andersson and miller, law and literature in medieval iceland
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Law
and
Literature
in
Medieval Iceland
*
Ljdsuetninga
saga
and
Valla-Ljdts
saga,
Theodore
M. Andersson
&
William
Ian Miller
Stanford
Uniaersity
Press,
Stanford,
Califontia,
,g8g
-
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Stanford
University
Press
Stanford,
California
O
r
g8g
by the Board
of Trustees
of
the
Leland
Stanford
Junior
University
Printed in
the United
States of
America
CIP data appear
at the
end
of
the
book
Contents
Preface
Maps
PART I INTRODUCTION
The Social Historical
Setting
The
Literary
Setting
*
vll
xv
()
J
63
PA
RT
Lj6saetninga
saga
Appendix:
A Text
Valla-Ljdts
saga
Appendixes
a: List of
Characters
s:
Genealogies
Select
Bibliography
Index
II
THE
SAGAS
r21
245
256
z89
296
303
3r1)
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Preface
*
Our
volume is
designed to make the Icelandic sagas
culturally
more
accessible
to
English-speaking readers.
Saga
translations
into English
abound, notably those by Hermann Pdlsson in Pen-
guin paperback,
but
we have
chosen two not available in that
se-
ries.
There is no complete English
translation
of Lj1saetninga,
saga;
and when
we
began work there was also no English
transla-
tion
of
Valla-Lj1ts saga.
In the meantime
two
have
appeared
(Bachmann
r985,
Acker
rq88).
We have
decided to retain
our
own
because
the two sagas are useful
companion pieces, dealing
as
they do
with
the same
region
and
with
the
career of'Gudmund
the Powerful.
Despite
numerous
saga
translations, only
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xlv
Preface
Since
Icelandic and English are cognate
languages, many place
name elements are similar.
Where the similarity
is
great,
we have
simply
substituted
the English equivalent.
For Hgrg6rdalr
we
write Horgardale,
for Eyja{grdr Eyja{ord,
and
for Kakalah6ll
Kakalahill
because there is no point
in
obscuring
the fact that a
valley, a fjord, and a hill are
involved.
1'he
experienced saga
reader may peruse the
subsections
in
any
order, but
we recommend that inexperienced
readers start
with the text of Valla-Ljdx saga,
which
is
very brief, then
read the
social-historical
introduction, then proceed
to the longer
and
more complicated
Ljbsaetninga saga,
and
finally to
the detailed
matter
of the
literary introduction. Some of the commentary
will
be
useful
at
first reading; other annotations
can
be
deferred
un-
til
the text
seems
familiar.
We
would like to
acknowledge
the
kindness of our Icelandic
colleagues Bjarni Einarsson and
Finnbogi Gudmundsson,
who
advised
us
on certain difficult
passages.
Not all translation prob-
lems can be
securely
resolved, but
we have
tried
to make clear
in
the notes where they
lie. Thanks
are
due to Nan Druskin, who
accurately and quickly entered
much of the
manuscript
into
the
computer. Finally we wish to thank Kathleen
Koehler for invalu-
able
critique and
comment
and
an
anonymous
reviewer
for
Stanford University
Press whose meticulous reading and
rea-
soned suggestions have
greatly benefited
us.
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Oxarfiord
Ma,p z. Eyjafjorrl t't:giotr,
lrcl;rrrrl.
Chief Farm
Names
(heyed
to
numbers
on adjacent
rnaNt)
Arnarstead
(
l8)
Baegisa
(13)
Brettingsstead
(40)
Draflastead
(35)
Fell
(49)
Fjosatongue
(26)
Fornastead
(33)
Goddales
(16)
Gnupar
(45)
Gnupufell
(19)
Grund
(7)
Grytubakki
(39)
Hagi
(a7)
Halfdanartongue
(14)
Hals
(in
Fnjoskadale)
(31)
Hals
(in
Svarfadardale)
(3)
Hella
(4)
Hlid
(28)
Hofdi
(38)
Hofsa
(8)
Hrafnagil
(24)
Husavik
(42)
Illugastead
(25)
Isolfsstead
(41)
Klaufabrekka
(9)
Kviabekk
(l)
Landamot
(48)
Laufass
(37)
Laugaland
(10)
Ljosavatn
(50)
Lundarbrekka
(52)
Modrufell
(22)
Modruvellir
(20)
Myr
(43)
Naust
(27)
Nes
(32)
Oxara
(51)
Reykir
(46)
Reykjahlid
(53)
Saurby
(21)
Silfrastead
(15)
Skord
(44)
Skutar
(l
l)
Stedi
(12)
Svalbard
(29)
Thvera
(in
Eyja{ord)
(23)
Thvera
(in
Fnjoskadale)
(36)
Tjorn
(5)
Torfufell
(17)
Upsir
(2)
Vaglir
(30)
Veisa
(34)
Vellir
(6)
\1,1,
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I
NTR
Part I
*
ODIJCTION
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The
Social Historical
Settin.g
Lj6suetninga
saga
and Valla-Ljdx
su,ga
belong
ro
a class of medi-
eval
Icelandic texts
commonly
called
family
sagas
or,
using
a
literal
translation
of the Icelandic
ferm,
"sagas
of Icelanders"
(1s-
lendinga
sggur).
