of cell membrane and and expels its load out of cellexpels its load out of cell
Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection:
Familial HypercholesterolemiaFamilial Hypercholesterolemia Blood cholesterolBlood cholesterol too high; caused by too high; caused by poor dietpoor diet
and and exerciseexercise or or inheritedinherited Normally low density lipoprotein (Normally low density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad LDL or “bad
cholesterolcholesterol”) binds to cholesterol, and allows it to ”) binds to cholesterol, and allows it to be carried into cells via be carried into cells via endocytosisendocytosis; once ; once inside, cholesterol used to make other lipidsinside, cholesterol used to make other lipids
Familial Hypercholesterolemia cont’dFamilial Hypercholesterolemia cont’d
LDL doesn’t move into cellsLDL doesn’t move into cells, and stays in blood; , and stays in blood; causes causes 22 problems problems Too little cholesterol gets into cells, and cells Too little cholesterol gets into cells, and cells
must make more cholesterolmust make more cholesterol LDL that cannot get into cellsLDL that cannot get into cells hangs around in hangs around in
blood; causes plaques in blood vessels which blood; causes plaques in blood vessels which can lead to can lead to blood clotsblood clots, , strokesstrokes, and , and heart heart attacksattacks
RX with diet modifications and cholesterol RX with diet modifications and cholesterol lowering drugslowering drugs
1/500 Americans have moderate form 1/500 Americans have moderate form
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis & ExocytosisPhagocytosis, Pinocytosis & Exocytosis
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Gel-like substanceGel-like substance composed of water, nutrients, composed of water, nutrients, and electrolytes, which looks a lot like white of and electrolytes, which looks a lot like white of raw eggraw egg
Required by cells for their internal environment Required by cells for their internal environment to thrive and functionto thrive and function
NucleusNucleus
““BrainsBrains” of cell” of cell Dictates activitiesDictates activities of other organelles in cell of other organelles in cell Has double walled nuclear membrane Has double walled nuclear membrane
preventing materials from enteringpreventing materials from entering
Nucleus (cont’d)Nucleus (cont’d)
ChromatinChromatin Contains deoxyribonucleic acid (Contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNADNA); ); DNADNA
contains blueprints, or specifications, for contains blueprints, or specifications, for creation of new cellscreation of new cells
Will eventually form Will eventually form chromosomeschromosomes, which , which contain genescontain genes
Genes determineGenes determine our inherited characteristics our inherited characteristics
Nucleus (cont’d)Nucleus (cont’d)
NucleolusNucleolus Spherical bodySpherical body made up of dense fibers found made up of dense fibers found
within cell nucleuswithin cell nucleus Major functionMajor function is to synthesize ribonucleic is to synthesize ribonucleic
acid (acid (RNARNA) that forms ribosomes) that forms ribosomes
RibosomesRibosomes
OrganellesOrganelles found on endoplasmic reticulum or found on endoplasmic reticulum or found floating around in cytoplasmfound floating around in cytoplasm
Made ofMade of ribonucleic acid ( ribonucleic acid (RNARNA) and assist in ) and assist in production of enzymesproduction of enzymes and other and other proteinprotein substances needed for cell substances needed for cell repairrepair and and reproductionreproduction
Can be consideredCan be considered “ “remodelerremodeler” of cell, taking ” of cell, taking existing structure and maintaining and repairing existing structure and maintaining and repairing itit
CentrosomesCentrosomes
Act as building contractorAct as building contractor, building new , building new structures as need arisesstructures as need arises
Contain centriolesContain centrioles that are involved in that are involved in divisiondivision of of cellcell
Centrioles areCentrioles are tubular shaped and usually found tubular shaped and usually found in pairsin pairs
MitochondriaMitochondria
Tiny Tiny bean-shaped organellesbean-shaped organelles, act as , act as power plantpower plant to provide up to to provide up to 95%95% of bodies’ energy needs for of bodies’ energy needs for cellular cellular repairrepair, , movementmovement, and , and reproductionreproduction
If cell needs more power, it increases number of If cell needs more power, it increases number of mitochondria in cellmitochondria in cell
Liver cellsLiver cells, which are quite active, have up to , which are quite active, have up to 2,000 mitochondria2,000 mitochondria in each cell in each cell
Mitocondria cont’dMitocondria cont’d
Contain special enzymesContain special enzymes that help to take in that help to take in oxygen for use in producing energyoxygen for use in producing energy
Energy produced is in form of Energy produced is in form of ATP ATP (adenosine (adenosine triphosphate) created by mitochondriatriphosphate) created by mitochondria
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Series of channelsSeries of channels set up in cytoplasm that are set up in cytoplasm that are formed from folded membranesformed from folded membranes
