ancient civilizations and religion religion and society from a sociological perspective
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ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGIONAND RELIGION
Religion and Society from a Religion and Society from a Sociological PerspectiveSociological Perspective
THE PRIMITIVE MENTHE PRIMITIVE MEN
Primitive men and the environment Primitive men and the environment Forces of nature and the search for Forces of nature and the search for
explanationsexplanations Interpretation of natural events and Interpretation of natural events and
beings as religious phenomenabeings as religious phenomena Towards a social life: the tribeTowards a social life: the tribe Collective labor, collective identity Collective labor, collective identity
and collective beliefand collective belief
ELEMENTARY FORMS OF ELEMENTARY FORMS OF RELIGIONRELIGION
TOTEMISMTOTEMISM The Totem as the symbol whereby The Totem as the symbol whereby
the mystical powers surrounding the the mystical powers surrounding the members of the tribe are members of the tribe are concentrated concentrated
Mana and the totemMana and the totem
Mana, totem and tabooMana, totem and taboo
ELEMENTARY FORMS OF ELEMENTARY FORMS OF RELIGIONRELIGION
ANIMISM ANIMISM
Worshipping the spirits of natureWorshipping the spirits of nature
Mankind as an inseparable element Mankind as an inseparable element of natureof nature
ELEMENTARY FORMS OF ELEMENTARY FORMS OF RELIGIONRELIGION
ANCESTOR CULTANCESTOR CULT
The concept of Spirit: Death and SleepThe concept of Spirit: Death and Sleep
Worshipping the Spirits of the ancestorsWorshipping the Spirits of the ancestors
ANCIENT FORMS OF RELIGIONANCIENT FORMS OF RELIGION
From pastoral nomads (hunters-From pastoral nomads (hunters-gatherers) to settled social gatherers) to settled social communities (agrarian)communities (agrarian)
Division of labor and specializationDivision of labor and specialization Social life, social order and lawsSocial life, social order and laws Social hierarchySocial hierarchy Systematic society – systematic Systematic society – systematic
belief formsbelief forms The Pantheons (Polytheism)The Pantheons (Polytheism)
THE PANTHEONTHE PANTHEON
Personification of natural beings and Personification of natural beings and forces, even emotionsforces, even emotions
Gods and Goddesses regulating the lives Gods and Goddesses regulating the lives and social order of mankindand social order of mankind
Pantheon: sum of Gods and Goddesses in Pantheon: sum of Gods and Goddesses in any polytheist belief systemany polytheist belief system
• Different communities, different names, Different communities, different names, identical functionsidentical functions
• The Chaos-Order theme in polytheist The Chaos-Order theme in polytheist religions: Gods and pre-Godsreligions: Gods and pre-Gods
CHAOS & ORDERCHAOS & ORDER
Sumerian and Babylonian PantheonsSumerian and Babylonian Pantheons
Cosmogony: Creation of the universe and Cosmogony: Creation of the universe and its chaotic situation its chaotic situation
Chaotic cosmic forces giving birth to Gods Chaotic cosmic forces giving birth to Gods and Goddessesand Goddesses
The tale of Marduk and TiamatThe tale of Marduk and Tiamat
CHAOS & ORDERCHAOS & ORDER
Ancient EgyptiansAncient Egyptians
Re (Ra) and ApophisRe (Ra) and Apophis
Ancient GreeksAncient Greeks
Gods (order) rebelling against the Gods (order) rebelling against the Titans (chaos)Titans (chaos)
AGRARIAN SOCIETY AND AGRARIAN SOCIETY AND AGRARIAN THEMES IN AGRARIAN THEMES IN
RELIGIONRELIGION Osiris Cult in Osiris Cult in
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
A NEW THEME IN POLYTHEISM: A NEW THEME IN POLYTHEISM: GOOD GODS and EVIL GODSGOOD GODS and EVIL GODS
The Zoroastrian Religion in ancient PersiaThe Zoroastrian Religion in ancient Persia
Ahuramazda (good) and Ahriman (evil) Ahuramazda (good) and Ahriman (evil)
Ancient Turks Ancient Turks
Ulgen (good) and Erlik (evil)Ulgen (good) and Erlik (evil)
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