There
are some
three
dozen
of these
sagas,
com-
posed for
the most
part in the
thirteenth
century
(see
Clover
rg8z,
rg84;
Schach rg8+).They
tell stories
about leading
lcelan-
dic figures
and
families
from
the
time of the
island'.s
colonization
around goo
to the middle
of the
eleventh
century,
or, in terms
of
English
chronology,
from
the time
of King
Alf
red
ro
a
few
years
before
the Norman
Conquest.
One
of
the fortunate
side benefits
of
the
sagas,
both family
and
contemporary'
sagas, is
the abundance
of
social and
cultural
information
preserved
in
them. Some
of this information
may
be
central
to the narrative.
This
is
often
the
case, for instance,
with
the structures
of feud
and
the
disputing
process, with
the
ways of
achieving
and maintaining
reputation,
and with
the de-
piction
of the
types of
wrongs
thar
give
rise
to hostile
action.
Some information,
on
the other hand,
may
be
only incidental.
The
mere
mention
that two
brothers farmed
together
tells us
something about
the
range
of
household
types.
A
genealogy
not
only
gives us the kinship
connections
crucial to
understanding
the
alliances
and tensions
of the
plot but it
also
tells us
about
'The
so-called
"contemporary"
sagas describe
events
in
the
twelltlr
and thirteenth
centuries
and were
chiefly written
in the
thirteenth
r:en-
tury.
Most
are
collected
in
a
compilation
called
Sturlunga saga ancl irr t lrr.
sagas
of the bishops
of
Iceland.
*
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r18
Introduction
gainhonorfromit."ThereaPPearstobeatacitconspiracyto
plu.ut.
Gudmund'
The
morut
,ui.rr.es
are
equally
explicit
in
the
minor
charac-
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ters.
Halli,,
Uroihe,
Bodvar,
*t
"
is
introduced
as
"well-liked"
and
as
havins
,.;';;;J
disposition,"
and
who
islater
des-c1l:9:t
"moderate
and
.B-po"d,"
i'
the
proto'Ipt-g
innocent
vlctlm'
The
thira
n.,rtr,.r
Hrolf
is
his
a,tith.sit.
Hit
killing
of
Ljot's
nephew
.r.n.rrrurJ
is
characterized
as
a
"treacherous
deed,"
and
hisext
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'Lj6svetninga
saga'
Chapter
r
Solmund
tries
to
abduct
Oluir's
daughter
bu,t is
preuented
lry
Ofeig. IIe
then chea,ts
a
Norwegian
merchant of
his sales. Whcvt,
Sol,rnu,rul
i.s
serued
with a
legal summons,
his brother
Soxolf
hills the
Nuruttp;iltn.
Soxolf is
outlawed
and Solmund
is exiled
for
three year.s.
Thorgeir the Chieftain
lived at
Ljosavat.n and
was it
trol:tlrlt:
leader.'
Forni was the
name of an
upstanding
householtlet'
wlr
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A: List
of
Characters
Characters
not
known
from
other
sources
are marked
with
an
asterisk.