Has two distinct forms:Has two distinct forms: One has One has sandpaper-like surfacesandpaper-like surface, with , with
ribosomes on it, called ribosomes on it, called rough endoplasmic rough endoplasmic reticulumreticulum; responsible for synthesis of protein; responsible for synthesis of protein
Second form Second form has no ribosomeshas no ribosomes and appears and appears smooth, called smooth, called smooth endoplasmic smooth endoplasmic reticulumreticulum; synthesizes lipids and steroids; synthesizes lipids and steroids
Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Looks like a bunch of flattened membranous Looks like a bunch of flattened membranous sacssacs
Once protein from the endoplasmic reticulum is Once protein from the endoplasmic reticulum is received, it further processes and stores itreceived, it further processes and stores it
Takes processed proteinTakes processed protein to cell membrane to cell membrane where it is releasedwhere it is released
Salivary glands and pancreatic glandsSalivary glands and pancreatic glands have have higher numbers of Golgi apparati because they higher numbers of Golgi apparati because they have higher level of secretion or storagehave higher level of secretion or storage
LysosomesLysosomes
Organelles containing powerful enzymesOrganelles containing powerful enzymes that that take care of cleaning up intercellular take care of cleaning up intercellular debris and debris and other wasteother waste
Lysosomes help keep us healthyLysosomes help keep us healthy; they ; they destroy destroy unwanted bacteriaunwanted bacteria by participating in process of by participating in process of phagocytosisphagocytosis
Other Interesting PartsOther Interesting Parts
VesiclesVesicles: vans which take stuff & travel to other : vans which take stuff & travel to other sites within cellsites within cell
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton: provides shape to cell and allow : provides shape to cell and allow cell and its contents to be mobilecell and its contents to be mobile
FlagellaFlagella: whip-shaped tails that move some : whip-shaped tails that move some cells, like sperm, to other locationscells, like sperm, to other locations
CiliaCilia: hair-like projections located on outer : hair-like projections located on outer surface of some cells; move particles using surface of some cells; move particles using wavelike motionwavelike motion
Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: Organelle DisordersOrganelle Disorders
Lysosomal storage disorderLysosomal storage disorder Occur whenOccur when lysosomes lysosomes missingmissing one of their one of their
enzymesenzymes Results inResults in some molecules not breaking some molecules not breaking
down and accumulating in cellsdown and accumulating in cells Many kindsMany kinds of lysosomal storage disorders of lysosomal storage disorders
• All are All are geneticgenetic• Most lack Most lack effective therapieseffective therapies
Pathology Connection:Pathology Connection:
Tay Sachs DiseaseTay Sachs Disease
Enzyme missingEnzyme missing in lysosomes of in lysosomes of nervousnervous system cells system cells
As resultAs result, , glycoproteins accumulateglycoproteins accumulate in cells in in cells in nervous systemnervous system
Build upBuild up causes causes inflammationinflammation and eventual and eventual cellular cellular destructiondestruction
Symptoms includeSymptoms include mental regressionmental regression, , dementiadementia and and paralysisparalysis appearing within first appearing within first year of patient’s lifeyear of patient’s life
Found mostly in Found mostly in Ashkenazi JewsAshkenazi Jews: German : German JewsJews
Tay Sachs con’tTay Sachs con’t
DiagnosisDiagnosis: appearance of : appearance of cherry red spotcherry red spot on on back of patient’s eyes; abnormalities in back of patient’s eyes; abnormalities in startle startle reflexreflex
No treatmentNo treatment; disease generally ; disease generally fatalfatal within within twotwo or or threethree years of onset years of onset
Availability of genetic testAvailability of genetic test has decreased has decreased incidence in recent yearsincidence in recent years
Pathology Connection:Pathology Connection:Cigarettes and paralyzed ciliaCigarettes and paralyzed cilia
Smoking causesSmoking causes cilia in respiratory tract to cilia in respiratory tract to become become paralyzedparalyzed
As a result, cannot keep lungs cleanAs a result, cannot keep lungs clean Over timeOver time, can lead to chronic obstructive , can lead to chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (pulmonary disease (COPDCOPD) and other smoking-) and other smoking-related lung problemsrelated lung problems
Passive smokingPassive smoking (second hand smoke (second hand smoke exposure) also increases risk of lung problemsexposure) also increases risk of lung problems
EnzymesEnzymes
Facilitate important chemical reactionsFacilitate important chemical reactions in body in body One way is by One way is by speeding up reactionsspeeding up reactions Not used upNot used up by reactions that they facilitate; by reactions that they facilitate;
instead, act like carrier moleculesinstead, act like carrier molecules Very specificVery specific; each only facilitates (catalyzes) ; each only facilitates (catalyzes)
