animal biotech
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Animal Biotechnology
VM 506
Lecture 2
Animal Biotech
• Animals provide a number of products we use in every day life.
– Milk
– Leather
– Wool
– Eggs
– Meat
Roles of Animals in Biotech
• Animals are involved in lab experiments.
• Without the use of animals humans might be in danger.
Animal Models
• 4 models apply for the use of animals.
– Living animals
– Living animal tissues or systems
– Non-Living systems
Animal Models
• Computer and Mathematical approaches
Living Animals
• These animals are living and usually have no threat to their well being.
• Such animals may be known as laboratory or scientific animals.
• Agricultural Research often uses experimental groups of animals.
Living animal tissues or systems
• Animal tissues can be cultured in a lab.
• This saves:– the use of animals as well as the expense of feeding,
housing, and cleaning up after the animals.
Non-Living Systems
• Involves using non living mechanical models that reflect animal activity.
• These often relate to skeletal movement and locomotion
• Artificial replacement parts, such as hip joints can be studied using non living systems.
Computer and mathematical approaches
• Computer simulations with virtual reality and other uses help in biotechnology.
• Computer modeling may be done with a propose
biotechnology practice before it is tested with animals.
Laboratory animals
• A laboratory animal is an animal used for laboratory or research purpose.
• Good tending is needed to assume that the research is properly carried out.
• Without research involving animals, scientists would not have a base.
Animal Species• Most animals are subjects of study at one time or
another.• Most common species used in research laboratories:
– mice,
– rats, and
– hamsters.
• A primate
Animal Reproduction
• Reproduction is a process by which offspring are produced.
• Sexual Reproduction is the union of a sperm and egg to ultimately produce a new individual.
• The union of the sperm and egg is called fertilization.
• Semen- the fluid produced by the male reproductive organs, contains sperm.
Animal Reproduction
• Copulation- is the sexual uniting of animals so the male can ejaculate semen near the eggs in the reproductive tract of the female.
Reproductive Development• Puberty-is the time at which an animal is capable of
reproduction.
• Fertilization- union of the sperm and egg results in the formation of a zygote
• Gestation- is the period of pregnancy in animals.
• Parturition- is the birthing process.
• Lactation- is the secretion of milk by the mammary glands.
Reproductive Development
• Dry time is a time when mammals are not lactating.
The Estrous Cycle
• Estrous is a time when a female is fertile and receptive to a male.
• The estrous cycle is the time between the estrous.
• The three periods in the estrous cycle that follow estrous are metestrus, diestrus, and proestrus.
Artificial Insemination• Artificial insemination is the transfer if collected semen to a
recipient female.
• It is used with sheep, beef cattle, turkeys, and swine.
• Generally female estrous cycles are regulated with hormone injections.
• Sperm are collected from males by artificially promoting ejaculation.
Gender Preselection
• Gender preselection is choosing the gender of a potential offspring.
• Gender preselection may be done by sorting sperm.
• The DNA content of sperm varies slightly based on the gender of the offspring that would result from conception.
Embryo Transfer• Embryo transfer is the harvesting of fertilized ova
from a donor and implanting them into a recipient.
• The harvested embyros are transferred to a recipient.
• Non surgical transfer involves flushing the embryos from the uterine horn.
Bovine Somatotropin• Bovine somatotropin is a natural occurring growth
hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the endocrine system.
• By treating dairy cattle with the hormone, milk
production is increased approximately 15%.
• Some small dairy producers do not use BST and incorporate that fact in their advertising.
•
Transgenic Animals and Products
• Pigs- have been used to manufacture human hemoglobin.
• A xenograft is the practice of grafting an organ or a tissue from one species into another.
Transgenic Animals and Products
• Mice- transgenetic mice have been used in several ways.
• One of the best known is to produce human antibodies.
• Cattle- are used to control disease such as mastitis in dairy cows.
Methods of creating transgenetic animals
• Step One- collect embryos
• With proper stimulation far more embryos can be obtained than would be the natural result of the reproductive process.
• Step Two- Inject embyros.
• A pro nucleus is the haploid nucleus of the sperm or ovum that have united in fertilization to form a zygote.
Methods of creating transgenetic animals
• Step Three- Zygote Culture
• The zygotes are placed in the oviduct of a recipient female.
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