*
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'Lj6svetninga
saga'
*Alfdis
(daughter
of Kodran,
wife
of Bruni)
Arnor
Thorgrimsson
at
Reykjahlid
(also
known
from
Grettis
sagu,
Landndmab6k,
and
Reyhdula
saga)
xArnstein
at Aerloek
*Atli
at Draflastead
*Bard
(friend
of'Thorvard
Hoskuldsson in
Norway)
Bjarni
Brodd-Helgason
(also
known
from Bandamanna
saga, Fljdts-
dala
saga,
Gunnars
pdur
Didrandabana,
Landnd,mab6k,
Njdk
saga,
Vd,pnfirdinga
saga, and
Porsteins
pdttr
stangarhqggs)
*
Brand
Gunnsteinsson
*
Brand
Thorkelsson
(Vodu-Brand)
at
Myr
*
Bruni
at Gnupufell
Cnut
the Great
(king
of
Denmark,
d.
lo35)
*Drg
(married
to
Thorgeir
the
Chieftain's daughter
Sigrid,
who is men-
tioned
in
Landnd,mab6k)
Eid
Skeggjason
or Thorhallsson
(both
known
from Landnd,mab6k,
the
former
also from
Heidarltga
saga and Laxdula
saga,
and the latter
from
P6rdar
saga hredu)
x
Eilif
at
Gnupufell
x
Einar
Arnorsson
at
Hrafnagil
x
Einar
at Krossavik
Einar Eyjolfsson
(brother
of Gudmund
the Powerful;
also knowrr
from Bandamanna
saga, Droph,ugarsona
saga, Njd,k
saga,
Valla-Li1ls
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294
Appendix A
'Valla-Lj6ts
saga'
xAsmund
at Kviabekk
in
Olafsfiord
*
Bersi Hallason
(son
of
Halli Sigurdarson)
*
Bjorn Thorgrimsson
at Hofsa
*
Bodvar Sigurdarson
(brother
of
Hrolf and Halli)
Einar
Eyjolfsson
(brother
of
Gudmund the Powerful;
see
entry under
Lj1suetninga saga)
*
Eyjolf Thorsteinsson at
Tjorn
Eyjolf Valgerdarson at
Modruvellir
(father
of
Gudmund
the Powerful
and Einar;
also
known from Finnboga saga,
Kristni
saga,
Landnd,mab6k,
Njdk saga, Reykdula saga,Vtga-Glil,ms
saga,
and borualds
pd,ttr
affirla)
Gudmund the
Powerful
(see
entry
under
Lj6suetninga
saga)
List
of
Characters
fellsd,ss,
Egils
saga,
Fl6amanna
saga,
Grettis
saga,
dingab1k,
Landndmab1h,
Njdk
saga,
Steins
pdttr
pdttr
Nefi1lfssonar,
and
elkofra
pdttr)
295
Gunnlaugs
saga,
islen-
S haptas
onar,
It
6rarins
*Thorgerd
(daughter
of
Ljotolf
and
sister
of
Valla-Ljot)
*Thorgrim
ar
upsir
(son
of
Qotolf
and
brother
of
vatta-t-.1ot;
tThorir
Vemundarson
at
Grund
Thorkel
Eyjolfsson
(father
of
Gellir;
also
known
from
Bjarnar
saga
lttdylakappa,
Fljfitsdela
saga, Grettis saga,
Gunnars
saga
Didrand.abaia,
Laxdula
saga,
steins
pdttr
shaptasonar,
p1rarins
paur
Nefialfssonar,
and
b6rdar
saga
hredu)
*Thorstein
at
Tjorn
*Thorvard
Thorgrimsson
(brother
of Bjorn
at
Hofsa)
*Thrand
from
Grim's
Isle
*Torfi
at
Torfufell
Viga-Glum
Eyjolfsson
ar
Thvera
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Halli
Sigurdarson
(also
known from Suarfdala
saga)
*
Havard
(a
Norwegian)
Hermund Illugason
(also
known
from Bandamanna
saga,
Bd,rdar saga
Snafelkd,ss,
Gunnlaugs saga,
Heidarutga
saga,
Hellismanna
saga,
Kristni
saga,
Landndmab6k,
Laxdela
saga,
Skd,ld-Helga saga)
x
Hrolf
(farmer
above Klaufabrekka;
with two sons
Thord and
Thor-
vald)
*
Hrolf
Sigurdarson
(Hrolf
Jaw;
brother
of
Halli and
Bodvar)
Ingjald Hrolfsson at Gnupufell
(father
of
an
unnamed daughter
who
is
married
to Sigurd
Karlsson and
mother to Hrolf, Halli,
and Bod-
var;
also
known
from Landnd,mabdh,
Ljdsuetninga saga,
and Vtga-
Ghims saga)
Karl Thorsteinsson
the
Red
(father
o1'Sigurd; also
known from
Land-
nd,muhih,
Surnldcela saga,, It.j6st6lli saga hamramma.
and
l>orleifs
pdttr
jurl.s.skdkls)
l.jor
l,lotoll.sson
at Vellir
(father
of
Ljot, Thorgerd, and
Thorgrim;
:rlso krrown
fiom
Bolla
p,fuur,
Landnd,mab6h, and Djbst1lfs saga
ham-
xuntrut)
Narli Asbr':rn
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I.