certain reactions certain reactions
Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria (PKU) (PKU)
Genetic conditionGenetic condition; enzyme disorder; enzyme disorder Most common inMost common in CaucasiansCaucasians of Irish, Scottish, or of Irish, Scottish, or
Scandinavian descent Scandinavian descent Patients missing enzyme: phenylalanine Patients missing enzyme: phenylalanine
hydroxylasehydroxylase Without enzymeWithout enzyme, amino acid phenylalanine builds , amino acid phenylalanine builds
up in cellsup in cells Build up affects nervous systemBuild up affects nervous system; causes ; causes
progressive progressive mental retardationmental retardation if not treated if not treated
Phenylketonuria (PKU) con’tPhenylketonuria (PKU) con’t
Other signs includeOther signs include Light pigmentation of skin, hair and eyesLight pigmentation of skin, hair and eyes Abnormalities of Abnormalities of postureposture and and gaitgait EpilepsyEpilepsy
DiagnosisDiagnosis Blood tests & genetic testsBlood tests & genetic tests Every newborn in US routinely screenedEvery newborn in US routinely screened
Phenylketonuria (PKU) con’tPhenylketonuria (PKU) con’t
TreatmentTreatment: : low phenylalanine dietlow phenylalanine diet includes includes avoidance of high protein foods and products avoidance of high protein foods and products sweetened with aspartame (sweetened with aspartame (NutraSweet™NutraSweet™)) Consequences of goingConsequences of going “off diet” “off diet”
• ChildrenChildren: cognitive defects : cognitive defects • AdultsAdults: depression, anxiety, or other : depression, anxiety, or other
neurological changesneurological changes
Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: CancerCancer
When body is healthyWhen body is healthy, cells grow in , cells grow in orderly orderly fashion; control system prevents cells from fashion; control system prevents cells from reproducing too fastreproducing too fast
Sometimes conditionsSometimes conditions are altered that are altered that triggertrigger changes in way cells reproduce; this wild, changes in way cells reproduce; this wild, uncontrolleduncontrolled reproduction can lead to too many reproduction can lead to too many cells being produced, creating a lump, or tumorcells being produced, creating a lump, or tumor
TumorsTumors can generally be either can generally be either benignbenign or or malignant malignant !!!!!!
Cancer con’tCancer con’t Benign tumors Benign tumors
SlowSlow growth growth Tend to Tend to push push healthy cells out of the wayhealthy cells out of the way GenerallyGenerally non–life threatening non–life threatening
MalignantMalignant tumors tumors RapidRapid growth growth Tend to Tend to invadeinvade healthy tissues healthy tissues Can enter blood or lymphatic system and start Can enter blood or lymphatic system and start
new tumors in other parts of body; this kind of new tumors in other parts of body; this kind of spread called spread called metastasismetastasis
Malignant TumorsMalignant Tumors
Staging TumorsStaging Tumors
PrognosisPrognosis often determined by stage at often determined by stage at diagnosis; two basic strategies for staging diagnosis; two basic strategies for staging cancerscancers Staging based on amount of metastasisStaging based on amount of metastasis
• Stage IStage I: no cancer spread: no cancer spread• Stage IIStage II: spread to nearby tissues: spread to nearby tissues• Stage IIIStage III: spread to the lymphatic system: spread to the lymphatic system• Stage IVStage IV: spread to distant organs: spread to distant organs
Diagnosis of cancerDiagnosis of cancer Imaging techniques (MRI, CAT, X-ray, etc.)Imaging techniques (MRI, CAT, X-ray, etc.) Blood testsBlood tests Biopsy (surgical examination of abnormal Biopsy (surgical examination of abnormal
tissue)tissue)
Treatment of cancerTreatment of cancer
Four main typesFour main types; typically ; typically 22 types of RX types of RX ChemotherapyChemotherapy: uses : uses chemicalschemicals to kill rapidly to kill rapidly
dividing cellsdividing cells Radiation therapyRadiation therapy: uses : uses energyenergy to target to target
cancer cellscancer cells SurgerySurgery: : removesremoves cancer cells from body cancer cells from body Biological or immunotherapyBiological or immunotherapy: trains body’s : trains body’s
natural defensesnatural defenses to fight cancer cells to fight cancer cells
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
Four primary microorganismsFour primary microorganisms BacteriaBacteria VirusesViruses FungiFungi ProtozoaProtozoa
BacteriaBacteria
Bacteria can be harmfulBacteria can be harmful, as in case of , as in case of pathogenspathogens, or can be harmless and essential for , or can be harmless and essential for lifelife
Harmless bacteriaHarmless bacteria sometimes called sometimes called normal floranormal flora Certain bacteria in intestinesCertain bacteria in intestines help to help to digest digest
foodfood Some help to synthesizeSome help to synthesize vitamin Kvitamin K, needed , needed
for for blood clottingblood clotting
3 Types of Cocci Bacteria3 Types of Cocci Bacteria
VirusesViruses
Infectious particlesInfectious particles that have core containing that have core containing genetic material surrounded by protective genetic material surrounded by protective protein coat called a “protein coat called a “capsidcapsid””
Cannot growCannot grow, , eateat, or , or reproducereproduce by themselves; by themselves; must enter another cellmust enter another cell and use that cell for and use that cell for energy to grow and reproduceenergy to grow and reproduce
Do not respond to antibioticsDo not respond to antibiotics; can stay dormant ; can stay dormant in body and become active in body and become active later in lifelater in life
VirusVirus
FungiFungi Plural form of fungusPlural form of fungus; can be one-celled or multi-; can be one-celled or multi-
celled organism; plant-like organisms with tiny celled organism; plant-like organisms with tiny filaments, called mycelia, that travel out from cell to filaments, called mycelia, that travel out from cell to find and then absorb nutrientsfind and then absorb nutrients
Good fungiGood fungi, like edible , like edible mushroomsmushrooms, are harmless; , are harmless; others can cause disease or others can cause disease or deathdeath
Fungi spreadFungi spread through release of “ through release of “sporesspores”” Examples of fungal infections include athlete’s foot, Examples of fungal infections include athlete’s foot,
thrush, or candidiasisthrush, or candidiasis
ProtozoaProtozoa
One-celled, animal-like organismsOne-celled, animal-like organisms that can be that can be found in found in water and soilwater and soil
Diseases caused by Diseases caused by swallowingswallowing them or from them or from being being bitten by insectsbitten by insects that carry them in their that carry them in their bodies Ex: bodies Ex: MalariaMalaria
Types of ProtozoaTypes of Protozoa
Pathology Connection: Pathology Connection: How Microorganisms Cause DiseaseHow Microorganisms Cause Disease
BacteriaBacteria Destroy body tissues: Destroy body tissues: Destroy blood cells: Destroy blood cells: Inhibit ribosomesInhibit ribosomes Cause fluid lossCause fluid loss Cause high feverCause high fever Cause decreased blood pressureCause decreased blood pressure Increase blood clottingIncrease blood clotting Cause fluid in the lungsCause fluid in the lungs Cause paralysis Cause paralysis
Signs and symptoms of bacterial infectionSigns and symptoms of bacterial infection High feverHigh fever Rapid pulseRapid pulse Rapid breathingRapid breathing Abnormal, often foul-smelling discharge from Abnormal, often foul-smelling discharge from
infected areainfected area Pain at infection sitePain at infection site Swelling at infection siteSwelling at infection site
AntibioticsAntibiotics
Antibiotics used to treat bacterial infectionsAntibiotics used to treat bacterial infections Chemicals killChemicals kill prokaryotic bacteria without prokaryotic bacteria without
harming eukaryotic cellsharming eukaryotic cells Most antibioticsMost antibiotics produced naturally by other produced naturally by other
microorganismsmicroorganisms
FungalFungal (Non-bacterial infections) (Non-bacterial infections)
Fungal infectionsFungal infections Spores are Spores are inhaledinhaled Spores enter body through Spores enter body through open woundsopen wounds
SporesSpores: tiny bodies resistant to environmental : tiny bodies resistant to environmental changes (able to stay dormant until conditions changes (able to stay dormant until conditions are just right)are just right)
Most fungal sporesMost fungal spores do not cause disease in do not cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals; exception is fungal otherwise healthy individuals; exception is fungal infections of skin (such as infections of skin (such as athlete’s foot and jock athlete’s foot and jock itchitch) )
Fungal Fungal infections Continfections Cont
Many fungal infections opportunisticMany fungal infections opportunistic (only infect (only infect people with people with compromised immune systemscompromised immune systems or or other underlying disease)other underlying disease)
Symptoms of fungal infectionSymptoms of fungal infection vary depending on vary depending on location location of infectionof infection
Treatment is difficultTreatment is difficult Most anti-fungal drugs are Most anti-fungal drugs are highly toxichighly toxic Many fungal infections are Many fungal infections are resistantresistant to to
treatmenttreatment
Protozoan Protozoan InfectionsInfections
Most protozoan infectionsMost protozoan infections caused by caused by Ingestion of Ingestion of contaminatedcontaminated water water Insect Insect bitesbites
Many protozoansMany protozoans are are parasitesparasites
Protozoan Protozoan Infections Con’tInfections Con’t
Symptoms varySymptoms vary depending on type of protozoan depending on type of protozoan Many are serious disease causing Many are serious disease causing long termlong term
debilitating illness; example: debilitating illness; example: malariamalaria, which is , which is transmitted by transmitted by mosquitoesmosquitoes
Some are relatively mildSome are relatively mild illnesses; example: illnesses; example:
“ “beaver feverbeaver fever” caused by “” caused by “GiardiaGiardia,” a ,” a protozoan that lives in streams and water protozoan that lives in streams and water supplies contaminated by supplies contaminated by fecal matterfecal matter
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