Thorkel
Geitisson's
Kin
Geitir
I
I
Thorkel
:
Jorun
(see
VI)
II.
Valla-Ljot's Kin
Ljotolf
I
V:rllir-l,iot
I
r=_-r
I
Herdis
: Atli Kodran
Bjorn
tlt
Thorlaug
Alfdis
Arnor
(see
VI)
(see
VII)
I
Eld.jarn
Brodd-Helgi:
Halla
I
Bjarni
I
Skegg-Broddi
Sorli:
Thurid
(see
VI)
'fhorgrim
at
Upsir
Thorgerd
:
Thorgrim
Bjorn Thorvard
V.
Ljosvetnings
I
Thorgeir
the Chieftain
Lawspeaker
985-
roor)
Thorgerd
:
Halldor
from
Miklaby
Finni
Thorarin
Thorvard
Hoskuld
Vigdis
=
Oddi
from
Myvatn
ljorvi Sigrid
:
Dag Thorkel
Hake
Gunnstein
Solveig
ll
tl
ll
Brand
Thorkel
horkel
the
Lawspeaker
Thorgerd Hrafn
Gudrun
:
Otrygg
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Hoskuld
I
Hrolf
VI.
Modrvellings
Starri
see
VI)
Hall
Thorgeir
Hallason
I
Thorvard
d.
r
zo7)
Valgerd
I
I
Gudmund
the
Powerful
Oddny:
Konal
=
Thorlaug
see
IV)
Einar
Einar
:
Valgerd
Eyjolf
Select
Bibliography
*
cc ii *i
bo ca 6>
o-.=-'=
q,
:E
ld
Ety
tr
/
H
F.-
.l
ar
tv
i
_
5b':
>
r-u
v
v dl
-c-
a
[-\J-
t'
q.)
ilE
bo
.t
) r
LUA
v
i
(JJ
rA
)L/
(,
tl
o
U)
L
: bocd
:
'it
d
(.)
J
O
tJE
-
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J_ ?v _
CXqr
^\JbD
-
t
-
s
r:o
=
ilJ
r
o) s
_*
\+r-
n-
(s
-
c z
E
40
&
.I,
H
bo
q)
c-n
A
il
(n
(HE
;
'a
'trEs
E-; P
bb
r"s
Fl.
Fq
H
'J
+<
E]
tr
FA
I
6i
=a
o
qi
o
tr
(
.B
o
,r
si
qJ
+r
-C
:s
t)
ii
(.)
U
U)
o
Fi
Select Bibliography
The
letters
p
and
g
are alphabetized following
z. Abbreviations: IF,
Islenzk Fornrit;
UHV, Untersuchungen zu
Handel
undVerhehr
der
uor-
und
friihgeschichtlichen
Zeit
in Mittel- und
Nordeuropa.
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I.
Primary
Sources
A. Ari
Thorgilsson's islendingab1h,
Landnd,mab6k,
the family
sagas,
and
most
of the kings'
sagas
are cited from the series islenzk Fornrit
published
in
Reykjavik by
Hid
islenzka Fornritaf6lag
as follows. Refer-
ences to
IF
in
the commentary are to chapter
and
page
numbers-for
example, Egik
saga
(36:
go).
Bandamanna
saga. r936. Ed.
Gudni
J6nsson.
if
7:
299-262.(Trans.
H
erman n Pdlsson.
T he C onfe der
ate s
and H en-T
horir. Edinbu rgh
:
Sou th
-
side,
r975.)
Bjarnar
saga
Httdelakappa.
1938.
Ed.
Sigurdur Nordal
and
Gudni
J6nsson.
IF
3:
ro9-zr r.
(Trans.
W.
Bryant
Bachmann,
Jr.
Four
Old
Icelandic
Sagas and Other Tales. Lanham,
Md.:
University Press
of
America,
1985. r5r
-z
rg.)
Bolla
pd,ur.
See
Laxdula
saga.
(No
English translation.)
B6sa
saga.
t
893. Die B6sa-saga
in
zwei Fassungen nebst Proben
atu
den B6sa-
rtmur. Ed.
Otto
L.
Jiriczek.
Strasbourg:
Trtibner.
Brands
pd,ttr
gr-ua.
rg35. Ed. Einar
61. Sveinsson
and Matthias D6rdarson.
IF
4:
r8g-gr.
(Trans.
Henry
Goddard
Leach.
"Brand
the
Open-
handed."
In his A Pageant
of
Old
Scandinaaia. Princeton: Princeton
University
Press, 1946.
zo
r
-
z.)
Brennu-Njd,ls saga.
ryb4
Ed. Einar
61.
Sveinsso.r.
iF
r
z.
(Trans.
Magnus
Magnusson
and Hermann
Pdlsson.
Njal)s Saga. Harmondsworth:
Penguin, r96o.)
Droplaugarsonasaga.
Lgbo.
Ed.J6nJ6hannesso.r.
iF
,
r:
r35-8o.
(Trans.
Margaret
Schlauch. ln
Three
lcelandic
Sagas.
Trans. M.
H.
Scargill
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Index
*
Names of
minor
characters
are
indexed only where they appear
in
Lj1suetninga
saga
(Ljbs.)
or Valla-Ljdts saga
(V.L.).For
additional
information
on characters in
these
sagas,
see
Appendixes,
pp.
z89-3oo.
For
names of
characters
or
events
in
other sagas, the
reader should consult the title
of
individual sagas.
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Abridgment
thesis, 66,
7o
Adjudication, 2Z-
27
passim
Aerloek, r3r
Affines,
seu Marriage
Akrakarl, see Thorgils
Akrar,
246
Akreyr,
r
54
Alf
(brother
of
Skeggi
the Strong),
qqa
Alfdis
(daughter
of Kodran),
r94,
r97
Allthing,
42,
rb6, r8z
(n. ro6),
r87,
24o, 27o.
See
ako Things
Alpta{ord,
r53
Arbitration, g,
23-go
passim,
45
Ari
Thorgilsson, see Thorgilsson,
Ari
Arnarstead, z
r
z
Arnor Cronenose,
234
Arnor Thorgrimsson, r
2t-Zb
possim
Arnstein at
Aerloek,
r
3l
-35
passirn
Arrogance
(o/si),
ro6
As,
zz3
Asmund at Kviabekk,
272, 272
Assassins,
in
the sagas, r88
(n.
r r7)
Assemblies
(lei6ir),
autumn,
r27
(n.
r6).
See
ako
Things
Astronomical
learning, r7z
(n.89)
Atli
the
Strong, t62,2r2,2r2,2r4
Avoidance,
22,24
Biflth, A. U.,
78,79,94,
gb
Baegisa,
r63,
r64
Bandamanna saga,
65, 66,
9r,
g2
Bard,
238
Bardardale,
r89,
2to, 2b4
Berman,
Melissa,
96
Bersi
Hallason,
26r
,266-72
passim,
276, 277, 283
Bilzarpass,
z
r
6
Bishops'sagas, g2
Bjarnar
saga
Httdekrhoppo, 164
@.73),
165
(n.
76),
r7z
(n.go),
z3r
(n.
rgr),
268
(n.
z4z), 273
(n.
zb
r),
272-74
(n.
z5z)
Bjarni Brodd-Helgason,
r53,.
r66,
rO
r
Bjorn
Magnrisson
Olsen,
see
Olsen,
B. M.
Bjorn Sigfiisson,
see Sigfiisson, Bjdrn
Bjorn Thorgrimsson,
262,
274-8b
passim
Bleiksmyrardale, r54
Blood-brotherhood
(f6stbrddir),
zr. See
a/so Friendship
Blood feud,
see
Feuds
Blood vengeance,
sae
Vengeance
Bodvar Sigurdarson, 256,
257,
z6o,
272-78
passim,283
Bolla
pdttr,85
Borgarfiord,
zz3
Borggreve, Cecilia, 66,
7o
B6sa saga, t
5o
(n.
5
t
)
Brand
Gunnsteinsson, 2o3-
tx,
prt.ssitrt,
2tg,
228,
zgt,
2Zg, 242, 242
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